School Meals and Milk in England and Wales, 1906-45

Medical History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 6-29

  Welshman, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; HISTORY; HUMAN; MILK; PUBLIC HEALTH; SCHOOL; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ENGLAND; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MILK; PUBLIC HEALTH; SCHOOLS; WALES;

EID: 0030637507     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300062013     Document Type: Article

References (245)

1. B Harris, The health of the schoolchild: a history of the school medical service in England and Wales, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1995; S and V Leff, The school health service, London, H K Lewis, 1959. Earlier theses included J D Hirst, 'The origins and development of the school medical service 1870-1919', PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1983; B Harris, 'Medical inspection and the nutrition of schoolchildren in Britain, 1900-1950', PhD thesis, University of London, 1988; J Welshman, 'The school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1988.
2. B Harris, The health of the schoolchild: a history of the school medical service in England and Wales, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1995; S and V Leff, The school health service, London, H K Lewis, 1959. Earlier theses included J D Hirst, 'The origins and development of the school medical service 1870-1919', PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1983; B Harris, 'Medical inspection and the nutrition of schoolchildren in Britain, 1900-1950', PhD thesis, University of London, 1988; J Welshman, 'The school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1988.
3. B Harris, The health of the schoolchild: a history of the school medical service in England and Wales, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1995; S and V Leff, The school health service, London, H K Lewis, 1959. Earlier theses included J D Hirst, 'The origins and development of the school medical service 1870-1919', PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1983; B Harris, 'Medical inspection and the nutrition of schoolchildren in Britain, 1900-1950', PhD thesis, University of London, 1988; J Welshman, 'The school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1988.
4. B Harris, The health of the schoolchild: a history of the school medical service in England and Wales, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1995; S and V Leff, The school health service, London, H K Lewis, 1959. Earlier theses included J D Hirst, 'The origins and development of the school medical service 1870-1919', PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1983; B Harris, 'Medical inspection and the nutrition of schoolchildren in Britain, 1900-1950', PhD thesis, University of London, 1988; J Welshman, 'The school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1988.
5. B Harris, The health of the schoolchild: a history of the school medical service in England and Wales, Buckingham, Open University Press, 1995; S and V Leff, The school health service, London, H K Lewis, 1959. Earlier theses included J D Hirst, 'The origins and development of the school medical service 1870-1919', PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1983; B Harris, 'Medical inspection and the nutrition of schoolchildren in Britain, 1900-1950', PhD thesis, University of London, 1988; J Welshman, 'The school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', DPhil thesis, University of Oxford, 1988.
6. S D Fuller, 'Penny dinners', Contemp. Rev., 1885, 48: 424-32, p. 428.
7. A H White, Efficiency and empire, London, Methuen, 1901, p. 104; F Maurice [Miles], 'Where to get men', Contemp. Rev., 1902, 81: 78-86, p. 85.
8. A H White, Efficiency and empire, London, Methuen, 1901, p. 104; F Maurice [Miles], 'Where to get men', Contemp. Rev., 1902, 81: 78-86, p. 85.
9. PP 1903, XXX (Cd. 1507, 1508), Report of the Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), vol. 1, pp. 24, 29-31, 37.
10. PP 1904. XXXII (Cd. 2175, 2186, 2210), Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, vol. 1, pp. 40-2, 67-9, 91.
11. E J Urwick, Studies of boy life in our cities, London, J M Dent, 1904, p. 52; S A Barnett, 'Public feeding of children', Independent Rev., 1905, 6: 154-62, passim.
12. E J Urwick, Studies of boy life in our cities, London, J M Dent, 1904, p. 52; S A Barnett, 'Public feeding of children', Independent Rev., 1905, 6: 154-62, passim.
13. PP 1906, XLVII (Cd. 2779, 2784), Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Medical Inspection and Feeding of Children attending Public Elementary Schools, vol. 1, pp. 63, 68-70, 84.
14. Public Record Office, Kew, London (hereafter PRO) ED 24/107, E H Pelham to A Birrell, 26/2/06.
15. PP 1906, I, p. 1109.
16. PP 1906, VIII, Special Report from the Select Committee on the Education (Provision of Meals) Bill, pp. ix-x, 43, 51-4, 62-3; PP 1906, I, pp. 1113-16.
17. K Herbert, 'The teaching of cookery', Nineteenth Century and After, 1906, 351: 811-24; F E Greville, A nation's youth: physical deterioration, its causes and some remedies, London, Cassell, 1906, p. 28; J E Gorst, The children of the nation: how their health and vigour should be promoted by the state, London, Methuen, 1906, p. 76; W R Anson, 'Provision of food for school-children in public elementary schools', Econ. J., 1906, 62: 181-8.
18. K Herbert, 'The teaching of cookery', Nineteenth Century and After, 1906, 351: 811-24; F E Greville, A nation's youth: physical deterioration, its causes and some remedies, London, Cassell, 1906, p. 28; J E Gorst, The children of the nation: how their health and vigour should be promoted by the state, London, Methuen, 1906, p. 76; W R Anson, 'Provision of food for school-children in public elementary schools', Econ. J., 1906, 62: 181-8.
19. K Herbert, 'The teaching of cookery', Nineteenth Century and After, 1906, 351: 811-24; F E Greville, A nation's youth: physical deterioration, its causes and some remedies, London, Cassell, 1906, p. 28; J E Gorst, The children of the nation: how their health and vigour should be promoted by the state, London, Methuen, 1906, p. 76; W R Anson, 'Provision of food for school-children in public elementary schools', Econ. J., 1906, 62: 181-8.
20. K Herbert, 'The teaching of cookery', Nineteenth Century and After, 1906, 351: 811-24; F E Greville, A nation's youth: physical deterioration, its causes and some remedies, London, Cassell, 1906, p. 28; J E Gorst, The children of the nation: how their health and vigour should be promoted by the state, London, Methuen, 1906, p. 76; W R Anson, 'Provision of food for school-children in public elementary schools', Econ. J., 1906, 62: 181-8.
21. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
22. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
23. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
24. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
25. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
26. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
27. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
28. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
29. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
30. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
31. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
32. PP 1906, I, pp. 1121-2; PRO ED 24/107, details of passage of Act. Many of the older accounts were written by historians of education; see also GAN Lowndes, Margaret McMillan, 'the children's champion', London, Museum Press, 1960, pp. 95-6; M Bruce, The coming of the welfare state, London, B T Batsford, 1961, 2nd edn, 1965, pp. 192-3; B Simon, Education and the Labour movement, 1870-1920, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1965, pp. 279-85; B B Gilbert, The evolution of national insurance in Great Britain: the origins of the Welfare State, London, Michael Joseph, 1966, pp. 100-2; R J W Selleck, The new education, 1870-1914, London, Pitman, 1968, pp. 167-74; D J Oddy, 'A nutritional analysis of historical evidence: the working class diet, 1880-1914' in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), The making of the modern British diet, London, Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 214-31; J Brown, 'Social control and the modernisation of social policy, 1890-1929', in P Thane (ed.), The origins of British social policy, London, Croom Helm, 1978, pp. 133-5; J S Hurt, Elementary schooling and the working classes 1860-1918, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979, pp. 105-28. More recent accounts include J Macnicol, The movement for family allowances, 1918-45: a study in social policy development, London, Heinemann, 1980, pp. 7, 44-5; K Laybourn, 'The issue of school feeding in Bradford 1904-1907', J Educ. Adm. Hist., 1982, 14(2): 30-8; P Thane, The foundations of the Welfare State, London, Longman, 1982, pp. 75-6; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 6-47, 77.
33. PRO ED 24/108, Board of Education, circular 552, 1/1/07.
34. R H Crowley and M E Cuff, Report on a course of meals given to necessitous children from April to July 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1907, pp. 3, 11-12; Bradford Education Committee, Report of the SMO, 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1908, pp. 13-14; E R Hartley, How to feed the children: Bradford's example!, Bradford, H Beaumont, 1908, pp. 11-12; J H Palin, 'The feeding of school children, Bradford's experience', Socialist Rev., 1908, 1: 207-19, p. 214; Bradford Education Committee, Extracts from SMO Reports, Bradford Education Committee, 1910, p. 36.
35. R H Crowley and M E Cuff, Report on a course of meals given to necessitous children from April to July 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1907, pp. 3, 11-12; Bradford Education Committee, Report of the SMO, 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1908, pp. 13-14; E R Hartley, How to feed the children: Bradford's example!, Bradford, H Beaumont, 1908, pp. 11-12; J H Palin, 'The feeding of school children, Bradford's experience', Socialist Rev., 1908, 1: 207-19, p. 214; Bradford Education Committee, Extracts from SMO Reports, Bradford Education Committee, 1910, p. 36.
36. R H Crowley and M E Cuff, Report on a course of meals given to necessitous children from April to July 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1907, pp. 3, 11-12; Bradford Education Committee, Report of the SMO, 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1908, pp. 13-14; E R Hartley, How to feed the children: Bradford's example!, Bradford, H Beaumont, 1908, pp. 11-12; J H Palin, 'The feeding of school children, Bradford's experience', Socialist Rev., 1908, 1: 207-19, p. 214; Bradford Education Committee, Extracts from SMO Reports, Bradford Education Committee, 1910, p. 36.
37. R H Crowley and M E Cuff, Report on a course of meals given to necessitous children from April to July 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1907, pp. 3, 11-12; Bradford Education Committee, Report of the SMO, 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1908, pp. 13-14; E R Hartley, How to feed the children: Bradford's example!, Bradford, H Beaumont, 1908, pp. 11-12; J H Palin, 'The feeding of school children, Bradford's experience', Socialist Rev., 1908, 1: 207-19, p. 214; Bradford Education Committee, Extracts from SMO Reports, Bradford Education Committee, 1910, p. 36.
38. R H Crowley and M E Cuff, Report on a course of meals given to necessitous children from April to July 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1907, pp. 3, 11-12; Bradford Education Committee, Report of the SMO, 1907, Bradford Education Committee, 1908, pp. 13-14; E R Hartley, How to feed the children: Bradford's example!, Bradford, H Beaumont, 1908, pp. 11-12; J H Palin, 'The feeding of school children, Bradford's experience', Socialist Rev., 1908, 1: 207-19, p. 214; Bradford Education Committee, Extracts from SMO Reports, Bradford Education Committee, 1910, p. 36.
39. PP 1910, XXIII (Cd. 4986), Annual report of the CMO, 1908, pp. 10, 44.
40. PP 1914, XXV (Cd. 7184), Annual report of the CMO, 1912, pp. 27-8, 271.
41. PP 1911, XVII (Cd. 5925), Annual report of the CMO, 1910, pp. 26, 31; PP 1910, XXIII (Cd. 5131), Report on the working of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906 up to the 31st March 1909, p. 5.
42. PP 1911, XVII (Cd. 5925), Annual report of the CMO, 1910, pp. 26, 31; PP 1910, XXIII (Cd. 5131), Report on the working of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906 up to the 31st March 1909, p. 5.
43. Med. Offr, 1913, 9: 2. On the development of treatment see J D Hirst, 'The growth of treatment through the school medical service, 1908-18', Med. Hist., 1989, 33: 318-42.
44. Med. Offr, 1913, 9: 2. On the development of treatment see J D Hirst, 'The growth of treatment through the school medical service, 1908-18', Med. Hist., 1989, 33: 318-42.
45. M McMillan and A Cobden-Sanderson, London's children, how to feed them and how not to feed them, London, 1909, pp. 2-3; J Kerr and E W Wallis, Transactions of the Second International Congress on School Hygiene, London, Royal Sanitary Institute, 1908, p. 79.
46. M McMillan and A Cobden-Sanderson, London's children, how to feed them and how not to feed them, London, 1909, pp. 2-3; J Kerr and E W Wallis, Transactions of the Second International Congress on School Hygiene, London, Royal Sanitary Institute, 1908, p. 79.
47. L S Bryant, School feeding: its history and practice at home and abroad, London, J B Lippincott, 1913, p. 76; C E Hecht (ed.), Rearing an imperial race, London, St Catherine Press, 1913, p. 108; M Pember Reeves, Round about a pound a week, London, G Bell and Sons, 1913, Virago edn, 1979, pp. 97, 103, 131, 145.
48. L S Bryant, School feeding: its history and practice at home and abroad, London, J B Lippincott, 1913, p. 76; C E Hecht (ed.), Rearing an imperial race, London, St Catherine Press, 1913, p. 108; M Pember Reeves, Round about a pound a week, London, G Bell and Sons, 1913, Virago edn, 1979, pp. 97, 103, 131, 145.
49. L S Bryant, School feeding: its history and practice at home and abroad, London, J B Lippincott, 1913, p. 76; C E Hecht (ed.), Rearing an imperial race, London, St Catherine Press, 1913, p. 108; M Pember Reeves, Round about a pound a week, London, G Bell and Sons, 1913, Virago edn, 1979, pp. 97, 103, 131, 145.
50. P D Winder, The public feeding of elementary school children, London, Longmans, 1913, pp. 47, 76.
51. M E Bulkley, The feeding of school children, London, G Bell and Sons, 1914, pp. xv, 75, 127-9, 201, 228-9.
52. PP 1914-16, XVIII (Cd. 7730), Annual report of the CMO, 1913, p. 244.
53. PP 1914, II, pp. 57-62; PRO ED 24/621, 'Education (Provision of Meals) Bill, 1914', p. 1; ibid., J C Pringle to C Nicholson, 31/7/14.
54. PP 1914, II, pp. 57-62; PRO ED 24/621, 'Education (Provision of Meals) Bill, 1914', p. 1; ibid., J C Pringle to C Nicholson, 31/7/14.
55. PP 1914-16, XVIII (Cd. 7730), Annual report of the CMO, 1913, p. 256.
56. PP 1914-16, XVIII (Cd. 8055), Annual report of the CMO, 1914, pp. 75, 201, 221-2.
57. Ibid., p. 202; PP 1916, VIII (Cd. 8338), Annual report of the CMO, 1915, p. 87; PP 1917-18, XI (Cd. 8746), Annual report of the CMO, 1916, p. 142; PP 1918, IX (Cd. 9206), Annual report of the CMO, 1917, pp. 128-9, 135; PP 1919, XXI (Cmd. 420), Annual report of the CMO, 1918, p. 174.
58. Ibid., p. 202; PP 1916, VIII (Cd. 8338), Annual report of the CMO, 1915, p. 87; PP 1917-18, XI (Cd. 8746), Annual report of the CMO, 1916, p. 142; PP 1918, IX (Cd. 9206), Annual report of the CMO, 1917, pp. 128-9, 135; PP 1919, XXI (Cmd. 420), Annual report of the CMO, 1918, p. 174.
59. Ibid., p. 202; PP 1916, VIII (Cd. 8338), Annual report of the CMO, 1915, p. 87; PP 1917-18, XI (Cd. 8746), Annual report of the CMO, 1916, p. 142; PP 1918, IX (Cd. 9206), Annual report of the CMO, 1917, pp. 128-9, 135; PP 1919, XXI (Cmd. 420), Annual report of the CMO, 1918, p. 174.
60. Ibid., p. 202; PP 1916, VIII (Cd. 8338), Annual report of the CMO, 1915, p. 87; PP 1917-18, XI (Cd. 8746), Annual report of the CMO, 1916, p. 142; PP 1918, IX (Cd. 9206), Annual report of the CMO, 1917, pp. 128-9, 135; PP 1919, XXI (Cmd. 420), Annual report of the CMO, 1918, p. 174.
61. Ibid., p. 202; PP 1916, VIII (Cd. 8338), Annual report of the CMO, 1915, p. 87; PP 1917-18, XI (Cd. 8746), Annual report of the CMO, 1916, p. 142; PP 1918, IX (Cd. 9206), Annual report of the CMO, 1917, pp. 128-9, 135; PP 1919, XXI (Cmd. 420), Annual report of the CMO, 1918, p. 174.
62. Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 78, table 5.6.
63. See also J Winter, The Great War and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 240-5; L Bryder, 'The First World War: healthy or hungry?', Hist. Workshop J., 1987, 24: 141-57; R Wall, 'English and German families and the First World War 1914-18', in R Wall and J Winter (eds), The upheaval of war: family, work and welfare in Europe 1914-18, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 43-106; B Harris, 'The demographic impact of the First World War: an anthropometric perspective', Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6(3): 343-66; idem, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83-5.
64. See also J Winter, The Great War and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 240-5; L Bryder, 'The First World War: healthy or hungry?', Hist. Workshop J., 1987, 24: 141-57; R Wall, 'English and German families and the First World War 1914-18', in R Wall and J Winter (eds), The upheaval of war: family, work and welfare in Europe 1914-18, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 43-106; B Harris, 'The demographic impact of the First World War: an anthropometric perspective', Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6(3): 343-66; idem, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83-5.
65. See also J Winter, The Great War and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 240-5; L Bryder, 'The First World War: healthy or hungry?', Hist. Workshop J., 1987, 24: 141-57; R Wall, 'English and German families and the First World War 1914-18', in R Wall and J Winter (eds), The upheaval of war: family, work and welfare in Europe 1914-18, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 43-106; B Harris, 'The demographic impact of the First World War: an anthropometric perspective', Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6(3): 343-66; idem, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83-5.
66. See also J Winter, The Great War and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 240-5; L Bryder, 'The First World War: healthy or hungry?', Hist. Workshop J., 1987, 24: 141-57; R Wall, 'English and German families and the First World War 1914-18', in R Wall and J Winter (eds), The upheaval of war: family, work and welfare in Europe 1914-18, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 43-106; B Harris, 'The demographic impact of the First World War: an anthropometric perspective', Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6(3): 343-66; idem, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83-5.
67. See also J Winter, The Great War and the British people, London, Macmillan, 1986, pp. 240-5; L Bryder, 'The First World War: healthy or hungry?', Hist. Workshop J., 1987, 24: 141-57; R Wall, 'English and German families and the First World War 1914-18', in R Wall and J Winter (eds), The upheaval of war: family, work and welfare in Europe 1914-18, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 43-106; B Harris, 'The demographic impact of the First World War: an anthropometric perspective', Soc. Hist. Med., 1993, 6(3): 343-66; idem, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 83-5.
68. Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 78, table 5.6.
69. PP 1921, XI (Cmd. 1522), Annual report of the CMO, 1920, pp. 147-8, table 1.
70. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
71. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
72. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
73. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
74. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
75. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
76. MS, H A L Fisher, Bodleian library, Oxford: 64-147, 'LEAs expenditure 1922-23', 12/21; ibid., 64-161, p. 15; ibid., 64-153, 'Cabinet Committee. Note by the President of the Board of Education', 9/1/22; ibid., 64-176, 'Geddes Report - Note upon Treasury memorandum of 20 Jany 1922', p. 9; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, pp. 2-3. See also C Webster, 'Health, welfare and unemployment during the Depression', Past and Present, 1985, 109: 204-30.
77. PRO ED 24/1373, A Morgan to H A L Fisher, 4/5/22; Board of Education, Health of the school child: annual report of the Chief Medical Officer for 1921, London, HMSO, 1922, p. 41.
78. PRO ED 24/1572, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, p. 5.
79. PRO ED 24/1373, L A Selby-Bigge to G Barstow, 14/12/22; ibid., G Barstow to Leeson, 14/12/22; ibid., G Barstow to L A Selby-Bigge, 15/12/22.
80. PRO ED 24/1373, L A Selby-Bigge to G Barstow, 14/12/22; ibid., G Barstow to Leeson, 14/12/22; ibid., G Barstow to L A Selby-Bigge, 15/12/22.
81. Ibid., L A Selby-Bigge to H A L Fisher, 28/12/22; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, p. 5.
82. Ibid., L A Selby-Bigge to H A L Fisher, 28/12/22; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Historical note, 1906-1923', 26/1/23, p. 5.
83. Health of the school child, 1922, London, HMSO, 1923, pp. 10, 122-4.
84. L Findlay and M Ferguson, A study of social and economic factors in the causation of rickets, London, MRC, 1918, special report series 20, pp. 98-9; MRC Archive, London, 99, correspondence from N Paton and L Findlay, and F Gowland Hopkins, 12/8/18-15/11/21; H Corry- Mann, Rickets: the relative importance of environment and diet as factors in causation: an investigation in London, London, MRC, 1922, special report series 68, pp. 79-80, 83. (Although I have retained the original file numbers, the MRC archive has been moved to Kew and can be found in the PRO FD series.)
85. L Findlay and M Ferguson, A study of social and economic factors in the causation of rickets, London, MRC, 1918, special report series 20, pp. 98-9; MRC Archive, London, 99, correspondence from N Paton and L Findlay, and F Gowland Hopkins, 12/8/18-15/11/21; H Corry-Mann, Rickets: the relative importance of environment and diet as factors in causation: an investigation in London, London, MRC, 1922, special report series 68, pp. 79-80, 83. (Although I have retained the original file numbers, the MRC archive has been moved to Kew and can be found in the PRO FD series.)
86. G C M M'Gonigle, 'Rickets and tonsils and adenoids', Med. Offr, 1925, 34: 5-8; idem., 'The geographical distribution of defects among school children', Med. Offr, 1927, 36: 27.
87. G C M M'Gonigle, 'Rickets and tonsils and adenoids', Med. Offr, 1925, 34: 5-8; idem., 'The geographical distribution of defects among school children', Med. Offr, 1927, 36: 27.
88. MRC archive 1452, M Greenwood to A F Landsborough Thomson, 23/11/27 and 8/12/27.
89. E P Cathcart, Report on the nutrition of miners and their families, London, MRC, 1924, special report series 87, pp. 21, 46-7.
90. N Paton and L Findlay, Poverty, nutrition and growth: studies of child life in cities and rural districts of Scotland, London, MRC, 1926, special report series 101, pp. 227, 300-2, 304-5.
91. E P Cathcart and A M T Murray, A study in nutrition: an inquiry into the diet of 154 families of St Andrews, London, MRC, 1931, special report series 151, pp. 49-51.
92. Idem, Studies in nutrition: an inquiry into the diet of families in Cardiff and Reading, London, MRC, 1932, special report series 165, pp. 9, 18, 28.
93. Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, p. 16. See also G Jones, 'Eugenics and social policy between the wars', Hist. J., 1982, 25: 717-28, pp. 720-1; idem, Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 73-81, 129; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'The "Glasgow school" of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: conservative thought in chemical physiology, nutrition and public health', Soc. Stud. Sci., 1989, 19: 195-237; C Petty, 'Primary research and public health: the prioritization of nutrition research in inter-war Britain', in J Austoker and L Bryder (eds), Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 83-108.
94. Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, p. 16. See also G Jones, 'Eugenics and social policy between the wars', Hist. J., 1982, 25: 717-28, pp. 720-1; idem, Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 73-81, 129; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'The "Glasgow school" of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: conservative thought in chemical physiology, nutrition and public health', Soc. Stud. Sci., 1989, 19: 195-237; C Petty, 'Primary research and public health: the prioritization of nutrition research in inter-war Britain', in J Austoker and L Bryder (eds), Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 83-108.
95. Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, p. 16. See also G Jones, 'Eugenics and social policy between the wars', Hist. J., 1982, 25: 717-28, pp. 720-1; idem, Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 73-81, 129; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'The "Glasgow school" of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: conservative thought in chemical physiology, nutrition and public health', Soc. Stud. Sci., 1989, 19: 195-237; C Petty, 'Primary research and public health: the prioritization of nutrition research in inter-war Britain', in J Austoker and L Bryder (eds), Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 83-108.
96. Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, p. 16. See also G Jones, 'Eugenics and social policy between the wars', Hist. J., 1982, 25: 717-28, pp. 720-1; idem, Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 73-81, 129; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'The "Glasgow school" of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: conservative thought in chemical physiology, nutrition and public health', Soc. Stud. Sci., 1989, 19: 195-237; C Petty, 'Primary research and public health: the prioritization of nutrition research in inter-war Britain', in J Austoker and L Bryder (eds), Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 83-108.
97. Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, p. 16. See also G Jones, 'Eugenics and social policy between the wars', Hist. J., 1982, 25: 717-28, pp. 720-1; idem, Social hygiene in twentieth century Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1986, pp. 73-81, 129; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'The "Glasgow school" of Paton, Findlay and Cathcart: conservative thought in chemical physiology, nutrition and public health', Soc. Stud. Sci., 1989, 19: 195-237; C Petty, 'Primary research and public health: the prioritization of nutrition research in inter-war Britain', in J Austoker and L Bryder (eds), Historical perspectives on the role of the MRC: essays in the history of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and its predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 83-108.
98. PRO ED 50/77, G Newman to L A Selby-Bigge, 29/1/24, pp. 3-4; PRO T161/227/S23263, C Trevelyan to P Snowden, 1/2/24; ibid., C Trevelyan, 'Note of discussion with the Chancellor of the Exchequer on 8th February 1924', 9/2/24; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Note by Mr A H Wood on the provision of meals by Local Education Authorities in times of special industrial disturbance', 20/7/25, p. 5.
99. PRO ED 50/77, G Newman to L A Selby- Bigge, 29/1/24, pp. 3-4; PRO T161/227/S23263, C Trevelyan to P Snowden, 1/2/24; ibid., C Trevelyan, 'Note of discussion with the Chancellor of the Exchequer on 8th February 1924', 9/2/24; PRO ED 24/1372, 'Note by Mr A H Wood on the provision of meals by Local Education Authorities in times of special industrial disturbance', 20/7/25, p. 5.
100. PRO ED 24/1372, 'Note by Mr A H Wood on the provision of meals by Local Education Authorities in times of special industrial disturbance', 20/7/25, pp. 8-9; Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, pp. 10-11, 137-9.
101. PRO ED 24/1372, 'Note by Mr A H Wood on the provision of meals by Local Education Authorities in times of special industrial disturbance', 20/7/25, pp. 8-9; Health of the school child, 1926, London, HMSO, 1927, pp. 10-11, 137-9.
102. Health of the school child, 1927, London, HMSO, 1928, p. 110.
103. PRO ED 50/83, A Eichholz, J E Underwood and A F Birch-Jones, 'South Wales coal mining areas: investigation into the physique of school children', 11/1/28, pp. 28-30, 33, 53-4; ibid., J E Underwood, 'General conclusions', p. 1.
104. PRO ED 50/83, A Eichholz, J E Underwood and A F Birch-Jones, 'South Wales coal mining areas: investigation into the physique of school children', 11/1/28, pp. 28-30, 33, 53-4; ibid., J E Underwood, 'General conclusions', p. 1.
105. PRO MH 55/691, R J Davies, F W Pethick Lawrence and H Evans, 'The distress in Wales', 8/3/28, p. 11.
106. PRO ED 50/77, A Eichholz, 'Durham coal mining areas: investigation into the physique of school children', 4/28, p. 42; ibid., reports on Durham, Northumberland, Hebburn, Sunderland, and Newcastle, 1-6/2/29.
107. PRO ED 50/77, A Eichholz, 'Durham coal mining areas: investigation into the physique of school children', 4/28, p. 42; ibid., reports on Durham, Northumberland, Hebburn, Sunderland, and Newcastle, 1-6/2/29.
108. PRO MH 55/280, E Percy to N Chamberlain, 16/1/28, p. 1.
109. Ibid., G Newman to E Percy, 17/1/28, pp. 1-2.
110. PRO ED 50/83, H W Francis to Major Dixon, 27/1/28, pp. 1-2; PRO ED 50/77, W C Eaton to G Newman, 3/4/28; PRO ED 50/83, G Newman, 'Physical conditions in South Wales', 6/4/28, p. 6; Health of the school child, 1929, London, HMSO, 1930, p. 10. See also B Harris, 'Government and charity in the distressed mining areas of England and Wales, 1928-30', in J Barry and C Jones (eds), Medicine and charity before the Welfare State, London, Routledge, 1991, pp. 207-24.
111. PRO ED 50/83, H W Francis to Major Dixon, 27/1/28, pp. 1-2; PRO ED 50/77, W C Eaton to G Newman, 3/4/28; PRO ED 50/83, G Newman, 'Physical conditions in South Wales', 6/4/28, p. 6; Health of the school child, 1929, London, HMSO, 1930, p. 10. See also B Harris, 'Government and charity in the distressed mining areas of England and Wales, 1928-30', in J Barry and C Jones (eds), Medicine and charity before the Welfare State, London, Routledge, 1991, pp. 207-24.
112. PRO ED 50/83, H W Francis to Major Dixon, 27/1/28, pp. 1-2; PRO ED 50/77, W C Eaton to G Newman, 3/4/28; PRO ED 50/83, G Newman, 'Physical conditions in South Wales', 6/4/28, p. 6; Health of the school child, 1929, London, HMSO, 1930, p. 10. See also B Harris, 'Government and charity in the distressed mining areas of England and Wales, 1928-30', in J Barry and C Jones (eds), Medicine and charity before the Welfare State, London, Routledge, 1991, pp. 207-24.
113. PRO ED 50/83, E Percy to G Newman, 8/11/29; idem, Some memories, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1958, p. 118.
114. PRO MH 56/44, memorandum by E P Cathcart, 1/4/31, pp. 2, 4; PRO MH 56/251, Advisory Committee on Nutrition, 'The Oslo breakfast'.
115. PRO MH 56/52, J Campbell to J C Wrigley, 5/5/32; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to F R Hudson, 21/11/33.
116. PRO MH 56/40, cutting from the Week-End Review, 1/4/33; ibid., T Carnwath to G Newman, 4/4/33.
117. PRO MH 56/40, cutting from the Week-End Review, 1/4/33; ibid., T Carnwath to G Newman, 4/4/33.
118. PRO MH 56/55, M Greenwood to G Newman, 30/11/33; ibid., G Newman to Secretary, 4/12/33; PRO MH 56/48, memoranda by E P Cathcart, 8/12/33.
119. PRO MH 56/40, 'Minutes of the sixth meeting of the Advisory Committee', 15/12/33, p. 3; PRO MH 56/55, Ministry of Health, circular 1370, Nutrition, 4/1/34.
120. PRO MH 56/40, 'Minutes of the sixth meeting of the Advisory Committee', 15/12/33, p. 3; PRO MH 56/55, Ministry of Health, circular 1370, Nutrition, 4/1/34.
121. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
122. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
123. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
124. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
125. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
126. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
127. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association - Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
128. PRO MH 56/55, Labour Party, 'Notes for speakers: the BMA Report on nutrition', 1/2/33; PRO MH 56/40, M Greenwood to E Hilton Young, 11/2/34; PRO MH 56/56, 'Summary of proceedings of joint conference on nutrition', 6/2/34; ibid., Ministry of Health, Nutrition: report of conference between representatives of the Advisory Committee on Nutrition and representatives of a Committee appointed by the BMA, London, HMSO, 1934. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 44-66; C Webster, 'Healthy or hungry thirties?', Hist. Workshop J., 1982, 13: 110-29, p. 120; M Mayhew, 'The 1930s nutrition controversy', J. Contemp. Hist., 1988, 23: 445-64; D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Nutrition, education, ignorance and income: a twentieth-century debate', in H Kamminga and A Cunningham (eds), The science and culture of nutrition, 1840-1940, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1995, pp. 288-318; D Smith, 'The social construction of dietary standards: the British Medical Association -Ministry of Health Advisory Committee on Nutrition report of 1934', in D Maurer and J Sobal (eds), Eating agendas: food and nutrition as social problems, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 279-303.
129. Health of the school child, 1931, London, HMSO, 1932, p. 126; PRO MH 56/53, T Carnwath to Secretary, 22/1/34; PRO MH 56/46, R H Simpson, 'Board of Education nutrition enquiry 1933-1934', 3/34, pp. 13-14.
130. Health of the school child, 1931, London, HMSO, 1932, p. 126; PRO MH 56/53, T Carnwath to Secretary, 22/1/34; PRO MH 56/46, R H Simpson, 'Board of Education nutrition enquiry 1933-1934', 3/34, pp. 13-14.
131. PRO ED 50/204, Board of Education, 'Statistical returns relating to nutrition', 31/12/34.
132. Health of the school child, 1934, London, HMSO, 1935, p. 29. See also Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 132-6.
133. Health of the school child, 1934, London, HMSO, 1935, p. 29. See also Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 132-6.
134. PRO ED 50/83, J E Underwood, 'Conditions as regards physique, clothing and boots of school children in the S Wales coalfields', 21/2/30; PRO ED 123/292, C W Maudslay to J E Underwood, 16/8/32.
135. F Brockway, Hungry England, London, Gollancz, 1932.
136. Save the Children Fund, Unemployment and the child: an enquiry, London, Longmans, Green and Co, 1933, pp. 57-65, 76-7, 81, 126-7; A Hutt, The condition of the working class in England, London, Martin Lawrence, 1933, pp. 86-7.
137. Save the Children Fund, Unemployment and the child: an enquiry, London, Longmans, Green and Co, 1933, pp. 57-65, 76-7, 81, 126-7; A Hutt, The condition of the working class in England, London, Martin Lawrence, 1933, pp. 86-7.
138. Health of the school child, 1932, London, HMSO, 1933, p. 126.
139. PRO MH 139/5, cuttings from the Daily Telegraph and The Times, 15/9/33, pp. 157-8.
140. PRO MH 55/275, 'Children's Minimum Committee: summary of proposals', 12/3/34; PRO ED 50/78, 'A children's minimum', 3/34; PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Evidence on malnutrition', 9/34, pp. 3-5, 9-11; PRO MH 56/249, idem, 'Statement submitted at deputation to Lord Eustace Percy', 18/12/35, pp. 8-10, 14-15.
141. PRO MH 55/275, 'Children's Minimum Committee: summary of proposals', 12/3/34; PRO ED 50/78, 'A children's minimum', 3/34; PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Evidence on malnutrition', 9/34, pp. 3-5, 9-11; PRO MH 56/249, idem, 'Statement submitted at deputation to Lord Eustace Percy', 18/12/35, pp. 8-10, 14-15.
142. PRO MH 55/275, 'Children's Minimum Committee: summary of proposals', 12/3/34; PRO ED 50/78, 'A children's minimum', 3/34; PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Evidence on malnutrition', 9/34, pp. 3-5, 9-11; PRO MH 56/249, idem, 'Statement submitted at deputation to Lord Eustace Percy', 18/12/35, pp. 8-10, 14-15.
143. PRO MH 55/275, 'Children's Minimum Committee: summary of proposals', 12/3/34; PRO ED 50/78, 'A children's minimum', 3/34; PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Evidence on malnutrition', 9/34, pp. 3-5, 9-11; PRO MH 56/249, idem, 'Statement submitted at deputation to Lord Eustace Percy', 18/12/35, pp. 8-10, 14-15.
144. PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Memorandum on the Special Areas Bill', 2/36, pp. 6-7, 8-9, 11-12; PRO ED 50/214, CMC, 'Points to be put before the Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, July 29th 1936'.
145. PRO MH 55/688, CMC, 'Memorandum on the Special Areas Bill', 2/36, pp. 6-7, 8-9, 11-12; PRO ED 50/214, CMC, 'Points to be put before the Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, July 29th 1936'.
146. PRO ED 50/216, M E Green, School feeding in England and Wales, London, CMC, 1938, pp. 9-10; ibid., CMC, 'Statement on school meals and milk submitted to the President of the Board of Education', 3/39, pp. 4-10.
147. PRO ED 50/216, M E Green, School feeding in England and Wales, London, CMC, 1938, pp. 9-10; ibid., CMC, 'Statement on school meals and milk submitted to the President of the Board of Education', 3/39, pp. 4-10.
148. PRO ED 50/78, interview memorandum, 26/3/34; PRO ED 50/214, C W Maudslay to D H Leadbetter, 28/7/36; PRO ED 50/216, minute by C W Maudslay, 27/3/39, p. 4. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 62-6.
149. PRO ED 50/79, cuttings from the Lancet, 28/1/28, p. 202, and 5/1/29, p. 40; ibid., Department of Health for Scotland, Milk consumption and the growth of school children, Edinburgh, HMSO, 1930.
150. PRO ED 50/79, cuttings from the Lancet, 28/1/28, p. 202, and 5/1/29, p. 40; ibid., Department of Health for Scotland, Milk consumption and the growth of school children, Edinburgh, HMSO, 1930.
151. PRO ED 50/79, cuttings from the Lancet, 28/1/28, p. 202, and 5/1/29, p. 40; ibid., Department of Health for Scotland, Milk consumption and the growth of school children, Edinburgh, HMSO, 1930.
152. Ibid., Empire Marketing Board, 'What milk can do'; PRO ED 50/80, Earl de le Warr to M Jones, 5/2/31; Health of the school child, 1931, London, HMSO, 1932, p. 109.
153. Ibid., Empire Marketing Board, 'What milk can do'; PRO ED 50/80, Earl de le Warr to M Jones, 5/2/31; Health of the school child, 1931, London, HMSO, 1932, p. 109.
154. Ibid., Empire Marketing Board, 'What milk can do'; PRO ED 50/80, Earl de le Warr to M Jones, 5/2/31; Health of the school child, 1931, London, HMSO, 1932, p. 109.
155. PRO ED 50/81, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Milk policy, 22/2/34; PRO ED 24/1367, C L Stocks to E G Howarth, 1/3/34; PRO ED 50/81, C W Maudslay to G Newman, 23/7/34.
156. PP 1933-34, III, pp. 47-88; PRO MH 56/105, Lord Astor to E Hilton Young, 16/11/34; ibid., H E Magee, 'Minutes of meeting of Scientific Sub-Committee, 18/12/34', 22/12/34; Health of the school child, 1935, London, HMSO, 1936, pp. 33-5.
157. PRO ED 50/81, Board of Education, circular 1437, Provision of milk for school children, 5/9/34; PRO ED 24/1367, H Ramsbotham to Education, 3/12/34, pp. 2-3; ibid., W G Wilkins to J H Thomas, 5/12/34; PRO ED 50/223, C W Maudslay to D E Vandepear, 14/7/36; Health of the school child, 1935, London, HMSO, 1936, p. 35.
158. PRO ED 50/81, Board of Education, circular 1437, Provision of milk for school children, 5/9/34; PRO ED 24/1367, H Ramsbotham to Education, 3/12/34, pp. 2-3; ibid., W G Wilkins to J H Thomas, 5/12/34; PRO ED 50/223, C W Maudslay to D E Vandepear, 14/7/36; Health of the school child, 1935, London, HMSO, 1936, p. 35.
159. PRO ED 50/81, Board of Education, circular 1437, Provision of milk for school children, 5/9/34; PRO ED 24/1367, H Ramsbotham to Education, 3/12/34, pp. 2-3; ibid., W G Wilkins to J H Thomas, 5/12/34; PRO ED 50/223, C W Maudslay to D E Vandepear, 14/7/36; Health of the school child, 1935, London, HMSO, 1936, p. 35.
160. PRO ED 50/223, interview memorandum, 8/9/36; ibid., E N Strong to C W Maudslay, 25/9/36.
161. C E McNally, Public ill health, London, Gollancz, 1935, p. 199; PRO MH 56/259, Ministry of Health, Advisory Committee on Nutrition: first report, London, HMSO, 1937, pp. 29-30.
162. C E McNally, Public ill health, London, Gollancz, 1935, p. 199; PRO MH 56/259, Ministry of Health, Advisory Committee on Nutrition: first report, London, HMSO, 1937, pp. 29-30.
163. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
164. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
165. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
166. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
167. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
168. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, p. 23; PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay to Secretary, 29/6/39 and 13/7/39. See also Macnicol, op. cit., note 12 above, pp. 65-6; C Webster, 'The health of the school child during the depression' in N Parry and D McNair (eds), The fitness of the nation - physical and health education in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Leicester, The History of Education Society of Great Britain, 1983, pp. 70-85, p. 7 7; J S Hurt, 'Feeding the hungry schoolchild in the first half of the twentieth century', in D J Oddy and D S Miller (eds), Diet and health in modern Britain, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 178-206; D Dwork, 'The milk option. An aspect of the history of the infant welfare movement in England, 1898-1908', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 51-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 124-5.
169. P Ford, Work and wealth in a modern port: an economic survey of Southampton, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1934, p. 120; D Caradog-Jones, Social survey of Merseyside, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1934, vol. 3, p. 39; H Llewellyn-Smith, The new survey of London life and labour, London, P S King & Son, 1934, vol. 6, pp. 304, 307, 314-15, 326-9; H Jennings, Brynmawr: a study of a distressed area, London, Allenson & Co, 1934, pp. 156-7.
170. P Ford, Work and wealth in a modern port: an economic survey of Southampton, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1934, p. 120; D Caradog-Jones, Social survey of Merseyside, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1934, vol. 3, p. 39; H Llewellyn-Smith, The new survey of London life and labour, London, P S King & Son, 1934, vol. 6, pp. 304, 307, 314-15, 326-9; H Jennings, Brynmawr: a study of a distressed area, London, Allenson & Co, 1934, pp. 156-7.
171. P Ford, Work and wealth in a modern port: an economic survey of Southampton, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1934, p. 120; D Caradog-Jones, Social survey of Merseyside, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1934, vol. 3, p. 39; H Llewellyn-Smith, The new survey of London life and labour, London, P S King & Son, 1934, vol. 6, pp. 304, 307, 314-15, 326-9; H Jennings, Brynmawr: a study of a distressed area, London, Allenson & Co, 1934, pp. 156-7.
172. P Ford, Work and wealth in a modern port: an economic survey of Southampton, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1934, p. 120; D Caradog-Jones, Social survey of Merseyside, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1934, vol. 3, p. 39; H Llewellyn-Smith, The new survey of London life and labour, London, P S King & Son, 1934, vol. 6, pp. 304, 307, 314-15, 326-9; H Jennings, Brynmawr: a study of a distressed area, London, Allenson & Co, 1934, pp. 156-7.
173. PRO ED 50/50, C W Maudslay to W P Wheldon, 5/4/35; McNally, op. cit., note 80 above, passim.
174. Health of the school child, 1935, London, HMSO, 1936, pp. 11-13, 17-20, 27, 39-12.
175. G C M M'Gonigle and J Kirby, Poverty and public health, London, Gollancz, 1936, pp. 54, 106-7, 256-7, 263.
176. J Boyd Orr, Food health and income: report on a survey of adequacy of diet in relation to income, London, Macmillan, 1936, pp. 42-3, 49-50.
177. PRO MH 56/251, Ministry of Health, 'Report by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition on "Food health and income" by Sir John Boyd Orr', 11/36, pp. 1-3; J Boyd Orr, As I recall, London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1966, pp. 115-17. See also D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Health and ignorance - past and present', in S Platt, et al. (eds), Locating health: sociological and historical explorations, Aldershot, Avebury, 1993, p. 223.
178. PRO MH 56/251, Ministry of Health, 'Report by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition on "Food health and income" by Sir John Boyd Orr', 11/36, pp. 1-3; J Boyd Orr, As I recall, London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1966, pp. 115-17. See also D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Health and ignorance - past and present', in S Platt, et al. (eds), Locating health: sociological and historical explorations, Aldershot, Avebury, 1993, p. 223.
179. PRO MH 56/251, Ministry of Health, 'Report by the Advisory Committee on Nutrition on "Food health and income" by Sir John Boyd Orr', 11/36, pp. 1-3; J Boyd Orr, As I recall, London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1966, pp. 115-17. See also D Smith and M Nicolson, 'Health and ignorance -past and present', in S Platt, et al. (eds), Locating health: sociological and historical explorations, Aldershot, Avebury, 1993, p. 223.
180. W Hannington, The problem of the distressed areas, London, Gollancz, 1937, pp. 61, 79-82, 91, 283.
181. PRO MH 55/629, J Pearse, T W Wade, J V Evans, and J E Underwood, 'Inquiry into the present conditions as regards the effects of continued unemployment on health in certain areas of South Wales and Monmouth', 23/10/36, pp. 18, 21, 26, 29, 61. See Webster, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 216-18 .
182. PRO MH 55/629, J Pearse, T W Wade, J V Evans, and J E Underwood, 'Inquiry into the present conditions as regards the effects of continued unemployment on health in certain areas of South Wales and Monmouth', 23/10/36, pp. 18, 21, 26, 29, 61. See Webster, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 216-18 .
183. Ibid., C W Maudslay, comments on the report, 5/11/36; PRO MH 56/213, 'Deputation from national women's organisations', 22/10/36; PRO ED 50/175, NUT, 'The depressed areas', 11/2/37, p. 4.
184. Ibid., C W Maudslay, comments on the report, 5/11/36; PRO MH 56/213, 'Deputation from national women's organisations', 22/10/36; PRO ED 50/175, NUT, 'The depressed areas', 11/2/37, p. 4.
185. Ibid., C W Maudslay, comments on the report, 5/11/36; PRO MH 56/213, 'Deputation from national women's organisations', 22/10/36; PRO ED 50/175, NUT, 'The depressed areas', 11/2/37, p. 4.
186. PRO MH 61/11, C W Maudslay to F N Tribe, 23/3/37.
187. PRO MH 61/6, J Pearse, 'Investigation of Special Areas: summary of reports on West Cumberland', 20/8/37; ibid., E Campbell to H A de Montmorency, 19/11/37.
188. PRO MH 61/6, J Pearse, 'Investigation of Special Areas: summary of reports on West Cumberland', 20/8/37; ibid., E Campbell to H A de Montmorency, 19/11/37.
189. PRO ED 50/204, minute from C W Maudslay, 31/12/37, pp. 2-3; PRO MH 61/7, J Pearse, 'Memorandum on possible remedial measures affecting the unsatisfactory findings detailed in the report submitted on the Special Areas', 20/3/38, pp. 1, 7.
190. PRO ED 50/204, J Pearse, 'Investigation of Special Areas: West Cumberland I', 11/5/38, p. 28; PRO MH 61/7, idem, 'Report on inquiries conducted in the Special Areas as to the effect of unemployment on health', 27/3/39, p. 79.
191. PRO ED 50/204, J Pearse, 'Investigation of Special Areas: West Cumberland I', 11/5/38, p. 28; PRO MH 61/7, idem, 'Report on inquiries conducted in the Special Areas as to the effect of unemployment on health', 27/3/39, p. 79.
192. PRO MH 61/7, J A Glover to T Carnwath, 15/4/39; ibid., E Campbell to E D Macgregor, 21/3/39.
193. PRO MH 56/213, PEP, Planning, vol. 88, 12/1/37, p. 14. On the links between PE and nutrition see J Welshman, 'Physical education and the school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9(1): 31-48.
194. PRO MH 56/213, PEP, Planning, vol. 88, 12/1/37, p. 14. On the links between PE and nutrition see J Welshman, 'Physical education and the school medical service in England and Wales, 1907-1939', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9(1): 31-48.
195. Political and Economic Planning [PEP], Report on the British health services: a survey of the existing health services in Great Britain with proposals for future development, London, PEP, 1937, pp. 319-37; S M Herbert, Britain's health, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1939, pp. 174-7.
196. Political and Economic Planning [PEP], Report on the British health services: a survey of the existing health services in Great Britain with proposals for future development, London, PEP, 1937, pp. 319-37; S M Herbert, Britain's health, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1939, pp. 174-7.
197. PRO ED 50/204, Board of Education, 'The improvement of nutrition', 30/12/35, p. 14; PRO MH 56/259, Ministry of Health, Advisory Committee on Nutrition: first report, London, HMSO, 1937, p. 26.
198. PRO ED 50/204, Board of Education, 'The improvement of nutrition', 30/12/35, p. 14; PRO MH 56/259, Ministry of Health, Advisory Committee on Nutrition: first report, London, HMSO, 1937, p. 26.
199. R Huws Jones, 'Physical indices and clinical assessments of the nutrition of schoolchildren', J. R. Statist. Soc., 1938, 101: 1-52, pp. 3-6, 32-3, 50-2.
200. Br. med. J., 1937, i: 1175; Lancet, 1937, ii: 1257-8.
201. Br. med. J., 1937, i: 1175; Lancet, 1937, ii: 1257-8.
202. Health of the school child, 1937, London, HMSO, 1938, pp. 19, 21.
203. PRO ED 50/204, notes on Huws Jones's paper, 16/11/37, pp. 2-3, 9; ibid., minute from C W Maudslay, 1/12/37. See also Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 132-6.
204. PRO ED 50/204, notes on Huws Jones's paper, 16/11/37, pp. 2-3, 9; ibid., minute from C W Maudslay, 1/12/37. See also Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 132-6.
205. Health of the school child, 1938, London, HMSO, 1940, pp. 21-2.
206. F Le Gros Clark, National fitness: a brief essay on contemporary Britain, London, Macmillan, 1938, pp. ix-x; W Crawford and H Broadley, The people's food, London, Heinemann, 1938, pp. 303-5; G Newman, The building of a nation's health, London, Macmillan, 1939.
207. F Le Gros Clark, National fitness: a brief essay on contemporary Britain, London, Macmillan, 1938, pp. ix-x; W Crawford and H Broadley, The people's food, London, Heinemann, 1938, pp. 303-5; G Newman, The building of a nation's health, London, Macmillan, 1939.
208. F Le Gros Clark, National fitness: a brief essay on contemporary Britain, London, Macmillan, 1938, pp. ix-x; W Crawford and H Broadley, The people's food, London, Heinemann, 1938, pp. 303-5; G Newman, The building of a nation's health, London, Macmillan, 1939.
209. The Pilgrim Trust, Men without work: a report made to the Pilgrim Trust, Cambridge University Press, 1938, p. 126; E Wilkinson, The town that was murdered: the life-story of Jarrow, London, Gollancz, 1939, pp. 250-3; M Spring Rice, Working- class wives: their health and conditions, London, Penguin, 1939, Virago edn, 1981, pp. 153, 156.
210. The Pilgrim Trust, Men without work: a report made to the Pilgrim Trust, Cambridge University Press, 1938, p. 126; E Wilkinson, The town that was murdered: the life-story of Jarrow, London, Gollancz, 1939, pp. 250-3; M Spring Rice, Working- class wives: their health and conditions, London, Penguin, 1939, Virago edn, 1981, pp. 153, 156.
211. The Pilgrim Trust, Men without work: a report made to the Pilgrim Trust, Cambridge University Press, 1938, p. 126; E Wilkinson, The town that was murdered: the life-story of Jarrow, London, Gollancz, 1939, pp. 250-3; M Spring Rice, Working-class wives: their health and conditions, London, Penguin, 1939, Virago edn, 1981, pp. 153, 156.
212. PRO MH 56/213, Committee Against Malnutrition, 'Towards a national food policy', 6/38.
213. Clark, op. cit., note 104 above, pp. 4-5, 86, 107-8, 136, 213.
214. R M Titmuss, Poverty and population: a factual study of contemporary social waste, London, Macmillan, 1938, pp. 96-7, 100-1, 108-9, 235, 246-7, 249.
215. PRO ED 123/292, C W Maudslay to J E Underwood, 4/11/38; Med. Offr, 1938, 47: 228. See also Webster, op. cit., note 32 above, p, 214, and Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 156-8.
216. PRO ED 123/292, C W Maudslay to J E Underwood, 4/11/38; Med. Offr, 1938, 47: 228. See also Webster, op. cit., note 32 above, p, 214, and Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 156-8.
217. PRO ED 123/292, C W Maudslay to J E Underwood, 4/11/38; Med. Offr, 1938, 47: 228. See also Webster, op. cit., note 32 above, p, 214, and Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 156-8.
218. PRO ED 10/245, S Laskey to A L Binns, 28/7/39.
219. PRO MH 55/647, Ministry of Health, Circular 1840, 2/8/39, pp. 1-2; Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, pp. 23-A
220. PRO MH 55/647, Ministry of Health, Circular 1840, 2/8/39, pp. 1-2; Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, pp. 23-A
221. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 23; PRO MH 56/526, 'Board of Education. Milk in schools scheme', 13/12/39.
222. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 23; PRO MH 56/526, 'Board of Education. Milk in schools scheme', 13/12/39.
223. Ibid., Milk Marketing Board, 'Proposals for a milk industry policy in war time', 8/1/40, pp. 15-17, 36.
224. Ibid., Milk Marketing Board, 'Proposals for a milk industry policy in war time', 8/1/40, pp. 15-17, 36.
225. MRC archive 1400/1b, Lance to A Landsborough Thomson, 18/3/40.
226. E H Wilkins, 'The environmental background of the school child', Med. Offr, 1941, 65: 145-7, p. 145; idem, 'The future of the School Medical Service: some suggested reforms', Med. Offr, 1941, 66: 109-12, p. 111; D M Goodfellow, Tyneside: the social facts, Newcastle Co-Operative Society, 1940, 2nd edn, 1942, pp. 52-8.
227. E H Wilkins, 'The environmental background of the school child', Med. Offr, 1941, 65: 145-7, p. 145; idem, 'The future of the School Medical Service: some suggested reforms', Med. Offr, 1941, 66: 109-12, p. 111; D M Goodfellow, Tyneside: the social facts, Newcastle Co-Operative Society, 1940, 2nd edn, 1942, pp. 52-8.
228. E H Wilkins, 'The environmental background of the school child', Med. Offr, 1941, 65: 145-7, p. 145; idem, 'The future of the School Medical Service: some suggested reforms', Med. Offr, 1941, 66: 109-12, p. 111; D M Goodfellow, Tyneside: the social facts, Newcastle Co-Operative Society, 1940, 2nd edn, 1942, pp. 52-8.
229. National Union of Teachers, School canteen handbook, Gloucester, NUT, 1940, p. 9; F Le Gros Clark, The school child and the school canteen, Hertford, Hertfordshire County Council, 1942, pp. 21-35.
230. National Union of Teachers, School canteen handbook, Gloucester, NUT, 1940, p. 9; F Le Gros Clark, The school child and the school canteen, Hertford, Hertfordshire County Council, 1942, pp. 21-35.
231. R Padley and M Cole (eds), Evacuation survey: a report to the Fabian Society, London, Routledge, 1940, pp. 182-3.
232. Women's Group on Public Welfare, Our towns: a close-up, Oxford University Press, 1943, pp. 45-6.
233. PRO ED 50/204, J A Glover, 'Statistical returns of assessment of nutrition at routine school medical inspections. A critical examination', 2/40, pp. 16, 21-3.
234. Ibid., E D Marris's comments on J A Glover's report, 12/2/41.
235. G Newman, English social services, London, William Collins, 1941, p. 32.
236. PRO ED 50/215, H Ramsbotham to C Attlee, 8/6/40; ibid., C Attlee, 'The provision of cheap food for the poorer classes'.
237. PRO MH 56/527, Ministry of Health, circular 2053, Supply of milk to mothers and children, 19/6/40.
238. PRO ED 50/215, F Hemming, 'The feeding of children in war time', 19/6/40; Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 24.
239. PRO ED 50/204, C W Maudslay's comments on J A Glover's report, 16/10/40; PRO ED 50/215, N D Bosworth Smith to Secretary, 23/1/41.
240. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.
241. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.
242. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.
243. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.
244. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.
245. Health of the school child, 1939-45, London, HMSO, 1947, p. 29. See also R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, HMSO, 1950, pp. 149, 509-14; Hurt, op. cit., note 80 above, pp. 198-201; J Ivatts, 'The school meals service', Soc. Policy Adm., 1992, 26(3): 226-44; J Burnett, 'The rise and decline of school meals in Britain, 1860-1990', in J Burnett and D Oddy (eds), The origins and development of food policies in Europe, Leicester University Press, 1994, pp. 55-69; Harris, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 155-60, 195-200.