Cognitive Reactions to Smoking Relapse: The Reciprocal Relation between Dissonance and Self-Esteem

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 184-195

  Gibbons, Frederick X ^a   Eggleston, Tami J ^b   Benthin, Alida C ^b  

^a Iowa State University   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; COGNITION; EGO; FEMALE; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECURRENT DISEASE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SELF CONCEPT; SMOKING CESSATION; TIME;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; COGNITIVE DISSONANCE; EGO; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTIVATION; RECURRENCE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK-TAKING; SELF CONCEPT; SMOKING CESSATION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0030636727     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.184     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
2. Aronson, E. (1994). The social animal (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
3. Avis, N. E., Smith, K. W., & McKinlay, J. B. (1989). Accuracy of perceptions of heart attack risk: What influences perceptions and can they be changed? American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1608-1612.
4. Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. New York: Plenum.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
6. Baumeister, R. E., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
7. Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2, 324-473.
8. Becker, M. H., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1987). Comparing social learning theory and the health belief model. In W. B. Ward (Ed.), Advances in health education and promotion (Vol. 2, pp. 245-249). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
9. Benthin, A., Slovic, P., & Severson, H. (1993). A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 153-168.
10. Boney-McCoy, S., Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1996). Compensatory self-enhancement as a reaction to the consideration of health risk among persons with high self-esteem. Manuscript submitted for publication.
11. Boney-McCoy, S., Gibbons, F. X., Reis, T. J., Gerrard, M., Luus, E., & Sufka, A. V. W. (1992). Perceptions of smoking risk as a function of smoking status. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 469-488.
12. Bradley, G. W. (1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 56-71.
13. Brockner, J. (1979). The effects of self-esteem, success-failure, and self-consciousness on task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1732-1741.
14. Brockner, J., & Elkind, M. (1985). Self-esteem and reactance: Further evidence of attitudinal and moral consequences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 346-361.
15. Brownell, K., Marlatt, G. A., Lichtenstein, E., & Wilson, G. T. (1986). Understanding and preventing relapse. American Psychologist, 41, 765-782.
16. Carmody, T.P. (1993). Nicotine dependence: Psychosocial approaches to the prevention of smoking relapse. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7, 96-102.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993). Cigarette smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost - United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 645-649.
18. Cohen, A. R. (1959). Some implications of self-esteem for social influence. In C. I. Hovland & I. L. Janis (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (pp. 102-120). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
19. Curry, S. J. (1993). Self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Special Section: Clinical research in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 790-803.
20. Dillman, D. A. (1991). The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Review of Sociology. 17, 225-249.
21. Eiser, J. R., Sutton, S. R., & Wober, M. (1978). "Consonant" and "dissonant" smokers and the self-attribution of addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 3, 99-106.
22. Feather, N.T. (1962). Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: A study of cognitive dissonance. Australian Journal of Psychology, 14, 55-64.
23. Festinger, L. A. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
24. Fisher, E. B., Haire-Joshu, D., Morgan, G. D., Rehberg, H., & Rost, K. (1990). State of the art: Smoking and smoking cessation. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 142, 702-720.
25. Flay, B. R., Hu, F. B., Siddiqui, O., Day, L. E., Hedeker, D., Petraitis, J., Richardson, J., & Sussman, S. (1994). Differential influence of parental smoking and friends' smoking on adolescent initiation and escalation of smoking. Journal of Social Behavior, 35, 248-265.
26. Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Benthin, A. C., & Hessling, R. M. (1996). A longitudinal study of the reciprocal nature of risk behaviors and cognitions in adolescents: What you do shapes what you think and vice versa. Health Psychology, 15, 344-354.
27. Gerrard, M., Kurylo, M., & Reis, T. (1991). Self-esteem, erotophobia, and retention of contraceptive and AIDS information in the classroom. Journal of Applied Social-Psychology, 21, 368-379.
28. Gibbons, F. X., & Eggleston, T. J. (1996). Smoker networks and the "typical smoker": A prospective analysis of smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 15, 469-476.
29. Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Lando, H. A., & McGovern, P. G. (1991). Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the "typical smoker." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 239-258.
30. Gibbons, F. X., McGovern, P. G., & Lando, H. A. (1991). Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic. Health Psychology, 10, 42-45.
31. Greening, L., & Dollinger, S. J. (1991). Adolescent smoking and perceived vulnerability to smoking-related causes of death. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 16, 687-699.
32. Heatherton, T F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.
33. Ho, R. (1989). Why do people smoke? Motives for the maintenance of smoking behavior and its possible cessation. Australian Psychologist, 24, 385-400.
34. Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1-47.
35. Johnson, R. E. (1968). Smoking and the reduction of cognitive dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 260-265.
36. Klesges, R. C., Brown, K., Pascale, R. W., Murphy, M., Williams, E., & Cigrang, J. A. (1988). Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. Health Psychology, 7, 575-589.
37. Klesges, R. C., Somes, G., Pascale, R. W., Klesges, L. M., Murphy, M., Brown, K., & Williams, E. (1988). Knowledge and beliefs regarding the consequences of cigarette smoking and their relationships to smoking status in a biracial sample. Health Psychology, 7, 387-401.
38. Knight, P.A., & Nadel. J. I. (1986). Humility revisited: Self-esteem, information search, and policy consistency. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38, 196-206.
39. Kristiansen, C. M., Harding, C. M., & Eiser, J. R. (1983). Beliefs about the relationship between smoking and causes of death. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4, 253-261.
40. Lando, H.A. (1989). Treatment outcome evaluation methodology in smoking cessation: Strengths and key issues. Advances in Behavior Research Therapy, 11, 201-214.
41. Lando, H.A. (1993). Formal quit smoking treatments. In C. T. Orleans & J. Slade (Eds.), Nicotine addiction: Principles and management (pp. 221-224). New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Lebovits, A. H., & Strain, J. J. (1990). The asbestos worker who smokes: Adding insult to injury. Health Psychology, 9, 405-417.
43. Lee, C. (1989). Perceptions of immunity to disease in adult smokers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 267-277.
44. Leventhal, H., Glynn, K., & Fleming, R. (1987). Is the smoking decision an informed 'choice'? Psychological Bulletin, 88, 370-405.
45. Marlatt, G. A., & Gordon, J. R. (Eds.). (1985). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in addictive behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
46. Mattson, M. E., Pollack, E. S., & Cullen, J. W. (1987). What are the odds that smoking will kill you? American Journal of Public Health, 77, 425-431.
47. Mermelstein, R. J., Karnatz, T., & Reichmann, S. (1992). Smoking. In P. H. Wilson (Ed.), Principles and practice of relapse prevention (pp. 43-68). New York: Guilford Press.
48. McGovern, P. G., Lando, H. A., Roski, J., Pirie, P. L., & Sprafka, J. M. (1994). A comparison of smoking cessation clinic participants with smokers in the general population. Tobacco Control, 3, 329-333.
49. Mullen, P. D., Hersey, J. C., & Iverson, D. C. (1987). Health behavior models compared. Social Science and Medicine, 24, 973-981.
50. Ossip-Klein, D. J., Giovino, G. A., Megahed, N., Black, P. M., Emont, S. L., Stiggins, J., Schulman, E., & Moore, L. (1991). Effects of a smokers' hotline: Results of a 10-county self-help trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 325-332.
51. Pederson, L. L., Wanklin, J. M., & Baskerville, J. C. (1984). The role of health beliefs in compliance with physician advice to quit smoking. Social Science and Medicine, 19, 573-580.
52. Pelham, B. P. (1992). On the limits of illusions: Exploring the costs and hazards of high self-regard. Unpublished manuscript.
53. Pervin, L. A., & Yatko, R. J. (1965). Cigarette smoking and alternative methods of reducing dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 30-36.
54. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., Velicer, W. F. Ginpil, S., & Norcross, J. C. (1985). Predicting change in smoking status for self-changers. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 395-406.
55. Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology (pp. 153-176). New York: Guilford Press.
56. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57. Shrauger, J. S.,& Kelly, R. J. (1988). Global self-evaluation and changes in self-description as a function of information discrepancy and favorability. Journal of Personality, 56, 709-728.
58. Smith, G. E., Gerrard, M., & Gibbons, F. X. (in press). Self-esteem and the relation between risk behavior and perceived vulnerability. Health Psychology.
59. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
60. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885-896.
61. Sutton, S. (1987). Social-psychological approaches to understanding addictive behaviours: Attitude-behaviour and decision-making models. British Journal of Addiction, 82, 355-370.
62. Sutton, S. (1989). Relapse following smoking cessation: A critical review of current theory and research. In M. Gossop (Ed.), Relapse and addictive behavior (pp. 41-72). London: Tavistock/Routledge.
63. Tesser, A., & Cornell, D. P. (1991). On the confluence of self processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 501-526.
64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Office of Smoking and Health. (1987). The health general. Rockville, MD: Author.
65. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). Reducing the health consequences of smoking. A report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. CDC 89-8411). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
66. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control. (1990). The health benefits of smoking cessation (DHHS Publication No. CDC 90-8416). Washington, DC: Author.
67. U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health. (1964). Smoking and health; report. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
68. Velicer, W. E. DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1985). Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1279-1289.
69. Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J. S., & Snow, M. G. (1992). Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 23-41.
70. Viscusi, K. W. (1992). Smoking: Making the risky decision. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Weinstein, N. D. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7, 355-386.
72. Wicklund, R. A., & Brehm, J. W. (1976). Perspectives on cognitive dissonance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
73. Wilson, P. H. (Ed.). (1992). Principles and practice of relapse prevention. New York: Guilford Press.