Hepatitis vaccines

Digestive Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 1-22

  Petruff, Catherine Ann ^a   Bedford, Andrew ^a   Gordon, Fredric D ^a   Chopra, Sanjiv ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G; Immunization; Vaccine, hepatitis

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HEPATITIS VACCINE; VACCINE;

DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; FLAVIVIRUS; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

FLAVIVIRIDAE; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VACCINES; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS D; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS VIRUSES; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VACCINATION; VACCINES, COMBINED; VIRAL HEPATITIS VACCINES;

EID: 0030631687     PISSN: 02572753     EISSN: 14219875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000171585     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. MacCallum FO: Homologous scrum jaundice, Lancet 1947:ii:691-692.
2. Feinstonc SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH: Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness, Science 1973; 182:1026-I02S.
3. Andre FE: Approaches to a vaccine against hepatitis A: Development and manufacture of an inactivated vaccine, J Infect Dis 1995;171(suppl l):33-39.
4. Tong YW, Wang JX, Xu ZY, Guo YF, Qian WH, Xu Jx: A serologically confirmed, case-control study of a large outbreak of hepatitis A in China, associated with consumption of clams, Epidemiol Infect 1991:107: 651-657.
5. Totsuka A, Moritsugu Y: Hepatitis A vaccine: Development in Japan; in Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, Oda T (eds): Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Tokyo, Springer, 1994, pp 509-513.
6. Stokes J, Ncefe JR: The prevention and attenuation of infectious hepatitis by gamma globulin: Preliminary note JAMA 1945:127:144-145.
7. Winokur PL, Stapleton JT: Immunoglobulin prophylaxis for hepatitis A, Clin Infect bis 1992:14:580-586.
8. Conrad ME, Lemon SM: Prevention of endemic icteric viral hepatitis by administration of immune serum gamma globulin, J Infect Dis 1987: 156:56-63.
9. Provost PJ, Hilleman MR: Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in cell culture in vitro, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1979;160:213-221.
10. Abramowicz M (ed): Hepatitis A vaccine, Med Lett 1995;37(950):51-52.
11. Mao J, Yie R, Huang H, Chai S, Chen N, Yu P, Wan X, Liu C, Cao Y, Dong D, Lian Y, Zou Y, Liang W, Li H, Chen T: Studies in monkeys of attenuated hepatitis A variants, Sci China [B] 1988:31:338-343.
12. Mao JS, Dong DX, Zhang HY, Chen NL, Zhang XY, Huang HY, Xie RY, Zhou TJ, Wan ZJ, Wang YZ, Hu ZH, Cao YY, Li HM, Chu CM: Primary study of attenuated live hepatitis A vaccine (H2 strain) in humans, J Infect Dis 1989:159: 621-624.
13. Midthun K, Ellcrbeck E, Gcrshman K, Calandra G, Krah D, McCaugh-try M, Nalin D, Provost P: Safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine in seronegative volunteers, J infect Dis 1991:163:735-739.
14. Mao J: Development of live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine(H2-slrain): Jiangsen Mao relates the Chinese experience, Vaccine 1990:8:523-524.
15. Provost PJ, Hilleman MR: An inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine prepared from infected marmoset liver, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1978: 159:201-203.
16. Clemens R, Salary A, Hepburn A, Roche C, Sianbury WJ, Andre FE: Clinical experience with an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl l):44-49.
17. Andre FE, D’Hondt E, Salary A: Clinical assessment of the safety and efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Rationale and summary of findings, Vaccine 1992: (suppl l):: 160-168.
18. Furesz J, Schcifcle DW, Palkonyay L: Safety and effectiveness of the new inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine, Can Med Assoc J 1995:152: 343-348.
19. Sandman LA, Davidson M, Krug-man S: Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: A safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl l)::50-S2.
20. Innis BL, Snitbhan R, Kunasol P, Laorakpongsc I, Poopatanakool W, Kozik CA, Suntayakorn S, Suknun-tapong T, Salary A, Tang DB, Boslc-go JW: Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine, JAMA 1994:271:1328-1334.
21. Werzbcrgcr A, Mcnsch B, Kuter B, Brown L, Lewis J, Sitrin R, Miller W, Shouval D, Wiens B, Calandra G, Ryan J, Provost P, Nalin D: A controlled trial of formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in healthy children, N Engl J Med 1992:327: 453-457.
22. Goubau P, VanGerven V, Salary A, Delem A, Knops J, D'Hondt E, Andre FE, Desmyter J: EtTcc; of virus strain and antigen dose on reac-togcnicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, Vaccine 1992:10 (suppl l)::114-118.
23. Just M, Berger R: Rcactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccines, Vaccine 1992; 10 (suppl l)::110-113.
24. McMahon BJ, Williams J, Bulkow L, Snowball M, Wainwright R, Kennedy M, Krause D: Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska native children and non-native adults, J Infect Dis 1995:171: 676-679.
25. Balcarek KB, Baglcv MR, Pass RF, Schiff ER, Krause DS: Safely and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in preschool children, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl l)::70-72.
26. Lccntvaar-Kuijpcrs A, Coutinho RA, Brulcin V, Safarv A: Simultaneous passive and active immunization against hepatitis A, Vaccine 1992: 10 (suppl l)::138-141.
27. Shouval D, Ashur Y, Adler R, Lew is J, Miller W, Kuter B, Brown L, Nalin DR: Safety, tolcrability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Effects of single and booster injections, and comparison to administration of immune globulin, J Hepatol 1993; 18 (suppl 2)::32-37.
28. VanDammc P, Thoelcn S, Cramm M, DcGrootc K, Safary A, Nleheus A: Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and long-term antibody persistence, J Med Virol 1994:44:446-451.
29. VanDamme P, Mathei C, Thoelen S, Meheus A, Safary A, Andre FE: Single dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: Rationale and clinical assessment of the safety on immunogenicity, J Med Virol 1994:44:435-441.
30. Memoranda M: Public health control of hepatitis A: Memorandum from a WHO meeting, Bull WHO 1995:73: 15-20.
31. Wolfe MS: Hepatitis A and the American traveler, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl l):29-32.
32. Hadler SC, Erbcn JJ, Matthews D, Starko K, Francis DP, Maynard JE: Effect of immunoglobulin on hepatitis A in day-care centers, JAMA 1983;249:48-53.
33. Hall WT, Madden DL, Mundon FK, Brandt DE, Clarke NA: Protective effect of immune serum globulin (ISG) against hepatitis A infection in a natural epidemic, Am J Epidemiol 1977:106:72-75.
34. Immunization Practices Advisory Committee: Protection against viral hepatitis: Recommendations, MMWR 1990:39(RR-2):1-26.
35. Hollingcr FB, Eickhoff T, Gershon A, Jong EC, KolT RS: Discussion: Who should receive hepatitis A vaccine? A strategy for controlling hepatitis S in the Unitied States, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl l):73-77.
36. Kruppenbacher J, Biensie U, Bock HL, Clemens R: Co-administration of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine with other travelers vaccines: Interference with th immune response (abstract), Proc 34th Intersci Conf on Antimicrobiol Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, DC, Washington, American Society of Microbiologists, 1994, pp 256.
37. Ambrosch F, Andre FE, Delem A, D'Hondt E, Jonas S, Kunz C, Safary' A, Wiedermann G: Simultaneous vaccination against hepatitis A and B: Results of a controlled study, Vaccine 1992:10 (suppl l): 143-145.
38. Melnick JL: History and epidemiology of hepatitis A virus, J Infect Dis 1995:171 (suppl 1):52-58.
39. Pappas VJ (ed): Hepatitis Control Report, 1996, vol I, pp 1-2.
40. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control: Licensure of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and recommendations for use among American travelers, MMWR 1995: 44:559-580.
41. Van Doorslaer F., Tormans G, Van-Damine P: Cost-effcctivcncss analysis of vaccination against hepatitis A in travellers, J Med Virol 1994:44: 463-469.
42. Anonymous: Hepatitis A: A vaccine at last (editorial), Lancet 1992,339: 1198-1199.
43. Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J: Hepatitis virus: Effect of heat on the infcctivity and antigenicity of the MS-1 and MS-2 strains, J Infect Dis 1970:122:432-436.
44. Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ, Zang EA, Olezko WR: Hepatitis B vaccine: Demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States, N Engl .1 Med 1980:303:833-841.
45. Alexander PG, Johnson R, Williams W, lladler S, White J, Coleman P: Hepatitis B vaccination programs for health care personnel in US hospitals, Public Health Rep 1990:105: 610-616.
46. Bodenheimcr HC, Fulton JP, Kramer PD: Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine among hospital workers, Am J Public Health 1986:76:252-255.
47. Francis DP, Fcorino PM, McDougal S, Warfield D, Gclchell J, Cabradil-la C, Tang M, Miller WJ, Schultz LD, Bailey IJ, McAleer WJ, Scol-nick EM, Ellis RW: The safety of the hepatitis B vaccine, inactivation of the AIDS virus during routine vaccine manufacture, JAMA 1986:256: 869-872.
48. Eddleston A: Modem vaccines, Hepatitis, Lancet 1990:335:1142-1145.
49. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control: Hepatitis B virus: A comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination, MMWR 1991:40:1-25.
50. Lai C, Chun-Yu Wong B, Yeoh EK, Lim WL, Chang WK: Five year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial of hepatitis B recombinant DNA yeast vaccine vs, plasma-derived vaccine in children: Immuno-genicity and anamnestic responses, Hepatology 1993:18:763-767.
51. Carmen WF, Zanetti AR, Karayian-nis P: Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus, Lancet 1990:336:325-329.
52. Gardner P, Schaffner W: Immunization of adults, N Engl J Med 1993: 28:1252-1258.
53. Hoofnagle J: Toward universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus, N Engl J Med 1989:321:1333-1334.
54. Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander J, Kramer E, Miller J, Mandel E, Hadler SC, Margolis HS: Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis, JAMA 1989:262: 1201-1205.
55. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control: Update: Recommendations to prevent hepatitis B virus transmission in the US, MMWR 1995:44:574-575.
56. Paushtcr LB: News from the States: Massachusetts requires Hep 3 shots for kindergartners, Needle Tips Hep BCoal News 1995.5:7.
57. Zuckcrman S: Hepatitis Vaccines; in Mclntirc N, Bcnhamou J, Birchcr J, Rizzctto M, Rodes J (eds): Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hcpatology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992, vol I, pp 623-625.
58. Wistrom J, Settergren B, Gustafson A, Per Juto, Norrby RS: Intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination, JAMA 1990:264:181-182.
59. Wistrom J: Intramuscular versus in-tradermal hepatitis B vaccine: A six year follow-up, JAMA 1995:273: 1835-1836.
60. McMahon BJ, Helminiak C, Wain-wrigltt RB, Bulkow L, Trimble B, Wainwright K: Frequency of adverse reactions to hepatitisB vaccine in 43.618 persons, Am J Med 1992;92:254-256.
61. Brczin AP, Massin-Korobelnik P, Boudin M, Gaudric A, Lehoang P: Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment cpithcliopathv after hcpati-tis B vaccine, Arch Ophthalmol 1995:113:297-300.
62. Gross K, Combe C, Kruger K, Schattenkirchncr M: Arthritis after hepatitis B vaccination, Scand J Rheumatol 1995:24:50-52.
63. Pone J, Bell DA, Stevens A: An epidemic of rheumatoid arthritis linked to hepatitis B vaccination (abstract), American College of Rheumatology, Clinical Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis 1.1995.
64. Wood RC, MacDonald KL, White KE, I ledberg CW, Hanson M, Os-terholm MT: Risk factors for lack of detectable antibody, JAMA 1993; 270:2935-2943.
65. Roome AJ, Walsh SJ, Canter ML, Hadler JL: Hepatitis B vaccine responsiveness in Connecticut public safety personel, JAMA 1993:270: 2931-2934.
66. Stevens CE, Alter IIJ, Taylor PE, Zand EA, Harley EJ, Szmuness W: Hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis, N Engl J Med 1984:311:496-501.
67. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Samsa GP, Bradshaw SE, Lemon SM: Obesity as a predictor of poor antibody response to hepatitis B plasma vaccine, JAMA 1985:254:3187-3189.
68. Craven DE, Awdeh ZL, Kunches LM, Yunis F.J, Dienstag JL, Werner GB, Snydman DR, Platt R, Cruni-packer CS, Grady G, Alper CA: Nonresponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination and genetic typings, Ann Intern Med 1986:105:356-360.
69. Alper CE, Kruskall MS, Marcus-Ba-gley D, Craven DE, Katz AJ, Brink SJ, Dienstag JL, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ: Genetic prediction of non-respon-sivencss to hepatitis B vaccination, N Engl J Med 1989:321:1030-1032.
70. Hadler SC, Francis DP, Maynard JE, Thompson SE, Judson FN: Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men, N Engl J Med 1986: 315:209-214.
71. Grob PJ, Joller-Jcmelka HI, Bin-swanger U, Zaruba K, Descocdres C, Fernex M: Interferon as an adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccination in non-and low-responder populations, Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984:3: 195-198.
72. Goldwater PN: Randomized comparative trial of interferon-alpha versus placebo in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders and hyperres-pondcrs, Vaccine 1994:12:410-413.
73. Metier SC, Cumann II, Herman K, Buschcnfeld M, Kohler H: Low-dose interlcukin-2 induces systemic immune responses against HbsAg in immunodcftcient non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination, Lancet 1989: i: 15-18.
74. Jungcrs P, Dcvillicr P, Salamon H, Cerisier JE, Couroucc AM: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant interleukin-2 in chronic uraemic patients who arc non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine, Lancet 1994:344:856-857.
75. Shouval D, Han Y, Adler R, Deepen R, Panet A, Evcn-Chcn Z, Gorcchi M, Gerlich WII: Improved inunu-nogenicity in mice of a mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine containing prc-Sl and pre-S2 antigens as compared with conventional yeast-dcrived vaccines, Vaccine 1994:12:1453-1459.
76. Miskovsky E, Gcrshman K, Clemens ML, Cupps T, Calandra G: Comparative safety and immunogc-nicity of yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccines containing W and pre-S2 + S antigens, Vaccine 1991:9: 346-350.
77. Nafaguchi S, Kashiwagi S, Okaa K, Anzai K, Nakamaru M, Nishimura Y, Sasazuki T, Niho Y: Reversal of nonresponsivcncss and post-exposure prophylaxis by intradcrmal hepatitis B vaccination in Japanese medical pcrsoncl, JAMA 1991:265: 2679-2683.
78. Tilzcy AJ: Hepatitis B vaccine boosting: The debate continues, Lancet 1995:345:1000-1001.
79. Dcsombere I, Hauser P, Rossau R, Paradijs J, Leroux-Roels G: Nonre-spondcrs to hepatitis B vaccine can present envelope part icles to T lymphocytes, J Immunol 1995:154: 520-529.
80. Ambrosch F, Wicdcrmann G, Andre FE, Delem A, Gregor H, Hofmann H, D'Hondt E, Kundi M, Wynen J, Kunz C: Clinical and immunological investigation of a new combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine, J Med Virol 1994:44: 452-456.
81. VanDamme P, Thoclen S, Cramm M, Salary A, Mcheus A: Reactoge-nicily and immunogcnicity of a combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults: in Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, Oda T (eds): Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Tokyo, Springer, 1994, pp 514-516.
82. Seeff LB, Zimmerman IIJ, Wright EC, Finkclslcin JD, Garcia-Ponl P, Greenlee IIB, Dietz AA, Lccvy CM, Tamburro CH, Schiff ER, Schimmel EM, Zemel R, Zimmon DS, McCollum RW: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfu-sion hepatitis: A veterans administration cooperative study, Gastroenterology 1977:72:111-121.
83. Knodell RG, Ginsberg AL, Conrad ME, Bell CJ: Efficacy of prophylactic gammaglobulin in preventing non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis, Lancet 1976:1:557-561.
84. Seeff LB, Iloofnagle JH: In muno-prophylaxis of viral hepatitis, Gastroenterology 1979:77:161-182.
85. Sanchez-Quijano A, Lisscn E, Diaz-Torres MA, Rivera F, Pineda JA, Leal M, Garcia de Pesquera F, Castro R, Munoz J: Prevention of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by non-specific immunoglobulin in heart surgery' patients, Lancet 1988: i: 1245-1249.
86. Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M: Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome, Science 1989:244:359-362.
87. Houghton VI, Weiner A, I Ian J, Kuo G, Choo QL: Molecular biology of the hepatitis C virus: Implications for diagnosis, development, and control of viral disease, Hepatology 1991:14:381-388.
88. Kuo G, Choo Q-L, Alter HJ, Gitnick GI, Redcker AG, Purcell RH, Miva-mura T, Dienstag JL, Alter MJ, Stevens CE, Tcgtmeier GE, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M: An assay for circulating antibodies to a major ctiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis, Science 1989; 244:362-364.
89. Choo Q-L, Richman KH, Han IH, Berger K, Lee C, Dong C, Gallegos C, Coil D, Medina-Selby A, Barr PJ, Weiner AJ, Bradley DW, Kuo G, Houghton M: Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2451-2455.
90. Kato N, Hijikata M, Ootsuyama Y, Nakagawa M, Ohkoshi S, Shimotoh-no K: Sequence diversity of hepatitis C viral genomes, Mol Biol Med 1990:7:495-501.
91. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, Wong DC, Engle R, Lcsnicwski RR, Muscahwar IK, Dcsai SM, Miller RH, Ogata N, Purcell RII: Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus, Science 1992:258:135-140.
92. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS: Supcrinfection of heterologous hepatitis C virus in a patient with chronic type C hepatitis, Gastroenterology 1993:105:583-587.
93. Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Ralston R, Weiner A, Chicn D, VanNcst G, I Ian J, Berger K, Thudium K, Kuo C, Kan-sopon J, McFarland J, Tabrizi A, Citing K, Moss B, Cummins LB, Houghton M, Muchmore E: Vaccination of chimpanzees against infection by the hepatitis C virus, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994:91:1294-1298.
94. Hitomi Y, McDonnell WM, Baker JR, Askari FK: Efficient production of a portion of the hepatitis C core protein and analysis of the murine immune response to recombinant protein: Toward a vaccine for hepa-tilisC (abstract), Hepatology 1995: 22:331.
95. Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE, Rhodes GH, Feigner PL, Dwarki VJ, Gromkowski SH, Deck RR, De-Witt CM, Friedman A, Haw LA, Leander KR, Marine/ D, Perry HC, Shiver JW, Mongomcry DL, Liu MA: Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding viral protein, Science 1993:259:1745-1749.
96. Tokushigc K, Wakila T, Moradpour D, Wands J: Expression and immune response to hepatitis C virus DNA vaccine constructs (abstract), Hepatology 1995:22:220.
97. Negro F, Rizzetto M: Diagnosis of hepatitis della infection, J Hepatol 1995;22(suppl 1): 136-139.
98. Negro F, Shapiro M, Satterfield WC, Gerin JL, Purcell RH: Reappearance of hepatitis D virus (HDV) replication in chronic hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees rcchallcnged with HDV, J Infect Dis 1989:160:567-571.
99. Karayiannis P, Saldanha J, Jackson AM, Luther S, Goldin R, Mon-jardino J, Thomas HC: Partial control of hepatitis delta virus su-pcrinfection by immunization of woodchucks (Marmoia monax) with hepatitis delta antigen expressed by a recombinant vaccinia or baculovirus, J Med Virol 1993; 41:210-214.
100. Bergmann KF, Casey JL, Tennant BC, Gerin JL: Modulation of hepatitis delta virus infection by vaccination with synthetic peptides: A preliminary study in the woodchuck model, Prog Clin Biol Res 1993;382:181-187.
101. Ponzetto A, Eckart M, D’Urso N, Negro F, Silvestro M, Bonino F, Wang K-S, Chien D, Choo Q-L, Houghton M: Towards a vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis delta virus superinfection in IIBV carriers, Prog Clin Biol Res 1993: 382:207-210.
102. Bradly DW, Krawczynski K, Beach MJ, Purdy MA: Non-A, non-B hepatitis: Toward the discovery of hepatitis C and E viruses, Semin Liver Dis 1991:11: 128-146.
103. Kwo PY, Balan VJ, Carpenter HA, Murphy PJ, Rosenblatt JE, Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Mast EE, Krawczynski K, King JE: Acute hepatitis E acquired in the United States (abstract), Hepatolo-gy 1995:22:182.
104. Uchida T: Hepatitis E: Review, Gastroenterol Jpn 1992:27:687-697.
105. Bradley DW: Enterically-lransmit-ted non-A, non-B hepatitis, Br Med Bull 1990:46:442-461.
106. Reyes GR, Burdy MA, Kim JP, Luit K-C, Fry KE, Bradley DW: Isolation of acDNA from the virus responsible for entcrically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis, Science 1990:247:1335-1339.
107. Yin S, Tsarev SA, Purcell RH, Emerson SU: Partial sequence comparison of eight new Chinese strains of hepatitis E virus suggests the genome sequence is relatively stable, J Med Virol 1993:4123:412-41.
108. Uchida T, Shikata T, Rikihisa T, Ichikawa M: Vaccination of hepatitis E virus; in Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, Oda T (eds) Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, Tokyo, Springer, 1994, pp 547-549.
109. Tsarev SA, Tsarev TS, Emerson SU, Govindarajan S, Shapiro M, Gerin JL, Robinson R, Purcell RH: Prospects for prevention of hepatitis E (abstract), 9th Triannu Im Syntp on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, 1996.
110. Kim JP, Linnen J, Wages J, Shil LI, Nakatsuii Y, Fry K, Zhang-Kcck Z-Y, Young L, Gallagher P, Krawczynski K, Ismay S, Hyams C, Lifson J, Alter M, Margolis H, Foung S, Bradley D, Alter H: Identification of a new hepatitis virus (HGV) and its implication ia posttransfusion hepatitis (abstract), Hepatologv 1995:22:218.
111. Fry KE, Linncn J, Zhang-Keck Z-Y, Fung K, Hoover C, Fernandez J, Kim JP: Sequence analysis of a new RNA virus (hepatitis G virus, HGV) reveals a unique virus in the Ffaviviridae family (Abstract), Ile-patology 1995:22:181.
112. Linnen J, Wages J, Zhen-Yong ZK, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H, Koonin E, Gallagher M, Alter M, Hadziyannis S, Karayiannis P, Fung K, Nakatsuji Y, Sliih J W-K, Young L, Piatak M, Hoover C, Fernandez J, Chen S, Zou J-C, Morris T, Hyames KC, lsmay S, Lifson JD, Hess G, Foung SKH, Thomas H, Bradley D, Margolis H, Kim JP: Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: A transfusion-transmissible agent, Science 1996:271:505-508.
113. Jeffers U, Piatak M, Bernstein DE, Reddy KR, Lifson JD, Yun A, Coclho-Littlc E, deMcdina M, Kim JP, Scliiff ER: Hepatitis G virus infection in patients with acute and chronic liver disease of unknown etiology (abstract), Hepatology 1995:22:182.
114. Nakatsuji Y, Sliih JWK, Tanaka E, Wages J, Kiyosawa K, Kim JP, Alter HJ: Prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) in Japan (abstract), Hcpatologv 1995:22:182.
115. Linnen JM, Zhang-Kcck Z-Y, Fung K, Wages J, Hoover C, Piatak M, Fernandez J, Mo D, Foung SK, Fry KE, Kim JP: Genetic organization and sequence variation of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) (abstract), Hepatology 1995:22:181.