Infrared and Raman Vibrational Optical Activity: Theoretical and Experimental Aspects

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 357-386

  Nafie, Laurence A ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ab initio calculations; Circular dichroism; Molecular chirality; Multiplex spectroscopy; Polarization modulation

Indexed keywords

CIRCULAR DICHROISM; INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; OPTICS; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; VIBRATION;

CIRCULAR DICHROISM; OPTICS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, INFRARED; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN; VIBRATION;

EID: 0030628997     PISSN: 0066426X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.357     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Buckingham AD. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:1-12
2. Nafie LA, Yu G-S, Qu X, Freedman TB. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:13-34
3. Barron LD. 1982. Molecular Light Scattering and Optical Activity. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
4. Holzwarth G, Hsu EC, Mosher HS, Faulkner TR, Moscowitz A. 1974. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96:251-52
5. Nafie LA, Cheng JC, Stephens PJ. 1975. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97:3842
6. Nafie LA, Keiderling TA, Stephens PJ. 1976. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98:2715-23
7. Barron LD, Bogaard MP, Buckingham AD. 1973. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95: 603-5
8. Hug W, Kint S, Bailey GF, Scherer JR. 1975. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97:5589-90
9. Bour P, Tam CN, Wang BL, Keiderling TA. 1996. Mol. Phys. 87:299-318
10. Barron LD. 1985. Adv. Infrared Raman Spectrosc. 12:215-72
11. Rauk A. 1991. In New Developments in Molecular Chirality, ed. PG Mezey, pp. 57-92. Netherlands: Kluwer
12. Rauk A, Freedman TB. 1994. Int. J. Quant. Chem. 28:315-38
13. Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1994. In Modern Nonlinear Optics, Part 3, ed. M Evans, S Kielich, 85:207-63. New York: Wiley
14. Stephens PJ, Devlin FJ, Ashvar CS, Chabalowski CF, Frisch MJ. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:103-19
15. Yang D, Rauk A. 1996. In Reviews in Computational Chemistry, ed. KB Lipkowitz, DB Boyd, 7:261-301. New York: VCH
16. Nafie LA. 1988. In Adances in Applied FTIR Spectroscopy, ed. MW Mackenzie, pp. 67-104. New York: Wiley
17. Polavarapu PL. 1989. Appl. Spectrosc. 43:1295
18. Keiderling TA. 1990. In Practical Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Industrial and Laboratory Chemical Analysis, ed. JR Ferraro, K Krishnan, pp. 203-84. San Diego: Academic
19. Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1987. In Topics in Stereochemistry, ed. EL Eliel, SH Wilen, 17:113-206. New York: Wiley
20. Keiderling TA, Pancoska P. 1993. In Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Part B, ed. RE Hester, RJH Clark, 21:267-315. Chichester: Wiley
21. Keiderling TA. 1994. In Circular Dichroism, Interpretation and Applications, ed. K Nakanishi, ND Berova, RW Woody, pp. 497-521. New York: VCH
22. Keiderling TA. 1996. In Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules, ed. GD Fasman, pp. 555-98. New York: Plenum
23. Nafie LA, Che D. 1994. In Modern Non-linear Optics, Part 3, ed. M Evans, S Kielich, 85:105-49. New York: Wiley
24. Hug W. 1994. Chimia 48:386-90
25. Barron LD, Hecht L. 1993. In Biomolecular Spectmscopy: Part B, ed. RJH Clark, RE Hester, 21:235-66. Chichester: Wiley
26. Barron LD, Hecht L. 1994. In Circular Dichroism: Principles and Applications, ed. K Nakanishi, ND Berova, RW Woody, pp. 179-215. New York: VCH
27. Nafie LA, Yu GS, Freedman TB. 1995. Vib. Spectrosc. 8:231-39
28. Barron LD, Hecht L, Bell AF. 1996. In Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules, ed. GD Fasman, pp. 653-95. New York: Plenum
29. Nafie LA, Citra M, Ragunathan N, Yu GS, Che D. 1994. In Analytical Applications of Circular Dichroism, ed. N Purdie, HG Brittain, pp. 53-89. Amsterdam: Elsevier
30. Freedman TB, Nafie LA, Keiderling TA. 1994. In Oligopeptides in Biophysical Research, ed. O Toniolo, 20:265-79. New York: Wiley
31. Nafie LA. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50(5):A14-A26
32. Barron LD, Buckingham AD. 1975. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 26:381-96
33. Stephens PJ, Lowe MA. 1985. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 36:213-41
34. Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1993. In Metallobiochemistry, Methods of Enzymology Part C, ed. JF Riordan, BL Vallee, 226-306-19. New York: Academic
35. Nafie LA, Freedman TB. 1993. In Metallobiochemistry. Methods in Enzymology Part C, ed. JF Riordan, BL Vallee, 226:470-82. New York: Academic
36. Hecht L, Nafie LA. 1991. Mol. Phys. 72:441-69
37. Nafie LA. 1996. Chem. Phys. 205:309-22
38. Hecht L, Nafie LA. 1990. Chem. Phys. Lett. 174(6):575-82
39. Harris RA, McClain WM. 1992. Chem. Phys. Lett. 195:633-36
40. Hecht L, Nafie LA. 1992. Chem. Phys. Lett. 195:637-39
41. Hecht L, Barron LD. 1994. Chem. Phys. Lett. 225:519-24
42. Barron LD, Buckingham AD. 1971. Mol. Phsy. 20(6):1111-19
43. Nafie LA, Freedman TB. 1983. J. Chem. Phys. 78:7108-16
44. Stephens PJ. 1985. J. Phys. Chem. 89: 748-52
45. Galwas PA. 1983. PhD thesis. Cambridge Univ.
46. Buckingham AD, Fowler PW, Galwas PA. 1987. Chem. Phys. 112:1-14
47. Lowe MA, Stephens PJ, Segal GA. 1986. Chem. Phys. Lett. 123:108-16
48. Lowe MA, Segal GA, Stephens PJ. 1986. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108:248-56
49. Nafie LA. 1983. J. Chem. Phys. 79: 4950-57
50. Nafie LA. 1992. J. Chem. Phys. 96: 5687-702
51. Stephens PJ. 1987. J. Phys. Chem. 91: 1712
52. Amos RD, Handy NC, Jalkanen KJ, Stephens PJ. 1987. Chem. Phys. Lett. 133(1):21-26
53. Jalkanen KJ, Stephens PJ. 1988. J. Phys. Chem. 92:1781-85
54. Stephens PJ, Jalkanen KJ, Amos RD, Lazzeretti P, Zanasi R. 1990. J. Phys. Chem. 94:1811-30
55. Dutler R, Rauk A. 1989. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:6957-66
56. Jalkanen KJ, Stephens PJ. 1989. J. Phys. Chem. 93:6583-84
57. Jalkanen KJ, Stephens PJ, Lazzeretti P, Zanasi R. 1989. J. Chem. Phys. 90:3204-13
58. Hansen AE, Stephens PJ, Bouman TD. 1991. J. Phys. Chem. 95:4255-62
59. Bak KL, Hansen AE, Stephens PJ. 1995. J. Phys. Chem. 99:17359-63
60. Hunt KL, Harris RA. 1991. J. Chem. Phys. 94:6995-7002
61. London F. 1937. J. Phys. Radium Paris 8:397
62. Ditchfield R. 1974. Mol. Phys. 27:798
63. Bak KL, Jorgensen P, Helgaker T, Ruud K, Hensen HJA. 1993. J. Chem. Phys. 98:8873
64. Bak KL, Jorgensen P, Helgaker T, Ruud K, Hensen HJA. 1994. J. Chem. Phys. 100:6620-27
65. Bak KL, Devlin FJ, Ashvar CS, Taylor PR, Frisch MJ, Stephens PJ. 1995. J. Phys. Chem. 99:14918-22
66. Bak KL, Jorgensen P, Helgaker T, Ruud K, Hensen HJA. 1993. J. Chem. Phys. 98:8873-87
67. Bak KL, Bludsky O, Jorgensen P. 1995. J. Chem. Phys. 103:10548-55
68. Amos RD, Handy NC, Palmieri P. 1990. J. Chem. Phys. 93:5796
69. Stephens PJ, Jalkanen KJ, Devlin FJ, Chabalowski CF. 1993. J. Phys. Chem. 97:6107-10
70. Devlin FJ, Stephens PJ. 1994. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:5003-4
71. Stephens PJ, Chabalowski CF, Devlin FJ, Jalkanen KJ. 1994. Chem. Phys. Lett. 224:247-57
72. Stephens PJ, Devlin FJ, Chabalowski CF, Frisch MJ. 1994. J. Phys. Chem. 98:11623-27
73. Devlin FJ, Finley JW, Stephens PJ, Frisch MJ. 1995. J. Phys. Chem. 99:16883-902
74. Finley JW, Stephens PJ. 1995. Theochem. J. Mol. Struct. 357:225-35
75. Ashvar CS, Devlin FJ, Bak KL, Taylor PR, Stephens PJ. 1996. J. Phys. Chem. 100:9262-70
76. Cheeseman JR, Frisch MJ, Devlin FJ, Stephens PJ. 1996. Chem. Phys. Lett. 252:211-20
77. Stephens PJ, Ashvar CS, Devlin FJ, Cheeseman JR, Frisch MJ. 1996. Mol. Phys. 89:579-94
78. Devlin FJ, Stephens PJ, Cheeseman JR, Frisch MJ. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:6327-28
79. Rauk A, Dutler R, Yang D. 1990. Can. J. Chem. 68:258-66
80. Shaw RA, Wieser H, Dutler R, Rauk A. 1990. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:5401-10
81. Rauk A, Yang DY. 1992. J. Phys. Chem. 96(1):437-46
82. Yang DY, Rauk A. 1992. J. Chem. Phys. 97:6517-34
83. Yang DY, Rauk A. 1994. J. Chem. Phys. 100:7995-8002
84. Yang DY, Eggimann T, Wieser H, Rauk A, Shustov G. 1993. Can. J. Chem. 71:2028-37
85. Rauk A, Eggimann T, Wieser H, Shustov GV, Yang DY. 1994. Can. J. Chem. 72:506-13
86. Nieman JA, Keay BA, Kubicki M, Yang D, Rauk A, et al. 1995. J. Org. Chem. 60:1918-19
87. Rauk A, Yang D, Tsankov D, Wieser H, Koltypin Y, et al. 1995. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:4160-66
88. McCann J, Rauk A, Shustov GV, Wieser H, Yang DY. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:630-41
89. Bour P, Keiderling TA. 1993. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:9602-7
90. Freedman TB, Ragunathan N, Alexander S. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:131-50
91. Freedman TB, Nafie LA, Yang D. 1994. Chem. Phys. Lett. 227:419-28
92. Jalkanen KJ, Suhai S. 1996. Chem. Phys. 208:81-116
93. Xiang T, Goss DJ, Diem M. 1993. Biophys J. 65:1255-61
94. Ito H. 1996. Biospectroscopy 2:17-37
95. Freedman TB, Shih ML, Lee E, Nafie LA. 1997. J. Am. Chem. Soc. In press
96. Nafie LA. 1994. In Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics, ed. RR Birge, 240:63-80. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
97. Che D, Hecht L, Nafie LA. 1991. Chem. Phys. Lett. 180:182-90
98. Bose PK, Barron LD, Polavarapu PL. 1989. Chem. Phys. Lett. 155(4,5):423-29
99. Bose PK, Polavarapu PL, Barron LD, Hecht L. 1990. J. Phys. Chem. 94:1734-40
100. Polavarapu PL. 1990. J. Phys. Chem. 94:8106-12
101. Black TM, Bose PK, Polavarapu PL, Barron LD, Hecht L. 1990. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:1479-89
102. Barron LD, Gargaro AR, Hecht L, Polavarapu PL. 1991. Spectrochim. Acta A 47:1001-16
103. Barron LD, Gargaro AR, Hecht L, Polavarapu PL, Sugeta H. 1992. Spectrochim. Acta A 48:1051-66
104. Polavarapu PL, Black TM, Barron LD, Hecht L. 1993. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:7736-42
105. Polavarapu PL, Bos PK, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1993. J. Phys. Chem. 97:11211-15
106. Polavarapu PL, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1993. J. Phys. Chem. 97:1793-99
107. Yu GS, Freedman TB, Nafie LA, Deng Z, Polavarapu PL. 1995. J. Phys. Chem. 99:835-43
108. Polavarapu PL, Deng Z. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:151-64
109. Deng Z, Polavarapu P, Ford SJ, Hecht L, Barron LD, et al. 1996. J. Phys. Chem. 100:2025-34
110. Koroteev NI. 1995. Biospectroscopy 1:341-50
111. Nafie LA, Diem M. 1979. Appl. Spectrosc. 33:130-35
112. Nafie LA, Diem M, Vidrine DW. 1979. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101:496-98
113. Nakao Y, Sugeta H, Kyogoku Y. 1984. Chem. Lett., pp. 623-26
114. Diem M, Roberts GM, Barlow A, Lee O. 1988. Appl. Spectrosc. 42:20-27
115. Lee O, Diem M. 1992. Anal. Instrum. 20:23-13
116. Xie P, Diem M. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:675-80
117. Abbate S, Longhi G, Givens JW, Boiadjiev SE, Lightner A, Moscowitz A. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:642-43
118. Devlin R, Stephens PJ. 1987. Appl. Spectrosc. 41(7):1142-14
119. Lipp ED, Nafie LA. 1984. Appl. Spectrosc. 38:20-25
120. Nafie LA. 1984. Adv. Infrared Raman Spectrosc. 11:49-93
121. Polavarapu PL. 1985. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, ed. JR Ferraro, LJ Basile, 4:61-97. New York: Academic
122. Polavarapu PL. 1989. In Vibrational Spectra and Structure, ed. HD Bist, JR Durig, JF Sullivan, 17B:319-42. Amsterdam: Elsevier
123. McCoy CA, de Haseth JA. 1988. Appl. Spectrosc. 42:336-41
124. Malon P, Keiderling TA. 1988. Appl. Spectrosc. 42:32-37
125. Tsankov D, Eggimann T, Wieser H. 1995. Appl. Spectrosc. 49:132-38
126. Chen GC, Polavarapu PL, Weibel S. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48:1218-23
127. Bormett RW, Smith GD, Asher SA, Barrick D, Kurtz DM. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:327-39
128. Hoffmann GG, Niemeyer M, Schrader B. 1995. J. Mol. Struct. 349:239-12
129. Marcott C, Dowrey AE, Noda I. 1993. Appl. Spectrosc. 47:1324-28
130. Wang B, Keiderling TA. 1995. Appl. Spectrosc. 49:1347-55
131. Niemeyer M, Hoffmann GG, Schrader B. 1995. J. Mol. Struct. 349:451-54
132. Long F, Freedman TB, Hapanowicz R, Nafie LA. 1997. Appl. Spectrosc. 51:504-7
133. Long F, Freedman TB, Tague TJ, Nafie LA. 1997. Appl. Spectrosc. 51:508-11
134. Nafie LA, Lee NS, Paterlini G, Freedman TB. 1987. Microchim. Acta 3:93-104
135. Dignam MJ, Baker MD. 1981. Appl. Spectrosc. 35:186
136. Polavarapu PL. 1988. Infrared Phys. 28:109
137. Ragunathan N, Lee NS, Freedman TB, Nafie LA, Tripp C, Buijs H. 1990. Appl. Spectrosc. 44:5-7
138. Malon P, Keiderling TA. 1996. Appl Spectrosc. 50:669-74
139. Polavarapu PL, Chen GC, Weibel S. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48:1224-35
140. Polavarapu PL, Chen GC. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48:1410-18
141. Polavarapu PL, Deng ZY. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48:1562-64
142. Polavarapu PL, Chen GC, Deng ZY. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48:1403-9
143. Polavarapu PL, Deng ZY, Chen GC. 1995. Appl. Spectrosc. 49:229-36
144. Polavarapu PL, Deng ZY. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:686-92
145. Barron LD, Hecht L, Hug W, MacIntosh MJ. 1989. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:8731-32
146. Hecht L, Barron LD, Hug W. 1989. Chem. Phys. Lett. 158:341-44
147. Spencer KM, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1988. Chem. Phys. Lett. 149:367-74
148. Hecht L, Che D, Nafie LA. 1991. Appl. Spectrosc. 45:18-25
149. Nafie LA, Freedman TB. 1989. Chem. Phys. Lett. 154:260-66
150. Barron LD, Hecht L, Bell AF, Wilson G. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:619-29
151. Vargek M, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1997. J. Raman Spectrosc. In press
152. Hug W. 1982. In Raman Spectroscopy, ed. J. Lascombe, pp. 3-12. New York: Wiley
153. Hecht L, Barron LD, Gargaro AR, Wen ZQ, Hug W. 1992. J. Raman Spectrosc. 23:401-11
154. Hecht L, Barron L. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:35-48
155. Tam CN, Bour P, Baumruk V, Malon P, Keiderling TA. 1994. In Fourteenth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy, ed. NT Yu, XY Li, pp. 960-61. New York: Wiley
156. Spencer KM, Edmonds RB, Rauh RD. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:681-85
157. Spencer KM, Edmonds RB, Rauh RD, Carrabba MM. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:1269-73
158. Hecht L, Barron LD. 1994. J. Raman Spectrosc. 25:443-51
159. Hecht L, Che D, Nafie LA. 1992. J. Phys. Chem. 96:4266-70
160. Polavarapu PL. 1988. Chem. Phys. Lett. 148:21-25
161. Hecht L, Jordanov B, Schrader B. 1987. Appl. Spectrosc. 41:295-307
162. Hecht L, Barron LD. 1990. Appl. Spectrosc. 44:483-91
163. Che D, NafieLA. 1993. Appl. Spectrosc. 47:544-55
164. Che D, Nafie LA. 1992. Chem. Phys. Lett. 189:35-42
165. Yu GS, Nafie LA. 1994. Chem. Phys. Lett. 222:403-10
166. Hecht L. 1992. Chem. Phys. Lett. 195:518-22
167. Tam CN, Bour P, Keiderling TA. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:10285-93
168. Tam CN, Bour P, Keiderling TA. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. Submitted
169. Qu X, Lee E, Yu GS, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:649-57
170. Deleted in proof
171. Ford SJ, Wen ZQ, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1994. Biopolymers 34:303-13
172. Yu GS, Che D, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1995. Biospectroscopy 1:113-23
173. Miyazawa M, Kyogoku Y, Sugeta H. 1994. Spectrochim. Acta A 50:1505-11
174. Paterlini MG, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1992. Biopolymers 32:765-82
175. Gulotta M, Goss DJ, Diem M. 1989. Biopolymers 28:2047-58
176. Xie P, Diem M. 1995. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:429-37
177. Xie P, Zhou QW, Diem M. 1995. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:9502-8
178. Miyazawa M, Inouye K, Hayakawa T, Kyogoku Y, Sugeta H. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:644-48
179. Mastle W, Dukor RK, Yoder G, Keiderling TA. 1995. Biopolymers 36:623-31
180. Baumruk V, Huo DF, Dukor RK, Keiderling TA, Lelievre D, Brack A. 1994. Biopolymers 34:1115-21
181. Yoder G, Keiderling TA, Formaggio F, Crisma M, Toniolo C. 1995. Biopolymers 35:103-11
182. Wilson G, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1996. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 92:1503-9
183. Ford SJ, Cooper A, Hecht L, Wilson G, Barron LD. 1995. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 91:2087-93
184. Wilson G, Ford SJ, Cooper A, Hecht L, Wen ZQ, Barron LD. 1995. J. Mol. Biol. 254:747-60
185. Wilson G, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1996. Biochemistry 35:12518-25
186. Wilson G, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1997. J. Phys. Chem. B 101:694-98
187. Wilson G, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1996. J. Mol. Biol. 261:341-47
188. Pancoska P, Bitto E, Janota V, Keiderling TA. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:287-310
189. Baumruk V, Pancoska P, Keiderling TA. 1996. J. Mol. Biol. 259:774-91
190. Pancoska P, Bitto E, Janota V, Urbanova M, Gupta VP, Keiderling TA. 1995. Protein Sci. 4:1384-401
191. Pancoska P, Janota V, Keiderling TA. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. 50:658-68
192. Pancoska P, Fabian H, Yoder G, Baumruk V, Keiderling TA. 1996. Biochemistry 35:13094-106
193. Bormett RW, Asher SA, Larkin PJ, Gustafson WG, Ragunathan N, et al. 1992. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:6864
194. Teraoka J, Nakamura K, Nakahara Y, Kyogoko Y, Sugeta H. 1992. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:9211-13
195. Teraoka J, Yamamoto N, Matsumoto Y, Kyogoku Y, Sugeta H. 1996. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:8875-78
196. Birke SS, Diem M. 1995. Biophys. J. 68:1045-49
197. Maharaj V, Tsankov D, Vandesande HJ, Wieser H. 1995. J. Mol. Struct. 349:25-28
198. Wang U, Pancoska P, Keiderling TA. 1994. Biochemistry 33:8428-35
199. Wang LJ, Yang LG, Keiderling TA. 1994. Biophys. J. 67:2460-67
200. Barron L, Hecht, L, Bell AF, Wilson G. 1996. Appl. Spectroc. 50:619-29
201. Bell AF, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1994. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:5155-61
202. Bell AF, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1995. Spectrochim. Acta A 151:1367-78
203. Bell AF, Hecht L, Barron LD. 1995. J. Raman Spectrosc. 26:1071-74
204. Bell AF, Ford SJ, Hecht L, Wilson G, Barron LD. 1994. Int. J. Biol. Mol. 16:277-78
205. Yu GS, Che D, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1993. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 4:511-16
206. Freedman TB, Ragunathan N, Alexander S. 1994. Faraday Discuss. 99:131-49
207. Polavarapu PL, Cholli AL, Vernice G. 1992. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:10953-55
208. Yoder G, Keiderling TA, Formaggio F, Crisma M, Toniolo C, Kamphuis J. 1995. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 6:687-90
209. McCann J, Tsankov D, Hu N, Liu G, Wieser H. 1995. J. Mol. Struct. 349:309-12
210. Spencer KM, Cianciosi SJ, Baldwin JE, Freedman TB, Nafie LA. 1990. Appl. Spectrosc. 44:235-38
211. Hecht L, Phillips AL, Barron LD. 1995. J. Raman Spectrosc. 26:727-32
212. Tran CD, Grishko VI, Huang G. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66:2630-35