메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 114-132

Investigating trophic relationships of pinnipeds in Alaska and Washington using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon

Author keywords

Callorhinus ursinus; carbon 13; Eumetopias juhatus; harbor seal; nitrogen 15; northern fur seal; Phoca vitulina; stable isotope analysis; Steller sea lion

Indexed keywords

DIET; FEEDING ECOLOGY; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MAMMALS; PINNIPEDS; STABLE ISOTOPE RATIO; STABLE-CARBON; STABLE-NITROGEN; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIP; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS;

EID: 0030621054     PISSN: 08240469     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00615.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (196)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0028984268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the eastern and western North Atlantic
    • In press
    • ABEND, A. G., AND T. D. SMITH. In press. Differences in ratios of stable isotopes of nitrogen in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the eastern and western North Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science.
    • ICES Journal of Marine Science
    • Abend, A.G.1    Smith, T.D.2
  • 2
    • 0003618954 scopus 로고
    • Is it food? Addressing marine mammal and seabird declines. Workshop summary
    • University of Alaska, Fairbanks
    • ALASKA SEA GRANT. 1993. Is it food? Addressing marine mammal and seabird declines. Workshop summary. Alaska Sea Grant Report 93-01. University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 56 pp.
    • (1993) Alaska Sea Grant Report 93-01
  • 3
    • 0000817471 scopus 로고
    • A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller seal (Eumetopias jubatus): The conflict arena
    • ALVERSON, D. 1991. A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller seal (Eumetopias jubatus): The conflict arena. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 6:203-256.
    • (1991) Reviews in Aquatic Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 203-256
    • Alverson, D.1
  • 4
    • 1842282543 scopus 로고
    • Fur seal food habits identified from scats and colons
    • T. R. Loughlin and P. A. Livingston, eds. NWAFC Processed Report 86-19. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA
    • ANTONELIS, G. A., P. GEARIN, R. L. DELONG AND T. R. LOUGHLIN. 1986. Fur seal food habits identified from scats and colons. Pages 23-30 in T. R. Loughlin and P. A. Livingston, eds. Summary of joint research on the diets of northern fur seals and fish in the Bering Sea during 1985. NWAFC Processed Report 86-19. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA.
    • (1986) Summary of Joint Research on the Diets of Northern fur Seals and Fish in the Bering Sea during 1985 , pp. 23-30
    • Antonelis, G.A.1    Gearin, P.2    Delong, R.L.3    Loughlin, T.R.4
  • 5
    • 1842276706 scopus 로고
    • Inter-island variation in the diet of female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the Bering Sea
    • Galveston, Texas, November 11-15, 1993. (Abstract)
    • ANTONELIS, G. A., E. H. SINCLAIR, R. R. REAM AND B. W. ROBSON. 1993. Inter-island variation in the diet of female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the Bering Sea. Tenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Galveston, Texas, November 11-15, 1993. (Abstract)
    • (1993) Tenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals
    • Antonelis, G.A.1    Sinclair, E.H.2    Ream, R.R.3    Robson, B.W.4
  • 6
    • 0001730972 scopus 로고
    • Spring and summer foods of walleye pollock, Theregra chalcogramma, in the eastern Bering Sea
    • U.S.
    • BAILEY, K., AND J. DUNN. 1979. Spring and summer foods of walleye pollock, Theregra chalcogramma, in the eastern Bering Sea. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 77:304-308.
    • (1979) Fishery Bulletin , vol.77 , pp. 304-308
    • Bailey, K.1    Dunn, J.2
  • 7
    • 3543037378 scopus 로고
    • Marine mammals and their interactions with fisheries of the Columbia River and adjacent waters, 1980-1982
    • Washington Department of Wildlife. Olympia, WA
    • BEACH, R. J., A. C. GEIGER, S. J. JEFFERIES, S. D. TREACY AND B. L. TROUTMAN. 1985. Marine mammals and their interactions with fisheries of the Columbia River and adjacent waters, 1980-1982. Final Report. Washington Department of Wildlife. Olympia, WA. 316 pp.
    • (1985) Final Report
    • Beach, R.J.1    Geiger, A.C.2    Jefferies, S.J.3    Treacy, S.D.4    Troutman, B.L.5
  • 10
    • 0020895366 scopus 로고
    • Abundance, movements, and feeding habits of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, at Netarts and Tillamook Bays, Oregon
    • U.S.
    • BROWN, R. F., AND B. R. MATE. 1983. Abundance, movements, and feeding habits of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, at Netarts and Tillamook Bays, Oregon. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 81:291-301.
    • (1983) Fishery Bulletin , vol.81 , pp. 291-301
    • Brown, R.F.1    Mate, B.R.2
  • 11
    • 0010110954 scopus 로고
    • Food of walleye pollock, Theregra chalcogramma, in an embayment of southeastern Alaska
    • U.S.
    • CLAUSEN, D. M. 1983. Food of walleye pollock, Theregra chalcogramma, in an embayment of southeastern Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 81:637-642.
    • (1983) Fishery Bulletin , vol.81 , pp. 637-642
    • Clausen, D.M.1
  • 12
    • 0001817360 scopus 로고
    • Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals
    • R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
    • COSTA, D. P., AND R. L. GENTRY. 1986. Free-ranging energetics of northern fur seals. Pages 79-101 in R. L. Gentry and G. L. Kooyman, eds. Fur seals: Maternal strategies on land and at sea. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea , pp. 79-101
    • Costa, D.P.1    Gentry, R.L.2
  • 13
    • 27944469791 scopus 로고
    • Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals
    • DENIRO, M. J., AND S. EPSTEIN. 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42:495-506.
    • (1978) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.42 , pp. 495-506
    • Deniro, M.J.1    Epstein, S.2
  • 14
    • 0019681135 scopus 로고
    • Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals
    • DENIRO, M. J., AND S. EPSTEIN. 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45:341-351.
    • (1981) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.45 , pp. 341-351
    • Deniro, M.J.1    Epstein, S.2
  • 16
    • 0023583502 scopus 로고
    • Feeding habits and daily ration of walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea, with special reference to cannibalism
    • DWYER, D. A., K. M. BAILEY AND P. A. LIVINGSTON. 1987. Feeding habits and daily ration of walleye pollock (Theregra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea, with special reference to cannibalism. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1972-1984.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , vol.44 , pp. 1972-1984
    • Dwyer, D.A.1    Bailey, K.M.2    Livingston, P.A.3
  • 17
    • 0000029194 scopus 로고
    • Food and feeding behavior of Steller and California sea lions
    • FISCUS, C. H., AND G. A. BAINES. 1966. Food and feeding behavior of Steller and California sea lions. Journal of Mammalogy 47:195-200.
    • (1966) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.47 , pp. 195-200
    • Fiscus, C.H.1    Baines, G.A.2
  • 18
    • 0029545063 scopus 로고
    • Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: Foodweb implications
    • FRANCE, R. L. 1995. Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: Foodweb implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:307-312.
    • (1995) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.124 , pp. 307-312
    • France, R.L.1
  • 19
    • 0024188848 scopus 로고
    • Food web structure on Georges Bank from stable C, N and S isotopic compositions
    • FRY, B. 1988. Food web structure on Georges Bank from stable C, N and S isotopic compositions. Limnological Oceanography 33:1182-1190.
    • (1988) Limnological Oceanography , vol.33 , pp. 1182-1190
    • Fry, B.1
  • 21
    • 0001985778 scopus 로고
    • Pacific Fishes of Canada
    • Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa
    • HART, J. L. 1973. Pacific Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 180. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. 740 pp.
    • (1973) Bulletin , vol.180
    • Hart, J.L.1
  • 22
    • 0028165523 scopus 로고
    • Biases associated with non-lethal methods of determining the diet of northern elephant seals
    • HARVEY, J. T., AND G. A. ANTONELIS. 1994. Biases associated with non-lethal methods of determining the diet of northern elephant seals. Marine Mammal Science 10: 178-187.
    • (1994) Marine Mammal Science , vol.10 , pp. 178-187
    • Harvey, J.T.1    Antonelis, G.A.2
  • 23
    • 0000290897 scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope analysis of marbled murrelets: Evidence for freshwater feeding and determination of trophic level
    • HOBSON, K. A. 1990. Stable isotope analysis of marbled murrelets: Evidence for freshwater feeding and determination of trophic level. Condor 92:897-903.
    • (1990) Condor , vol.92 , pp. 897-903
    • Hobson, K.A.1
  • 24
    • 0027797131 scopus 로고
    • Trophic relationships among high Arctic seabirds: Insights from tissue-dependent stable-isotope models
    • HOBSON, K. A. 1993. Trophic relationships among high Arctic seabirds: Insights from tissue-dependent stable-isotope models. Marine Ecology Progress Series 95:7-18.
    • (1993) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.95 , pp. 7-18
    • Hobson, K.A.1
  • 25
    • 0000582893 scopus 로고
    • Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes. II: Factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation
    • HOBSON, K. A., AND R. G. CLARK. 1992. Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes. II: Factors influencing diet-tissue fractionation. Condor 94:189-197.
    • (1992) Condor , vol.94 , pp. 189-197
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Clark, R.G.2
  • 27
    • 0001567155 scopus 로고
    • Stable-nitrogen isotope enrichment in avian tissues due to fasting and nutritional stress: Implications for isotopic analyses of diet
    • HOBSON, K.A., R. T. ALISAUSKAS AND R. G. CLARK. 1993. Stable-nitrogen isotope enrichment in avian tissues due to fasting and nutritional stress: Implications for isotopic analyses of diet. Condor 95:388-394.
    • (1993) Condor , vol.95 , pp. 388-394
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Alisauskas, R.T.2    Clark, R.G.3
  • 28
    • 0028162890 scopus 로고
    • Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic relationships
    • HOBSON, K. A., J. F. PIATT AND J. PITOCCHELLI. 1994. Using stable isotopes to determine seabird trophic relationships. Journal of Animal Ecology 63:786-798.
    • (1994) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 786-798
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Piatt, J.F.2    Pitocchelli, J.3
  • 29
    • 0029740208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable-carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissues of captive seals: Implications for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals
    • HOBSON, K. A., D. SCHELL, D. RENOUF AND E. NOSEWORTHY. 1996. Stable-carbon and nitrogen isotopic fractionation between diet and tissues of captive seals: implications for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 53:528-533.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , vol.53 , pp. 528-533
    • Hobson, K.A.1    Schell, D.2    Renouf, D.3    Noseworthy, E.4
  • 31
    • 0004959395 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic feeding by the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
    • J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton and D. M. Lavigne, eds. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, U.K.
    • KAJIMURA, H. 1985. Opportunistic feeding by the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Pages 300-318 in J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton and D. M. Lavigne, eds. Marine mammals and fisheries. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, U.K.
    • (1985) Marine Mammals and Fisheries , pp. 300-318
    • Kajimura, H.1
  • 34
    • 0003034571 scopus 로고
    • Tracing the diets of fossil animals using stable isotopes
    • K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
    • KOCH, P. L., M. L. FOGEL AND N. TUROSS. 1994. Tracing the diets of fossil animals using stable isotopes. Pages 63-92 in K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener, eds. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
    • (1994) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science , pp. 63-92
    • Koch, P.L.1    Fogel, M.L.2    Tuross, N.3
  • 36
    • 0006136236 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of commercial harvest of walleye pollock and northern sea lion abundance in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska
    • November 14-16, 1988, Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 89-1
    • LOUGHLIN, T. R., AND R. L. MERRICK. 1989. Comparison of commercial harvest of walleye pollock and northern sea lion abundance in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Pages 679-700 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Walleye Pollock, November 14-16, 1988, Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 89-1.
    • (1989) Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Walleye Pollock , pp. 679-700
    • Loughlin, T.R.1    Merrick, R.L.2
  • 37
    • 0027101461 scopus 로고
    • Rangewide survey and estimation of total abundance of Steller sea lions in 1989
    • LOUGHLIN, T. R., A. S. PERLOV AND V. A. VLADIMIROV. 1992. Rangewide survey and estimation of total abundance of Steller sea lions in 1989. Marine Mammal Science 8:220-239.
    • (1992) Marine Mammal Science , vol.8 , pp. 220-239
    • Loughlin, T.R.1    Perlov, A.S.2    Vladimirov, V.A.3
  • 38
    • 0010363005 scopus 로고
    • Food web structure and fractionation of carbon isotopes in the Bering Sea
    • MCCONNAUGHEY, T., AND C. P. MCROY. 1979. Food web structure and fractionation of carbon isotopes in the Bering Sea. Marine Biology 53:262-275.
    • (1979) Marine Biology , vol.53 , pp. 262-275
    • Mcconnaughey, T.1    Mcroy, C.P.2
  • 40
    • 0003628388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of juvenile walleye pollock in the diet of Gulf of Alaska Steller sea lions
    • In press. U.S. Department of Commerce
    • MERRICK, R. L., AND D. G. CALKINS. In press. Importance of juvenile walleye pollock in the diet of Gulf of Alaska Steller sea lions. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum.
    • NOAA Technical Memorandum
    • Merrick, R.L.1    Calkins, D.G.2
  • 41
    • 0024255553 scopus 로고
    • Decline in abundance of the northern sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in Alaska, 1956-86
    • U.S.
    • MERRICK, R. L., T. R. LOUGHLIN AND D. G. CALKINS. 1987. Decline in abundance of the northern sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in Alaska, 1956-86. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 85:351-365.
    • (1987) Fishery Bulletin , vol.85 , pp. 351-365
    • Merrick, R.L.1    Loughlin, T.R.2    Calkins, D.G.3
  • 42
    • 0002665544 scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine aquatic food webs
    • K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
    • MICHENER, R. H., AND D. M. SCHELL. 1994. Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine aquatic food webs. Pages 138-186 in K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener, eds. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
    • (1994) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science , pp. 138-186
    • Michener, R.H.1    Schell, D.M.2
  • 44
    • 0000222035 scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope ratio of feathers reveals feeding behavior of cormorants
    • MIZUTANI, H., M. FUKUDA, Y. KABAYA AND E. WADA. 1990. Carbon isotope ratio of feathers reveals feeding behavior of cormorants. Auk 107:400-437.
    • (1990) Auk , vol.107 , pp. 400-437
    • Mizutani, H.1    Fukuda, M.2    Kabaya, Y.3    Wada, E.4
  • 45
    • 0003803704 scopus 로고
    • Prepared by the Steller Sea Lion Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD
    • NMFS (NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE). 1992. Recovery plan for the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Prepared by the Steller Sea Lion Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. 92 pp.
    • (1992) Recovery Plan for the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias Jubatus)
  • 46
    • 0003740846 scopus 로고
    • Prepared by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, and the Office of Protected Resources/National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MA
    • NMFS (NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE). 1993. Final conservation plan for the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Prepared by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, and the Office of Protected Resources/National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MA. 80 pp.
    • (1993) Final Conservation Plan for the Northern fur Seal (Callorhinus Ursinus)
  • 47
    • 0003991439 scopus 로고
    • Prepared by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA
    • NMFS (NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE). 1995. Status review of the United States Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) population. Prepared by the National Marine Mammal Laboratory/Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA. 45 pp.
    • (1995) Status Review of the United States Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias Jubatus) Population
  • 49
    • 0022853889 scopus 로고
    • Diet of northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus, off western North America
    • U.S.
    • PEREZ, M. A., AND M. A. BIGG. 1986. Diet of northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus, off western North America. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 84:957-971.
    • (1986) Fishery Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 957-971
    • Perez, M.A.1    Bigg, M.A.2
  • 50
    • 0000387475 scopus 로고
    • Increased food and energy consumption of lactating northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus
    • U.S.
    • PEREZ, M. A., AND E. E. MOONEY. 1986. Increased food and energy consumption of lactating northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 84:371-381.
    • (1986) Fishery Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 371-381
    • Perez, M.A.1    Mooney, E.E.2
  • 52
    • 0000491430 scopus 로고
    • Food of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, in the Gulf of Alaska
    • U.S.
    • PITCHER, K. W. 1980a. Food of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardsi, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 78:544-549.
    • (1980) Fishery Bulletin , vol.78 , pp. 544-549
    • Pitcher, K.W.1
  • 53
    • 0000491429 scopus 로고
    • Stomach contents and feces as indicators of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, foods in the Gulf of Alaska
    • PITCHER, K. W. 1980b. Stomach contents and feces as indicators of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, foods in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin 78:797-798.
    • (1980) Fishery Bulletin , vol.78 , pp. 797-798
    • Pitcher, K.W.1
  • 54
    • 0019759371 scopus 로고
    • Prey of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in the Gulf of Alaska
    • U.S.
    • PITCHER, K. W. 1981. Prey of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 79:467-472.
    • (1981) Fishery Bulletin , vol.79 , pp. 467-472
    • Pitcher, K.W.1
  • 55
    • 0025645253 scopus 로고
    • Major decline in number of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, on Tugidak Island, Gulf of Alaska
    • PITCHER, K. W. 1990. Major decline in number of harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, on Tugidak Island, Gulf of Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 6:121-134.
    • (1990) Marine Mammal Science , vol.6 , pp. 121-134
    • Pitcher, K.W.1
  • 58
    • 0001365269 scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon isotopes and carbon flow in ecosystems
    • ROUNICK, J. S., AND M. J. WINTERBOURN. 1986. Stable carbon isotopes and carbon flow in ecosystems. Bioscience 36:171-177.
    • (1986) Bioscience , vol.36 , pp. 171-177
    • Rounick, J.S.1    Winterbourn, M.J.2
  • 61
    • 0028164037 scopus 로고
    • Prey selection by northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the eastern Bering Sea
    • U.S.
    • SINCLAIR, E. H., T. R. LOUGHLIN AND W. G. PEARCY. 1994. Prey selection by northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the eastern Bering Sea. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 92: 144-156.
    • (1994) Fishery Bulletin , vol.92 , pp. 144-156
    • Sinclair, E.H.1    Loughlin, T.R.2    Pearcy, W.G.3
  • 63
    • 0001165965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinguishing between populations of fresh and saltwater harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) using stable-isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles
    • SMITH, R. J., K. A. HOBSON, H. N. KOOPMAN AND D. M. LAVIGNE. 1996. Distinguishing between populations of fresh and saltwater harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) using stable-isotope ratios and fatty acid profiles. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 53:272-279.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science , vol.53 , pp. 272-279
    • Smith, R.J.1    Hobson, K.A.2    Koopman, H.N.3    Lavigne, D.M.4
  • 64
    • 0005938576 scopus 로고
    • Comparative feeding habits of the fur seal, sea lion and harbor seal on the British Columbia coast
    • SPALDING, D. J. 1964. Comparative feeding habits of the fur seal, sea lion and harbor seal on the British Columbia coast. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 146. 52 pp.
    • (1964) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin , vol.146
    • Spalding, D.J.1
  • 65
    • 84982578704 scopus 로고
    • A review: Walleye pollock in the North Pacific Ocean. How much difference do they really make?
    • SPRINGER, A. M. 1992. A review: Walleye pollock in the North Pacific Ocean. How much difference do they really make? Fisheries Oceanography 1:80-96.
    • (1992) Fisheries Oceanography , vol.1 , pp. 80-96
    • Springer, A.M.1
  • 66
    • 0017479078 scopus 로고
    • Labile protein reserves and protein turnover
    • SWICK, R. W., AND N. J. BENEVENGA. 1977. Labile protein reserves and protein turnover. Journal of Dairy Science 60:505-515.
    • (1977) Journal of Dairy Science , vol.60 , pp. 505-515
    • Swick, R.W.1    Benevenga, N.J.2
  • 67
    • 0000083443 scopus 로고
    • Stable carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem research
    • P. W. Rundel, J. R. Ehleringer and K. A. Nagy, eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany
    • TIESZEN, L. L., AND T. W. BOUTTON. 1989. Stable carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem research. Pages 167-195 in P. W. Rundel, J. R. Ehleringer and K. A. Nagy, eds. Stable isotopes in ecological research. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1989) Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research , pp. 167-195
    • Tieszen, L.L.1    Boutton, T.W.2
  • 69
    • 0001802891 scopus 로고
    • Northern fur seals: Why have they declined?
    • TRITES, A. W. 1992. Northern fur seals: Why have they declined? Aquatic Mammals 18:3-18.
    • (1992) Aquatic Mammals , vol.18 , pp. 3-18
    • Trites, A.W.1
  • 70
    • 84982074765 scopus 로고
    • 15N values as indicators of trophic position and competitive overlap for Pacific salmon (Onchorynchus spp.)
    • 15N values as indicators of trophic position and competitive overlap for Pacific salmon (Onchorynchus spp.). Fisheries and Oceanography 2:11-23.
    • (1993) Fisheries and Oceanography , vol.2 , pp. 11-23
    • Welch, D.W.1    Parsons, T.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.