Consumer versus resource control in freshwater pelagic food webs

Science

Volumn 275, Issue 5298, 1997, Pages 384-386

  Brett, Michael T ^a   Goldman, Charles R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRESH WATER;

ARTICLE; BIOMASS; CONSUMER; ECOLOGY; FISH; FOOD; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ZOOPLANKTON;

FOOD WEB; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; NUTRIENT ADDITION; PHYTOPLANKTON; TROPHIC LEVEL; ZOOPLANKTON;

EID: 0030620648     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5298.384     Document Type: Article

References (53)

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21. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
22. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
23. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
24. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
25. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
26. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
27. M. Lynch and J. Shapiro, Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 86 (1981); M. J. Vanni, Ecology 68, 624 (1987); R. W. Drenner et al., Hydrobiologia 208, 161 (1990); B. A. Faafeng et al., ibid. 200, 119 (1990); D. J. McQueen, R. France, C. Kraft, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 1 (1992); R. Markosova and J. Jezek, Hydrobiologia 264, 85 (1993); J. G. Qin and D. A. Culver, J. Freshwater Ecol. 10, 385 (1995); M. Proulx et al., Ecology 77, 1556 (1996).
28. The experiments must employ simultaneous factorial planktivorous fish and nutrient addition treatments. The nutrient treatments must include both phosphorus and nitrogen additions. The studies must present data describing the quantitative response of the zooplankton and phytoplankton communities to these treatments. The treatment and response variables cannot be confounded. For example, Leibold (10) added dense cultures of the alga Ankistrodesmus falcatus to nutrient treatments, but did not add algae to non-nutrient treatments. The experiments must also last several weeks.
29. We used the treatments of Lynch and Shapiro (11) accordingly: L - No Fish = Control; L + Fish = Fish; M and H - No Fish = Nutrient; and M and H + Fish = Fish + Nutrient, and the treatments of Drenner and colleagues (11) accordingly: 0, NF = Control; 0, F = Fish; 45:1, NF = Nutrient; 45:1, F = Fish + Nutrient.
30. Lynch and Shapiro's (11) zooplankton species-specific dry weights were estimated using the mean lengths at first reproduction reported by Lynch [M. Lynch, Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 253 (1979)] and calculating dry weights with standard zooplankton length-to-weight regressions [E. McCaully, in Secondary Productivity in Freshwaters, J. A. Downing and F. H. Rigler, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1984), pp. 228-238]. For Vanni (11), zooplankton species dry weights were calculated by taking the mean values reported for all dates and treatments reported in his table 2. For Drenner and colleagues (11), cladoceran and copepod dry weight were assumed to be 3 and 1 μg per individual, respectively. Zooplankton community biomass was calculated by multiplying species weight by abundance and totaling.
31. Lynch and Shapiro's (11) zooplankton species-specific dry weights were estimated using the mean lengths at first reproduction reported by Lynch [M. Lynch, Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 253 (1979)] and calculating dry weights with standard zooplankton length-to-weight regressions [E. McCaully, in Secondary Productivity in Freshwaters, J. A. Downing and F. H. Rigler, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1984), pp. 228-238]. For Vanni (11), zooplankton species dry weights were calculated by taking the mean values reported for all dates and treatments reported in his table 2. For Drenner and colleagues (11), cladoceran and copepod dry weight were assumed to be 3 and 1 μg per individual, respectively. Zooplankton community biomass was calculated by multiplying species weight by abundance and totaling.
32. P. J. Richerson, R. Armstrong, C. R. Goldman, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 67, 1710 (1970); W. Lampert et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 31, 478 (1986); U. Sommer et al., Arch. Hydrobiol. 106, 433 (1986).
33. P. J. Richerson, R. Armstrong, C. R. Goldman, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 67, 1710 (1970); W. Lampert et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 31, 478 (1986); U. Sommer et al., Arch. Hydrobiol. 106, 433 (1986).
34. P. J. Richerson, R. Armstrong, C. R. Goldman, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 67, 1710 (1970); W. Lampert et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 31, 478 (1986); U. Sommer et al., Arch. Hydrobiol. 106, 433 (1986).
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36. The respective relationships between the response of the plankton to the size of the mesocosms are: zooplankton response to the fish treatments versus log-(mesocosm size), r = -0.10, P = 0.67, n = 22; zooplankton response to the nutrient treatments, r = -0.30, P = 0.18; phytoplankton response to fish, r = 0.34, P = 0.12; phytoplankton response to nutrients, r = 0.13, P = 0.56. The respective correlations for the length of the experiments are: zooplankton response to fish treatments versus length of experiment, r = -0.22, P = 0.34, n = 22; zooplankton response to nutrient treatments, r = -0.39, P = 0.07; phytoplankton response to fish, r = 0.50, P = 0.02; phytoplankton response to nutrients, r = -0.08, P = 0.71.
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40. K. G. Porter, Nature 244, 179 (1973); W. Lampert, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 66, 285 (1981); N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21, 483 (1987); Z. M. Gliwicz and W. Lampert, Ecology, 71, 691 (1990): D. C. Müller-Navarra, Arch. Hydrobiol. 132, 297 (1995); M. T. Brett and D. C. Müller-Navarra, Freshwater Biol., in press.
41. K. G. Porter, Nature 244, 179 (1973); W. Lampert, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 66, 285 (1981); N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21, 483 (1987); Z. M. Gliwicz and W. Lampert, Ecology, 71, 691 (1990): D. C. Müller-Navarra, Arch. Hydrobiol. 132, 297 (1995); M. T. Brett and D. C. Müller-Navarra, Freshwater Biol., in press.
42. K. G. Porter, Nature 244, 179 (1973); W. Lampert, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 66, 285 (1981); N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21, 483 (1987); Z. M. Gliwicz and W. Lampert, Ecology, 71, 691 (1990): D. C. Müller-Navarra, Arch. Hydrobiol. 132, 297 (1995); M. T. Brett and D. C. Müller-Navarra, Freshwater Biol., in press.
43. K. G. Porter, Nature 244, 179 (1973); W. Lampert, Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 66, 285 (1981); N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 21, 483 (1987); Z. M. Gliwicz and W. Lampert, Ecology, 71, 691 (1990): D. C. Müller-Navarra, Arch. Hydrobiol. 132, 297 (1995); M. T. Brett and D. C. Müller-Navarra, Freshwater Biol., in press.
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46. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
47. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
48. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
49. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
50. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
51. For example, Lake Tahoe, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in California and Nevada, has four to five functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, mysid shrimp, kokanee salmon, and lake trout [C. R. Goldman et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 24, 289 (1979); D. A. Beauchamp et al., N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12, 442 (1992); D. A. Beauchamp et al., Great Basin Nat. 54, 130 (1994); H. J. Carney and C. R. Goldman, unpublished data]. Crater Lake, a large ultraoligotrophic lake in Oregon, has three functional trophic levels including phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and kokanee salmon [ special issue on Crater Lake, G. L. Larson, Ed., Lake Reservoir Manage. 12 (July 1996)]. Similarly, Pauly and Christensen [D. Pauly and V. Christensen, Nature 374, 255 (1995)] concluded the ultraoligotrophic open oceans have 4.2 functional trophic levels.
52. C. Potvin, in Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993), pp. 46-68.
53. We thank A. D. Jassby, G. R. Huxel, S. P. Lawler, G. Malyj, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript. This study was funded by NSF grant DEB-9520214 to C.R.G. and M.T.B.