Uniting two general patterns in the distribution of species

Science

Volumn 275, Issue 5298, 1997, Pages 397-400

  Hanski, Ilkka ^a   Gyllenberg, Mats ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ECOLOGY; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; POPULATION MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ABUNDANCE; COLONIZATION-EXTINCTION DYNAMICS; GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE; SPECIALIST-GENERALIST CONTINUUM; SPECIES-AREA CURVE;

EID: 0030620647     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5298.397     Document Type: Article

References (51)

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11. I. Hanski, Oikos 38, 210 (1982); _, J. Kouki, A. Halkka, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), pp. 108-116; K. J. Gaston and J. H. Lawton, Oikos 58, 329 (1990); J. H. Lawton, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 409 (1993); K. J. Gaston, Rarity (Chapman & Hall, London, 1994); _, T. M. Blackburn, J. H. Lawton, in preparation.
12. I. Hanski, Oikos 38, 210 (1982); _, J. Kouki, A. Halkka, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), pp. 108-116; K. J. Gaston and J. H. Lawton, Oikos 58, 329 (1990); J. H. Lawton, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 409 (1993); K. J. Gaston, Rarity (Chapman & Hall, London, 1994); _, T. M. Blackburn, J. H. Lawton, in preparation.
13. I. Hanski, Oikos 38, 210 (1982); _, J. Kouki, A. Halkka, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), pp. 108-116; K. J. Gaston and J. H. Lawton, Oikos 58, 329 (1990); J. H. Lawton, Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 409 (1993); K. J. Gaston, Rarity (Chapman & Hall, London, 1994); _, T. M. Blackburn, J. H. Lawton, in preparation.
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19. S. Nee, P D. Gregory, R. M. May, Oikos 62, 83 (1991); L. A. Venier and L. Fahrig, ibid. 76, 564 (1996).
20. To our knowledge, the only reference to a possible connection between the SA and DA curves is by I. Hanski, J. Kouki, and A. Haikka [in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspec-tives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), p. 108].
21. We use the term "island" to refer both to true and habitat islands, and to what are called habitat patches, or fragments, in the metapopulation literature (7).
22. w equals unity.
23. -1/A for species with w = 1. A scaling constant d is given by d = A′/A, where A′ is island area in (say) kilometers squared. d may be calculated from knowledge of the per-year extinction probability and A′.
24. -1/A for species with w = 1. A scaling constant d is given by d = A′/A, where A′ is island area in (say) kilometers squared. d may be calculated from knowledge of the per-year extinction probability and A′.
25. -1/A for species with w = 1. A scaling constant d is given by d = A′/A, where A′ is island area in (say) kilometers squared. d may be calculated from knowledge of the per-year extinction probability and A′.
26. T. W. Schoener, in 16th International Ornithological Congress, Canberra, Australia, 12 to 17 August 1974 (Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra City, 1976), pp. 629-642.
27. Somewhat confusingly, the classical metapopulation scenario, where there is no external mainland, is referred to as the "mainland" regression in the species-area literature.
28. j > 1, which is a necessary and sufficient condition for species i to persist in the network of islands. The incidences can then be calculated from Eq. 2.
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33. M. H. Buys, J. S. Maritz, J. J. A. Van Der Walt, J. Veg. Sci. 5, 63 (1994); M. R. Williams, Ecology 76, 2607 (1995).
34. The nonlinear logistic model can be linearized with the logit-transformation, log [P/(1 - P)] = a + b log w, which we apply throughout this report.
35. 2]
36. 2 corresponds to the incidence on average-sized islands ranging from 0.01 to 0.99, which covers a very large range.
37. 2] where E denotes the expected value. That the slope of the SA curve depends on the ratio of colonization to extinction probabilities has been suggested by R. E. Ricklefs and G. W. Cox [Am. Nat. 106, 195 (1972 )] and M. P. Johnson and D. S. Simberloff [J. Biogeogr. 1, 149 (1974)].
38. 2] where E denotes the expected value. That the slope of the SA curve depends on the ratio of colonization to extinction probabilities has been suggested by R. E. Ricklefs and G. W. Cox [Am. Nat. 106, 195 (1972 )] and M. P. Johnson and D. S. Simberloff [J. Biogeogr. 1, 149 (1974)].
39. j) The other asymptote has a slope of 2.
40. We derived the slope values (79) also for back-to-back exponential and lognormal distributions of w. The expressions are more complicated in these cases, but the results are very similar.
41. F. W. Preston, Ecology 43, 185 (1962); R. M. May, in Ecology and Evolution of Communities, M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, Eds. (Belknap, Cambridge, MA, 1975), p. 81.
42. F. W. Preston, Ecology 43, 185 (1962); R. M. May, in Ecology and Evolution of Communities, M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, Eds. (Belknap, Cambridge, MA, 1975), p. 81.
43. C. Wissel and B. Maier, J. Biogeogr. 19, 355 (1992).
44. B. D. Coleman, Math. Biosci. 54, 191 (1981); H. Caswell and J. E. Cohen, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), p. 99.
45. B. D. Coleman, Math. Biosci. 54, 191 (1981); H. Caswell and J. E. Cohen, in Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1993), p. 99.
46. B. D. Patterson, Conserv. Biol. 1, 323 (1987).
47. M. Nieminen, Oecologia 108, 643 (1996). The moth example includes 46 islands located about 15 km off the mainland in southwest Finland. Moths were trapped with sugar-bait traps in summer 1993. The parameter log w gives the abundance on mainland.
48. Z. Witkowski and P. Płonka, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Biol. Sci. 32, 241 (1984); W. B. Harms and P. Opdam, in Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective, I. G. Zonneveld and R. T. T. Forman, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990), p. 73. The bird examples are from studies in Poland (Witkowski and Płonka) and The Netherlands (Harms and Opdam). "Islands" in this instance are habitat islands on mainland. The parameter log w in Fig. 1H gives the estimated density of territories.
49. Z. Witkowski and P. Płonka, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Biol. Sci. 32, 241 (1984); W. B. Harms and P. Opdam, in Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective, I. G. Zonneveld and R. T. T. Forman, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990), p. 73. The bird examples are from studies in Poland (Witkowski and Płonka) and The Netherlands (Harms and Opdam). "Islands" in this instance are habitat islands on mainland. The parameter log w in Fig. 1H gives the estimated density of territories.
50. E. F. Connor and E. C. McCoy, Am. Nat. 113, 791 (1979).
51. We thank F. Adler, J. Brown, M. Camara, E. Connor, M. Kuussaari, J. Lawton, A. Moilanen, and T. Schoener for comments on the manuscript. W. W. Murdoch and National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) in Santa Barbara are thanked for supporting this research.