Biology of the Humber rivers

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 194-195, Issue , 1997, Pages 247-262

  Whitton, B A ^a   Lucas, M C ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

algae; bacteria; biota; fish; Humber; invertebrates; LOIS; long term change; macrophytes; Ouse; Trent; water quality; water transfer

Indexed keywords

ALGA; AMPHIBIA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BIRD; FISH; INVERTEBRATE; MAMMAL; NONHUMAN; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPTILE; RIVER; WATER QUALITY;

AQUATIC FAUNA; BACTERIA; BENTHIC PHOTOTROPH; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; PHYTOPLANKTON;

UK, ENGLAND, HUMBER CATCHMENT;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA; PISCES;

EID: 0030620457     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)88162-4     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Andrews, M., 1988. Some Trichopteran larvae of mid and upper Wharfedale. Naturalist Hull. 113: 41-57
2. Andrews M., 1991. A study of the macro-invertebrate fauna of Spicey Gill, a stream rising on Ilkley Moor. Naturalist Hull. 116: 113-123.
3. Armitage, D. Moss, J.F. Wright and M.T. Furse, 1983. The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Wat. Res., 17: 333-347.
4. Arnold, H.R. 1995. Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
5. Aston, R.J., 1973. Field and experimental studies on the effects of a power station effluent on Tubificidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida). Hydrobiologia. 42: 225-243.
6. Aston, R.J. and D.J.A. Brown, 1975. Local and seasonal variations in populations of the leech Erpobdella octoculata (L.) in a polluted river warmed by condenser effluents. Hydrobiologia. 47: 347-366.
7. Aubrook, E.W. and G. Fryer, 1965. The parasitic copepod Tracheliastes polycolpus Nordmann in some Yorkshire rivers: The first British records. Naturalist. Hull. 893: 51-56.
8. Axford, S.N., 1978. Studies on fish populations in a section of the River Nidd in relation to fisheries management. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds.
9. Axford, S.N., 1991a. Some factors affecting angling catches in Yorkshire rivers. In: I.G. Cowx (Ed.), Catch Effort Sampling Strategies, Blackwell. Oxford, pp. 143-153.
10. Axford, S.N., 1991b. Re-introduction of salmon to the Yorkshire Ouse. In: D. Mills (Ed.), Strategies for the Rehabilitation of Salmon Rivers. Proc. Joint Conf., Linnean Society, London. 1990, pp. 179-186.
11. Axford, S.N., 1992. Modern coarse fisheries: The need for man's intervention. In: M.C. Lucas, I. Diack and L. Laird (Eds.). Interactions between Fisheries and the Environment. Proc. 22nd Institute of Fisheries Management Annual Study Course, University of Aberdeen, 1991, pp. 143-152.
12. Badcock, R.M., 1975. The Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) in Staffordshire, N. Staffs, J. Field Studies, 15: 10-18.
13. Badcock, R.M., 1978. The distribution of the Hydropsychidae in Britain. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Trichoptera. Junk, The Hague, 49-58.
14. Baker, J.G., 1863. North Yorkshire: Studies of its Botany. Geology. Climate and Physical Geography. 1st edn. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
15. Baker, J.G., 1906. North Yorkshire: Studies of its Botany, Geology, Climate and Physical Geography. 2nd edn. Brown and Sons, London, p. 671.
16. Birkhead, T.R., M.E. Birkhead and J.R. Hart, 1976. The heron population of Yorkshire, 1970-75. Naturalist, Hull, 101: 129-133.
17. Booth, D., 1996. Evaluation of the distribution and abundance of river lampreys and sea lampreys in North East England, and assessment of current and potential environmental threats. Eng. Nat. Rep., 105.
18. Brindle, A., 1976. Caddis-flies of Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull, 937: 41-50.
19. Brinkhurst, R.O., 1965. Observations on the recovery of a British river from gross organic pollution. Hydrobiologia, 25: 9-51.
20. Brown, J.M. and H. Whitehead, 1938. The Trichoptera or caddisflies of Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull, 260 265, 279-285, 315-319.
21. Broughton, N.M. and N.V. Jones, 1978. An investigation into the growth of 0-group roach (Rutilas rutilus L.) with special reference to temperature. J. Fish Biol., 12: 345-357.
22. Butcher, R.W., 1924. Naturalist. Hull, 175-180, 211-214.
23. Butcher, R.W., 1933. Studies on the ecology of rivers. I. On the distribution of macrophytic vegetation in the rivers of Britain. J. Ecol., 21: 58-91.
24. Butcher, R.W., 1940. Studies in the ecology of rivers. IV. Observations on the growth and distribution of the sessile algae in the River Hull, Yorkshire. J. Ecol., 28: 210-223.
25. Butcher, R.W., 1950a. Survey of the River Derwent below Derby. Trent Fishery District, Annu. Rep., pp. 3-11.
26. Butcher, R.W., 1950b. Report on the condition of the River Ancholme. Trent Fishery Board. Annu. Rep., pp. 44-49.
27. Butcher, R.W., 1955. Relation between the biology and the polluted condition of the Trent. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol., 12: 823-827.
28. Carr, O.J. and R. Goulder, 1990a. Fish-farm effluents in rivers I. Effects on bacterial populations and alkaline phosphatase activity. Wat. Res., 24: 631-638.
29. Carr, O.J. and R. Goulder, 1990b. Fish-farm effluents in rivers. II. Effects on inorganic nutrients, algae and the macrophyte Ranunculus penicillatus. Wat. Res., 24: 639-647.
30. Carr, O.J. and R. Goulder, 1993. Directly counted bacteria in a trout farm and its effluent. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24: 19-27.
31. Chappell, K.R. and R. Goulder, 1992. Epilithic extracellular enzyme activity in acid and calcareous headstreams. Arch. Hydrobiol., 125: 129-148.
32. Chappell, K.R. and R. Goulder, 1994. Enzymes as river pollutants and the response of native epilithic extracellular-enzyme activity. Environ. Pollut., 86: 161-169.
33. Chappell, K.R. and R. Goulder, 1995. A between-river comparison of extracellular-enzyme activity. Microb. Ecol., 29: 1-17.
34. Clegg, M., 1977. Notes on the Yorkshire River Derwent. Naturalist, Hull, 102: 105-108.
35. Cooper, M.J. and G.A. Wheatley, 1981. An examination of the fish population in the River Trent. Nottinghamshire, using anglers' catches. J. Fish Biol., 19: 539-556.
36. Cowx, I.G., 1991. The use of angler catch data to examine potential fishery management problems in the lower reaches of the River Trent, England. In: I.G. Cowx (Ed.), Catch Effort Sampling Strategies: Their Application in Freshwater Fisheries Management. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 154-165.
37. Cowx, I.G. and N.M. Broughton, 1986. Changes in the species composition of angling catches in the River Trent (England) between 1969 and 1984. J. Fish Biol., 28: 625-636.
38. Cowx, I.G., K.A.M. Fisher and N.M. Broughton, 1986. The use of anglers' catches to monitor fish populations in larger water bodies with particular reference to the River Derwent.,Derbyshire, England. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management. 17: 95-103.
39. Davis, S.H. and R. Goulder, 1993. Deterioration in bacteriological quality of water through fish farms. J. Appl. Bact., 74: 336-339.
40. Drawlans, D., 1988. Effects of fish-eating birds on freshwater fish stocks: an evaluation. Biol. Cons., 44: 251-263.
41. Ebrahimnezad, M., 1996. The effects of habitat improvement techniques on invertebrate communities in two managed lowland rivers. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leicester.
42. Ebrahimnezad, M. and D.M. Harper, 1997. The biological effectiveness of artificial riffles in river rehabilitation. Aquat. Cons., (in press).
43. Edwards, A.M.C., R.J. Freestone and C.P. Crockett, 1997. River management in the Humber catchment. Sci. Total Environ., 194 195: 235-246.
44. Feltham, M.J. and J.M. Davies, 1995. Diet of cormorants. Pltalacrocorax carbo L., from two fisheries in north-west England. Fish. Man. Ecol., 2: 157-159.
45. Fisher, K.A.M. and N.M. Broughton, 1984. The effect of cyprinid introductions on angler success in the River Derwent, Derbyshire. Fish. Man., 15: 35-40.
46. Frear, P.A. and J.C. Shannon, 1994. Recent occurrences in Yorkshire of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus (Petromyzonidae). Naturalist,Hull,119: 43-45.
47. Fryer, G., 1952. The amphipod Eucrangonyx gracilis (S.I. Smith) and its occurrence in Yorkshire. Naturalist. Hull. 65-66.
48. Fryer, G., 1978. A remarkable inland brackish-water crustacean fauna from the lower Aire valley, Yorkshire: a conundrum for the ecologist. Naturalist. Hull. 103: 83-94.
49. Fryer, G., 1991. Malham Tarn. Biologist. 38: 81-83.
50. Goulder, R., 1980. Seasonal variation in heterotrophic activity and population density of planktonic bacteria in a clean river. J. Ecol., 68: 349-363.
51. Goulder, R., 1981. A note on the phytoplankton in the River Hull at Hempholme. North Humberside. Naturalist, Hull, 106: 153-156.
52. Goulder, R., 1984. Downstream increase in the abundance and heterotrophic activity of suspended bacteria in an intermittent calcareous headstream. Freshwat. Biol., 14: 611-619.
53. Goulder, R., 1986. Seasonal variation in the abundance and heterotrophic activity of suspended bacteria in two lowland rivers. Freshwat. Biol., 16: 21-37.
54. Goulder, R., 1988. Epilithic bacteria in an acid and a calcareous headstream. Freshwat. Biol., 19: 405-416.
55. Goulder, R., 1992. Loss of aquatic vegetation in a Wolds winterbourne during perennial dryness. Naturalist, Hull, 117: 127-131.
56. Goulder, R., 1993. Aquatic vegetation and resumption of flow after drought in a Wolds winterbourne. Naturalist, Hull, 118: 85-87.
57. Guan, R.-Z., 1994. Burrowing behaviour of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), in the Great Ouse river, England. Freshwat. Forum, 4: 155-168.
58. Hancock, R.S., 1977. The impact of water transfers and associated regulation reservoirs on the fish populations of the Tyne. Tees and Swale. Proc. 8th British Coarse Fish Conf., Liverpool University, 1977.
59. Hancock, R.S., J.W. Jones and R. Shaw, 1976. A preliminary report on the spawning behaviour and nature of sexual selection in the barbel. Barbus barbus, (L.). J. Fish Biol., 9: 21-28.
60. Harding, J.P.C., 1986. Biological monitoring of river quality in the Soar Division Area. Severn-Trent Water Authority, p. 38.
61. Harper, D.M., 1995. Habitats as building blocks for river conservation. National Rivers Authority Conservation Note 417.
62. Harvey, J. and I.G. Cowx, 1996. Electric fishing for the assessment of fish stocks in large rivers. In: I.G. Cowx (Ed.). Stock Assessment in Inland Fisheries. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 27-43.
63. Hawkes, H.A., I.C. Williams, J. Macready, C. Girton, M.W. Thorpe and G.D. Nickolds, 1979. Biological methods for the surveillance of river water quality. Report to the Department of Environment.
64. Hickley, P., 1996. Fish population survey methods: a synthesis. In: I.G. Cowx (Ed.), Stock Assessment in Inland Fisheries. Blackwell. Oxford, pp. 3-10.
65. Holdich, D., 1991. The native crayfish and threats to its existence. Br. Wildlife. 2: 141-151.
66. Holmes, N.T.H. and B.A. Whitton, 1977. Macrophytic vegetation of the River Swale, Yorkshire. Freshwat. Biol., 7: 545-558.
67. Holmes, N.T.H. and B.A. Whitton, 1981. Phytoplankton of four rivers, the Tyne, Wear, Tees and Swale. Hydrobiologia. 80: 111-128.
68. Horne, J.E.M., 1977. A bibliography of the Rivers North Tyne. Wear, Tees and Swale. Occasional Publication No. 3. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, p. 54.
69. House, W.A., D.M. Leach, B.A. Warwick, S.N. Whitton, G. Pattinson, A. Ryland, J. Pinder, J.P. Ingram, J.P. Lishman, S.M. Smith, E. Rigg, E. and F.H. Denison, 1997. Nutrient transport in the Humber rivers. Sci. Total. Environ., 194/ 195: 303-320.
70. Howes, C.A., 1976a. The decline of the otter in South Yorkshire and adjacent areas. Naturalist Hull, 101: 3-12.
71. Howes, C.A., 1976b. Salmon in the Humber Tributaries. Naturalist Hull, 101: 133-134.
72. Howes, C.A., 1979. A review of the food and mortality of water voles in Yorkshire. Naturalist Hull, 104: 71-75.
73. Howes, C.A., 1983. An atlas of Yorkshire mammals. Naturalist Hull, 108: 41-82.
74. Howes, C.A. and B.R. Kirk, 1991a. East Yorkshire fish fauna a preliminary review. Bull. Yorkshire Nat. Union, 16: 1-8.
75. Howes, C.A., and B.R. Kirk, 1991b. A review of the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.) in the Humber and Tees estuaries, their tributaries and the tidal waters of Lincolnshire. Naturalist Hull, 116: 27-30.
76. Hunt, A.R., 1977. Lead poisoning in swans. British Trust for Ornithology News. 90: 1-3.
77. Hunter, C. and A. McDonald, 1991. Seasonal changes in the sanitary bacterial quality of water draining a small upland catchment in the Yorkshire Dales. Wat. Res. 25: 447-453.
78. Ineson, P.R., 1981. The geochemistry of some waters in the Northern Pennines. In: P.J. Say and B.A. Whitton (Eds.), Heavy Metals in Northern England: Environmental and Biological Aspects. Univ. Durham, 198 pp., pp. 165-180.
79. Jarvie, H.P., C. Neal and A. J. Robson, 1997a. The geography of the Humber catchment. Sci. Total Environ., 194 195: 87-99.
80. Jarvie, H.P., G.P. Ryland, D.V. Leach, C. Neal and W.A. House, 1997b. Major ion concentrations and the inorganic carbon chemistry of the Humber rivers. Sci. Total Environ., 194 195: 285-302.
81. Jeffries, D., 1989. The changing otter population of Britain 1700-1989. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 38: 61-69.
82. Jones, N.V. and R.G. Pearson, 1973. The invertebrate fauna of the River Hull, East Yorkshire. Field Studies, 4: 1-14.
83. Kerney, M.P., 1976. Atlas of the Non-Marine Mollusca of the British Isles. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland Natural Environment Research Council.
84. Kirk, B.R., 1991. Historical records of the burbot Lota lota (Linnaeus 1758) in the River Hull, North Humberside. Naturalist Hull, 116: 31-33.
85. Laboratory Staff of the West Riding Rivers Board, 1930. Biological survey of the River Wharfe. J. Ecol., 274-285.
86. Langford, T.E. and E.S. Bray, 1970. The distribution of Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera in a lowland region of Britain (Lincolnshire). Hydrobiologia. 41: 243-271.
87. Langford, T.E., 1983. Electricity Generation and the Ecology of Natural Waters. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
88. Law, M., P. Wass and D. Drimshaw, 1997. The hydrology of the Humber catchment. Sci. Total Environ., 194 195: 119-128.
89. Lester, Q.F., 1975. Polluted river: River Trent, England. In: B.A. Whitton (Ed.). River Ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 489-513.
90. Lucas, M.C. and E. Batley, 1997. Seasonal movements and behaviour of adult barbel Barbus barbus, a riverine cyprinid: implications for river management. J. Appl. Ecol., (in press).
91. Lucas, M.C. and P.A. Frear, 1997. Effects of a How-gauging weir on the migratory behaviour of adult barbel, Barbus barbus, a riverine cyprinid. J. Fish Biol., (in press).
92. Lund, J.W.G., 1961. The algae of the Malham Tarn District. Field Studies. 1: 85-119.
93. Macklin, W.B., K.A. Hudson-Edwards and E.J. Edwards, 1997. The significance of pollution from historic metal mining in the Pennine Orefields on river sediment contaminant fluxes to the North Sea. Sci Total Environ., 194/195: 191-197.
94. Magee, L., 1993. A review of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) in Yorkshire and some records of transfer of fish and ova. Naturalist Hull. 118: 115-120.
95. Maitland, P.S., 1972. A Key to the Freshwater Fish of the British Isles. Sci. Publs. Freshwat. Biol. Assoc., UK, No. 27.
96. Mander, P.B., T.H. Riley and D. Whiteley, 1976. Freshwater Fish of the Sheffield Area. Information Sheet 14. Sheffield City Museums, p. 6.
97. Mason, C.F., T.C. Ford and N.I. Last, 1986. Organochlorine residues in British otters. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36: 656-661.
98. Merritt, R., N.W. Moore and B.C. Evesham, 1996. Atlas of the Dragonflies of Britain and Ireland. H.M.S.O., London.
99. Milner, C.R. and R. Goulder, 1984. Bacterioplankton in an urban river: the effects of a metal-bearing tributary. Wat. Res., 18: 1395-1399.
100. Milner, C.R. and R. Goulder, 1986. The abundance, heterotrophic activity and taxonomy of bacteria in a stream subject to pollution by chlorophenols, nitrophenols and phenoxyalkanoic acids. Wat. Res., 20: 85-90.
101. Morphy, M.J. and N. Clarkson, 1978. The gastropod fauna of the Huddersfield broad canal. Naturalist. Hull, 103: 151-153.
102. Morphy, M.J., M. Haigh, I. Thornburn and J.R. Watkin, 1977. The gastropod fauna of the Huddersfield narrow canal. Naturalist, Hull, 102: 137-139.
103. Neal, C., W.A. House, G.J.L. Leeks and A.H. Marker, 1997a. UK fluxes to the North Sea, Land Ocean Intractions Study (LOIS): river basins research, the first two years'. Sci. Total Environ., 194 195: 1-4.
104. Neal, C., A.J. Robson, J.A. Jeffrey, M.L. Harrow, M. Neal, C.J. Smith and H.P. Jarvie, 1997b. Trace element inter-relationships for the Humber rivers: inferences for hdyralogical and chemical controls. Sci. Total Environ., 194/195: 321-343.
105. Norris, A., 1991. Notes on Yorkshire Molluca 8: Heliodiscus singleyanus (Pilsbury, 1890) new to Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull, 116: 65.
106. Norris, A., 1993. Notes on the Yorkshire Mollusca No. 10. Pisidium tenuilineatum Stelfox, 1918 a small bivalve mollusc, new to Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull, 118: 17.
107. Pashby, B.S., 1992. The Humber wildfowl refuge: an experiment in wildfowl conservation. Naturalist, Hull, 117: 81-98.
108. Pearsall, W.H., 1930. Biological survey of the River Wharfe. Introduction. J. Ecol., 18: 273.
109. Pearson, R.G. and N.V. Jones, 1975. The effects of dredging operations on the benthic community of a chalk stream. Biol. Cons., 8: 273-278.
110. Pearson, R.G. and N.V. Jones, 1984. The River Hull, a northern English chalk stream. The zonation of the macroinvertebrates with reference to physical and chemical features. Arch. Hydrobiol., 100: 137-158.
111. Pentecost, A., 1978. Blue-green algae and freshwater carbonate deposits. Proc. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci., 200: 43-61.
112. Pentecost, A., 1981. The tufa deposits of the Malham District. North Yorkshire. Field Studies, 5: 365-387.
113. Pentecost, A., 1982. A quantitative study of calcareous and Tintenstriche algae from the Malham district. Northern England. Br. Phycol. J., 17: 443-456.
114. Pentecost, A., 1991. Algal and bryophyte flora of a Yorkshire (UK) hill stream: a comparative approach using biovolume estimations. Arch. Hydrobiol., 121: 181-201.
115. Pentelow, F.T.K., 1955. Pollution and fisheries. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 12: 768-771.
116. Pentelow, F.T.K. and R.W. Butcher, 1938. Observations on the condition of the Rivers Churnet and Dove in 1938. Report of the Trent Fishery District.
117. Percival, E., 1930. Biological survey of the River Wharfe II. Report on the invertebrate fauna. J. Ecol., 18: 286-302.
118. Percival, E. and H. Whitehead, 1929. A quantitative study of the fauna of some types of streambed. J. Ecol., 17: 283-313.
119. Pinder, L.C.V., A.F.H. Marker, A.C. Pinder, J.K.G. Ingram, D.V. Leach and G.D. Collett, 1997. Concentrations of suspended chlorophyll a in the Humber rivers. Sci. Total Environ., 194/195: 373-378.
120. Porritt, G.T., 1897. Preliminary list of the Neuroptera and Trichoptera of Yorkshire. Naturalist Hull, 1897: 115-126.
121. Radley, J. and C. Simms, 1971. Yorkshire Flooding - Some Effects on Man and Nature, Ebor Press, York. p. 28.
122. Rimes, C.A. and R. Goulder, 1986a. Quantitative observations on the ability of epiphytic bacteria to contribute to the populations of suspended bacteria in two dissimilar headstreams. Freshwat. Biol., 16: 301-311.
123. Rimes, C.A. and R. Goulder, 1986b. Suspended bacteria in calcareous and acid headstreams: abundance, heterotrophic activity and downstream change. Freshwat. Biol., 16: 633-651.
124. Rimes, C.A and R. Goulder, 1987. Relations between suspended bacteria, epiphytic bacteria and submerged vegetation over the spring growing season in a calcareous headstream. Freshwat. Biol., 17: 291-305.
125. Round, F.E., 1960a. A note on the diatom flora of some springs in the Malham Tarn area of Yorkshire. Arch. Protistenk., 104: 515-526.
126. Round, F.E., 1960b. The diatom flora of some springs in the Malham Tarn area of Yorkshire. Arch. Protistenk., 104: 527-540.
127. Schroeder, W.L., 1930. Biological survey of the River Wharfe III. Algae present in the Wharfe plankton. J. Ecol., 18: 303-305.
128. Sheail, J., 1997. The institutional development of river management in Yorkshire. Sci. Total Environ., 194/195: 225-234.
129. Simpson, V.R., A.R. Hunt and M.C. French, 1979. Chromic lead poisoning in a herd of mute swans. Environ. Pollut., 18: 187-193.
130. Sledge, W.A., 1968. Notes on an excursion to the Swale near Catterick, July, 1968. Naturalist, Hull, 907: 121.
131. Smith, S.H., 1912. Snowden Sleights, Wildfowler, T.A.J. Waddington, York. Reprinted 1984, by Sporting and Natural History Books, Bures. Suffolk.
132. Strachan, R., J.D.S. Birks, P.F.R. Chanin and D.J. Jeffries, 1990. Otter Survey of England 1984-86. Nature Conservancy Council. Peterborough.
133. Strachan, R. and D.J. Jeffries, 1993. The Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris) in Britain 1989-90: Its Distribution and Changing Status. The Vincent Wildlife Trust. Jersey.
134. Templeton, R.G., 1970. The movement of hatchery-reared brown trout introduced into the River Ure at Ripon, Yorkshire. Fisheries Manag., 1: 35-43.
135. Watkin, J.R. and M.J. Morphy, 1976. The Sphaeriidae fauna of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Naturalist Hull, 102: 137-139.
136. Watton, A.J. and H.A. Hawkes, 1985. The performance of an invertebrate colonisation sampler (S. Auf. U.) in biological surveillance of lowland rivers. In: D.W. Pascoe and R.W. Edwards (Eds.) Advances in Water Pollution Control. Proceedings of a Conference at Cardiff. Wales, 12-14 September 1984.
137. Wheeler, A., 1977. The origin and distribution of the freshwater fishes of the British Isles. J. Biogeog., 4: 1-24.
138. Wheeler, A. and D.R. Jordan, 1990. The status of the barbel, Barbus barbus (L.) (Teleostei. Cyprinidae). in the United Kingdom, J. Fish Biol., 37: 393-399.
139. Whitehead, H., 1935. An ecological study of the invertebrate fauna of a chalk stream near Great Driffield, Yorkshire. J. Anim. Ecol., 4: 58-78.
140. Wilkinson, W.B., G.J.L. Leeks, A. Morris and D.E. Walling, 1997. Rivers and coastal research in the Land Ocean Interaction Study. Sci. Total. Environ., 194/195: 5-14.
141. Winfield-Gibbons, D., J.A. Reid and R.A. Chapman, 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland 1988-1991. T. and A.D. Poyser, London.
142. Woodiwiss, F.S., 1964. The biological system of stream classification used by the Trent River Board. Chemistry and Industry. 11: 443-447.
143. Woodroffe, G.L., 1994a. The water vole - some aspects of its ecology. Br. Wildlife, 5: 296-303.
144. Woodroffe, G.L., 1994b. The status and distribution of the otter (Lutra lutra L.) in North Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull, 119: 23-35.
145. Woodroffe, G.L. and J.L. Lawton, 1990. The impact of feral mink Mustela rison on water voles Arvicola terrestris in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park. Biol. Cons., 51: 49-62.