A comparative study of population density and sexual size dimorphism in lizards

American Naturalist

Volumn 149, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 64-90

  Stamps, Judy A ^a   Losos, Jonathan B ^b   Andrews, Robin M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DENSITY; FOOD COMPETITION; LIZARD; SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM;

EID: 0030619647     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/285979     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Alexander, R. D., J. L. Hoogland, R. D. Howard, K. M. Noonan, and P. W. Sherman. 1979. Sexual dimorphism and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates and humans. Pages 402-435 in N. A. Chagnnon and W. Irons, eds. Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: an anthropological approach. Duxbury, North Scituate, Mass.
2. Anderson, R. A., and L. J. Vitt. 1990. Sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards. Oecologia (Berlin) 84:145-157.
3. Andrews, R. M. 1971. Food resource utilization in some tropical lizards. Ph.D. diss. University of Kansas, Lawrence.
4. _. 1976. Growth rates in island and mainland anoline lizards. Copeia 1976:477-482.
5. _. 1979. Evolution of life histories: a comparison of Anolis lizards from matched island and mainland habitats. Brevoria 454:1-51.
6. _. 1982. Patterns of growth in reptiles. Pages 273-320 in C. Gans and H. F. Pough, eds. Biology of the reptilia. Ecophysiology. Vol. 13. Academic Press, New York.
7. _. 1985. Mate choice by females of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Journal of Herpetology 19:284-289.
8. Andrews, R. M., and F. H. Pough. 1985. Metabolism of squamate reptiles: allometric and ecological relationships. Physiological Zoology 58:214-231.
9. Andrews, R. M., and A. S. Rand. 1974. Reproductive effort in anoline lizards. Ecology 55:1317-1327.
10. Arnold, S. 1994. Bateman's principles and the measurement of sexual selection in plants and animals. American Naturalist 144(Suppl.):S126-S149.
11. Arnold, S., and D. Duvall. 1994. Animal mating systems: a synthesis based on selection theory. American Naturalist 143:317-348.
12. Bennett, A. F., and G. C. Gorman. 1979. Population density and energetics of lizards on a tropical island. Oecologia (Berlin) 42:339-358.
13. Bjorkund, M. 1990. A phylogenetic interpretation of sexual dimorphism in body size and ornament in relation to mating system in birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3:171-183.
14. Bondrup-Nielsen, S., and R. A. Ims. 1990. Reversed sexual size dimorphism in microtines: are females larger than males or are males larger than females? Evolutionary Ecology 4:261-272.
15. Burnell, K. L., and S. B. Hedges. 1990. Relationships of West Indian Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae): an approach using slow-evolving protein loci. Caribbean Journal of Science 26:7-30.
16. Cade, W. H., and E. S. Cade. 1992. Male mating success, calling and searching behavior at high and low densities in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Animal Behaviour 43:49-56.
17. Campbell, H. W. 1973. Ecological observations on Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus (Reptilia, Sauria) in Panama. American Museum Novitates 2516:1-29.
18. Cannatella, D. C., and K. de Queiroz. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of the anoles: is a new taxonomy warranted? Systematic Zoology 38:57-69.
19. Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1989. Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 236:339-372.
20. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and P. H. Harvey. 1978. Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies. Nature (London) 273:191-195.
21. Conner, J. 1989. Density-dependent sexual selection in the fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus. Evolution 43:1378-1386.
22. Cooper, W. E., and L. J. Vitt. 1989. Sexual dimorphism of head and body size in an iguanid lizard: paradoxical results. American Naturalist 133:729-735.
23. Crews, D. 1973. Behavioral correlates to gonadal state in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Hormones and Behavior 4:307-313.
24. Davies, N. B. 1991. Mating systems. Pages 263-300 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds. Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. 3d ed. Blackwell Scientific, London.
25. Diaz-Uriarte, R., and T. Garland, Jr. 1996. Testing hypotheses of correlated evolution using phylogenetically independent contrasts: sensitivity to deviations from Brownian motion. Systematic Biology 45:27-47.
26. Dunn, P. O., and J. T. Lifjeld. 1994. Can extra-pair copulations be used to predict extra-pair paternity in birds? Animal Behaviour 47:983-985.
27. Dunn, P. O., L. A. Whittingham, J. T. Lifjeld, R. J. Robertson, and P. T. Boag. 1994. Effects of breeding density, synchrony and experience on extra-pair paternity in tree swallows. Behavioral Ecology 5:123-129.
28. Fairbairn, D., and R. F. Preziosi. 1994. Sexual selection and the evolution of allometry for sexual size dimorphism in the water strider, Aquarius remigis. American Naturalist 144:101-118.
29. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125:1-15.
30. Fitch, H. S. 1981. Sexual size differences in reptiles. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas 70:1-72.
31. Fleishman, L. J. 1986. Ecology, behavior and communication of Anolis auratus, a grass anole from Panama. Ph.D. diss. Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
32. _. 1988. The social behavior of Anolis auratus, a grass anole from Panama. Journal of Herpetology 22:13-23.
33. Fleming, T. H., and R. S. Hooker. 1975. Anolis cupreus: the response of a lizard to tropical seasonality. Ecology 56:1243-1261.
34. Floyd, H. B., and T. A. Jenssen. 1983. Food habits of the Jamaican lizard Anolis opalinus: resource partitioning and seasonal effects examined. Copeia 1983:319-331.
35. Garland, T., Jr., P. H. Harvey, and A. R. Ives. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Systematic Biology 41:18-32.
36. Ghiselin, M. T. 1974. The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press, Berkeley.
37. Gibbs, H. L., P. J. Weatherhead, P. T. Boag, B. N. White, L. M. Tabak, and D. J. Hoysak. 1990. Realized reproductive success of polygynous red-winged blackbirds revealed by DNA markers. Science (Washington, D.C.) 250:1394-1397.
38. Gilbert, J. J., and C. E. Williamson. 1983. Sexual dimorphism in zooplankton (Copepoda, Cladocera, and Rotifera). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14:1-34.
39. Gordon, R. E. 1956. The biology and biodemography of Anolis carolinensis. Ph.D. diss. Tulane University, New Orleans, La.
40. Gowaty, P. A., and W. C. Bridges. 1991. Nestbox availability affects extra-pair fertilizations and conspecific nest parasitism in eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis. Animal Behaviour 41:661-675.
41. Grafen, A. 1989. The phylogenetic regression. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 326:119-157.
42. Griffith, H. 1991. Heterochrony and evolution of sexual dimorphism in the fasciatus group of the scincid genus Eumeces. Journal of Herpetology 25:24-30.
43. Guyer, C. 1988. Food supplementation in a tropical mainland anole, Norops humilis: effects on individuals. Ecology 69:362-369.
44. _. 1994. Mate limitation in male Norops humilis. Pages 145-158 in L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka, eds. Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
45. Guyer, C., and J. M. Savage. 1986. Cladistic relationships among anoles (Sauria: Iguanidae). Systematic Zoology 35:509-531.
46. _. 1992. Anole systematics revisited. Systematic Biology 41:89-110.
47. Harvey, P. H. 1991. Comparing uncertain relationships: the Swedes in revolt. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6:38-39.
48. Hedrick, A. V., and E. J. Temeles. 1989. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in animals: hypotheses and tests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4:136-138.
49. Heg, D., B. J. Ens, T. Burke, L. Jenkins, and J. P. Kruijt. 1993. Why does the typically monogamous oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus engage in extra-pair copulations? Behaviour 126:247-289.
50. Heske, E. J., and R. S. Ostfeld. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in size, relative size of testes and mating systems in North American voles. Journal of Mammalogy 71:510-519.
51. Hews, D. K. 1990. Examining hypotheses generated by field measures of sexual selection on male lizards, Uta palmeri. Evolution 44:1956-1966.
52. Hicks, R. A., and R. L. Trivers. 1983. The social behavior of Anolis valencienni. Pages 570-595 in A. G. J. Rhodin and K. Miyata, eds. Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology: essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
53. Hixon, M. A. 1987. Territory area as a determinant of mating systems. American Zoologist 27:229-247.
54. Houston, D., and R. Shine. 1993. Sexual dimorphism and niche divergence: feeding habits of the Arafura filesnake. Journal of Animal Ecology 62:737-748.
55. Ims, R. A. 1987. Male spacing systems in microtine rodents. American Naturalist 130:475-484.
56. _. 1988. Spatial clumping of sexually receptive females induces space sharing among male voles. Nature (London) 335:541-543.
57. Jackson, J. F. 1973. Notes on the population biology of Anolis tropidonotus in a Honduran highland pine forest. Journal of Herpetology 7:309-311.
58. Jenssen, T. A. 1970. The ethoecology of Anolis nebulosus, Sauria, Iguanidae. Journal of Herpetology 4:1-38.
59. Jenssen, T. A., N. Greenberg, and K. A. Hovde. Behavioral profile of free-ranging male lizards, Anolis carolinensis, across breeding and post-breeding seasons. Herpetological Monographs 9:41-62.
60. Jones, R. E., L. J. Guillette, Jr., C. H. Summers, R. R. Tokarz, and D. Crews. 1983. The relationship among ovarian condition, steroid hormones, and estrus behavior in Anolis carolinensis. Journal of Experimental Zoology 227:145-154.
61. Lieberman, S. S. 1986. Ecology of the leaf litter herpetofauna of a Neotropical rainforest: La Selva, Costa Rica. Acta Zoologica Mexico, New Series 15:1-71.
62. Losos, J. 1994. An approach to the analysis of comparative data when a phylogeny is unavailable or incomplete. Systematic Biology 43:117-123.
63. Maddison, W. 1989. Reconstructing character evolution on polytomous cladograms. Cladistics 5:365-377.
64. Madsen, T., and R. Shine. 1993. Temporal variability in sexual selection acting on reproductive tactics and body size in male snakes. American Naturalist 141:167-171.
65. Martins, E. P. 1994. Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of lizard territoriality. Pages 117-144 in L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka, eds. Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
66. _. 1996. Conducting phylogenetic comparative studies when the phylogeny is not known. Evolution 50:12-22.
67. McLain, D. K. 1982. Density dependent sexual selection and positive phenotypic assortative mating in natural populations of the soldier beetle, Chauliognatus pennsylvanicus. Evolution 36:1227-1235.
68. Mouton, P. L. N., and J. H. van Wyk. 1993. Sexual dimorphism in cordylid lizards: a case study of the Drakensberg crag lizard, Pseudocordylus melanotus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1715-1723.
69. Orians, G. H. 1969. On the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals. American Naturalist 103:589-603.
70. Ostfeld, R. S. 1985. Limiting resources and territoriality in microtine rodents. American Naturalist 126:1-15.
71. _. 1990. The ecology of territoriality in small mammals. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 512:411-415.
72. Ostfeld, R. S., and E. J. Heske. 1993. Sexual dimorphism and mating systems in voles. Journal of Mammalogy 74:230-233.
73. Pacala, S. W., and J. Roughgarden. 1982. Resource partitioning and interspecific competition in two-species insular Anolis lizard communities. Science (Washington, D.C.) 217:444-446.
74. _. 1985. Population experiments with the Anolis lizards of St. Maarten and St. Eustatius. Ecology 66:129-141.
75. Pagel, M. D. 1992. A method for the analysis of comparative data. Journal of Theoretical Biology 156:431-442.
76. Perez-Mellado, V., and I. De la Riva. 1993. Sexual size dimorphism and ecology: the case of a tropical lizard Tropidurus melanopleurus (Sauria: Tropiduridae). Copeia 1993:969-976.
77. Philibosian, R. 1975. Territorial behavior and population regulation in the lizards Anolis acutus and A. cristatellus. Copeia 1975:428-442.
78. Preest, M. R. 1994. Sexual size dimorphism and feeding energetics in Anolis carolinensis: why do females take smaller prey than males? Journal of Herpetology 28:292-298.
79. Purvis, A., and T. Garland, Jr. 1993. Polytomies in comparative analyses of continuous characters. Systematic Biology 42:569-575.
80. Rand, A. S. 1967. Ecology and social organization in Anolis lineatopus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 122:1-79.
81. Rose, B. 1982. Food intake and reproduction in Anolis acutus. Copeia 1982:322-330.
82. Roughgarden, J. 1972. Evolution of niche width. American Naturalist 106:683-717.
83. _. 1974. Niche width: biogeographic patterns among Anolis populations. American Naturalist 108:429-442.
84. Roughgarden, J., and S. Pacala. 1989. Taxon cycle among Anolis lizard populations: review of evidence. Pages 403-432 in D. Otte and J. A. Endler, eds. Speciation and its consequences. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
85. Rowe, L., G. Arnqvist, A. Sih, and J. J. Krupa. 1994. Sexual conflict and the evolutionary ecology of mating patterns: water striders as a model system. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9:289-293.
86. Ruby, D. 1984. Male breeding success and differential access to females in Anolis carolinensis. Herpetologica 40:272-280.
87. Ruibal, R., and R. Philibosian. 1974. The population ecology of the lizard Anolis acutus. Ecology 55:525-537.
88. Rummel, J. D., and J. Roughgarden. 1985. Effects of reduced perch-height separation on competition between two Anolis lizards. Ecology 66:430-444.
89. Sandell, M., and O. Liberg. 1992. Roamers and stayers: a model on male mating tactics and mating systems. American Naturalist 139:177-189.
90. Schoener, T. W. 1967. The ecological significance of sexual dimorphism in size in the lizard Anolis conspersus. Science (Washington, D.C.) 155:474-477.
91. _. 1968. The Anolis lizards of Bimimi: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49:704-726.
92. _. 1969. Size patterns in West Indian Anolis lizards. I. Size and species diversity. Systematic Zoology 18:386-401.
93. _. 1977. Competition and the niche. Pages 35-136 in C. Gans and D. W. Tinkle, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. Ecology and behavior A. Vol. 7. Academic Press, New York.
94. _. 1983. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122:240-285.
95. Schoener, T. W., and G. C. Gorman. 1968. Some niche differences in three lesser Antillean lizards of the genus Anolis. Ecology 49:819-830.
96. Schoener, T. W., and A. Schoener. 1980. Densities, sex ratios, and population structure in four species of Bahamian Anolis lizards. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:19-53.
97. _. 1982. Intraspecific variation in home-range size in some Anolis lizards. Ecology 63:809-823.
98. Schoener, T. W., J. B. Slade, and C. H. Stinson. 1982. Diet and sexual dimorphism in the very catholic lizard genus Leiocephalus of the Bahamas. Oecologia (Berlin) 53:160-169.
99. Schwagmeyer, P. L. 1988. Scramble-competition polygyny in an asocial mammal: male mobility and mating success. American Naturalist 131:885-892.
100. Selander, R. K. 1966. Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilization in birds. Condor 68:113-151.
101. _. 1972. Sexual selection and dimorphism in birds. Pages 180-230 in B. Campbell, ed. Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago.
102. Sexton, O. J., E. P. Ortleb, L. M. Hathaway, and R. E. Ballinger. 1971. Reproductive cycles of three species of anoline lizards from the isthmus of Panama. Ecology 52:201-215.
103. Shine, R. 1988. The evolution of large body size in females: a critique of Darwin's "fecundity advantage" model. American Naturalist 131:124-131.
104. _. 1989. Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a review of the evidence. Quarterly Review of Biology 64:419-461.
105. _. 1991. Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes. American Naturalist 138:103-122.
106. Shine, R., and D. Crews. 1988. Why male garter snakes have small heads: the evolution and endocrine control of sexual dimorphism. Evolution 42:1105-1110.
107. Shuster, S. M. 1990. Predation and sexual dimorphism in a marine isopod crustacean. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5:238-239.
108. Simon, C. A. 1976. Size selection of prey by the lizard Sceloporus jarrovi. American Midland Naturalist 96:236-244.
109. Slatkin, M. 1984. Ecological causes of sexual dimorphism. Evolution 38:622-630.
110. Smith, S. M. 1988. Extra-pair copulations in black-capped chickadees: the role of the female. Behaviour 107:15-23.
111. Stamps, J. A. 1975. Courtship patterns, estrus periods and reproductive condition in a lizard, Anolis aeneus. Physiology and Behavior 14:531-535.
112. _. 1977a. The relationship between resource competition, risk and aggression in a tropical territorial lizard. Ecology 58:349-358.
113. _. 1977b. Social behavior and spacing patterns in lizards. Pages 265-334 in C. Gans and D. W. Tinkle, eds. Biology of the reptilia. Ecology and behavior A. Vol. 7. Academic Press, New York.
114. _. 1983. Sexual selection, sexual dimorphism and territoriality. Pages 169-204 in R. B. Huey, E. R. Pianka, and T. W. Schoener, eds. Lizard ecology: studies of a model organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
115. _. 1993. Sexual size dimorphism in species with asymptotic growth after maturity. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50:123-145.
116. _. 1995. Using growth-based models to study behavioral factors affecting sexual size dimorphism. Herpetological Monographs 9:75-87.
117. Stamps, J. A., and R. M. Andrews. 1992. Estimating asymptotic size using the largest individuals per sample. Oecologia (Berlin) 92:503-512.
118. Stamps, J. A., and D. Crews. 1976. Seasonal changes in reproduction and social behavior in the lizard Anolis aeneus. Copeia 1976:476-477.
119. Stamps, J. A., and V. V. Krishnan. In press. Sexual bimaturation and sexual size dimorphism in animals with asymptotic growth after maturity. Evolutionary Ecology.
120. Stamps, J. A., and S. Tanaka. 1981. The influence of food and water on growth rates in a tropical lizard (Anolis aeneus). Ecology 62:33-40.
121. Stamps, J. A., V. V. Krishnan, and R. M. Andrews. 1994. Analyses of sexual size dimorphism using growth-based null models. Copeia 1994:598-612.
122. Stephens, D. W., and S. R. Dunbar. 1991. Dimensional analysis in behavioral ecology. Behavioral Ecology 4:172-183.
123. Tanaka, L. K., and S. K. Tanaka. 1982. Rainfall and seasonal changes in arthropod abundance on a tropical oceanic island. Biotropica 14:114-123.
124. Tokarz, R. R. 1995. Mate choice in lizards: a review. Herpetological Monographs 9:17-40.
125. Trivers, R. L. 1976. Sexual selection and resource-accruing abilities in Anolis garmani. Evolution 30:253-269.
126. Vial, J. L., and J. R. Stewart. 1989. The manifestation and significance of sexual dimorphism in anguid lizards: a case study of Barisia monticola. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:68-72.
127. Vitt, L. J., and W. E. Cooper, Jr. 1985. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps: an example of sexual selection. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:995-1002.
128. Vollrath, F., and G. A. Parker. 1992. Sexual dimorphism and distorted sex ratios in spiders. Nature (London) 360:156-159.
129. Warner, R. R., and S. G. Hoffman. 1980a. Local population size as a determinant of mating system and sexual composition in two tropical marine fishes (Thalassoma spp.). Evolution 34:508-518.
130. _. 1980b. Population density and the economics of territorial defense in a coral reef fish. Ecology 61:772-780.
131. Webster, M. S. 1992. Sexual dimorphism, mating system and body size in New World blackbirds (Icterinae). Evolution 46:1621-1641.
132. Williams, E. E. 1989. A critique of Guyer and Savage (1986): cladistic relationships among anoles (Sauria: Iguanidae): are the data available to reclassify the anoles? Pages 433-477 in C. A. Woods, ed. Biogeography of the West Indies: past, present, and future. Sandhill Crane, Gainesville, Fla.
133. Zeh, D. W. 1987. Aggression, density and sexual dimorphism in chernetid pseudoscorpians (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpionida). Evolution 41:1072-1087.
134. Zeh, D. W., and J. A. Zeh. 1992. Dispersal-generated sexual selection in a beetle-riding pseudoscorpian. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 30:135-142.