Patterns and consequences of whole colony growth in the compound ascidian Polyclinum planum

Biological Bulletin

Volumn 192, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 87-97

  Holyoak, Alan R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLYCLINUM PLANUM; ASCIDIACEA;

COLONIES; COLONY GROWTH; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS; GROWTH; GROWTH PATTERN; MODULAR GROWTH; TEMPORAL PATTERNS; WATER FLOW;

EID: 0030619614     PISSN: 00063185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1542578     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abbott, D. P. 1987. Observing Marine Invertebrates. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford.
2. Bak, R. P. M., J. Sybesma, and F. C. vanDuyl. 1981. The ecology of the tropical ascidian Trididemnum solidum. II. Abundance, growth and survival. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 6: 43-52.
3. Berrill, N. J. 1950. The Tunicata. The Ray Society, London.
4. Birkeland, C. 1974. The effect of wave action on the population dynamics of Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. 12: 115-126.
5. Brunetti, R., M. Bressan, M. Marin, and M. Libralato. 1988. On the ecology and biology of Diplosoma listerianum (Milne Edwards, 1841) (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae). Vie Milieu 38: 128-131.
6. Denny, M. W. 1993. Air and Water: The Biology and Physics of Life's Media. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
7. Denny, M. W., T. L. Daniel, and M. A. R. Koehl. 1985. Mechanical limits to size in wave-swept organisms. Ecol. Monogr. 55: 69-102.
8. Harvell, C. D., and R. K. Grosberg. 1988. The timing of sexual maturity in clonal animals. Ecology 69: 1855-1864.
9. Holyoak, A. R. 1992. Morphogenetic movements and assembly of strobilae into zooidal systems in early colony development of the compound ascidian Polyclinum planum. Biol. Bull. 183: 432-439.
10. Hughes, T. P. 1984. Population dynamics based on individual size rather than age: a general model with a reef coral example. Am. Nat. 123: 778-795.
11. Hughes, T. P. 1990. Recruitment limitation, mortality, and population regulation in open systems: a case study. Ecology 71: 12-20.
12. Hughes, T. P., and J. B. C. Jackson. 1980. Do corals lie about their age? Some demographic consequences of partial mortality, fission, and fusion. Science 209: 713-715.
13. Hughes, T. P., and J. B. C. Jackson. 1985. Population dynamics and life histories of foliaceous corals. Ecol. Monogr. 55: 141-166.
14. Hughes, T. P., and J. H. Connell. 1987. Population dynamics based on size or age? A reef coral analysis. Am. Nat. 129: 818-829.
15. Jackson, J. B. C. 1977. Competition on marine hard substrata: the adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. Am. Nat. 111: 743-767.
16. Jackson, J. B. C., and A. G. Coates. 1986. Life cycles and evolution of clonal (modular) animals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 313: 7-22.
17. Karlson, R. H. 1986. Disturbance, colonial fragmentation, and size-dependent life history variation in two coral reef cnidarians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28: 245-249.
18. Karlson, R. H. 1988. Size-dependent growth in two zoanthid species: a contrast in clonal strategies. Ecology 69: 1219-1232.
19. Kauffman, K. W. 1981. Fitting and using growth curves. Oecologia 49: 293-299.
20. Kozlowski, J., and R. G. Weigert. 1986. Optimal allocation of energy to growth and reproduction. Theor. Popul. Biol. 29: 16-37.
21. Lasker, H. R. 1990. Clonal propagation and population dynamics of gorgonian coral. Ecology 71: 1578-1589.
22. Lloyd, D. G. 1980. Benefits and handicaps of sexual reproduction. Evol. Biol. 13:69-111.
23. McFadden, C. S. 1991. A comparative demographic analysis of clonal reproduction in a temperate soft coral. Ecology 72(5): 1849-1866.
24. Millar, R. H. 1952. The annual growth and reproductive cycle in four ascidians. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc U. K. 31: 41-61.
25. Millar, R. H. 1971. The biology of ascidians. Adv. Mar. Biol. 9: 1-100.
26. Pancer, Z., H. Gershon, and B. Rinkevich. 1995. Coexistence and possible parasitism of somatic and germ cell lines in chimeras of the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri. Biol. Bull. 189: 106-112.
27. Pätzold, J., H. Ristedt, and G. Wefer. 1987. Rate of growth and longevity of a large colony of Pentafora foliacea (Bryozoa) recorded in their oxygen isotope profiles. Mar. Biol. 96: 535-538.
28. Pearse, J. S., V. B. Pearse, and A. T. Newberry. 1989. Telling sex from growth: dissolving Maynard Smith's paradox. Bull. Mar. Sci. 45: 433-446.
29. Rinkevich, B., and I. L. Weissman. 1987a. Chimeras in colonial invertebrates: a synergistic symbiosis or somatic-and germ-cell parasitism? Symbiosis 4: 117-134.
30. Rinkevich, B., and I. L. Weissman. 1987b. A long-term study on fused subclones in the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: the resorption phenomenon (Protochordata: Tunicata). J. Zool. (Lond.) 213: 717-733.
31. Ritter, W. E., and R. A. Forsyth. 1917. Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 16: 439-512.
32. Rosen, B. R. 1986. Modular growth and form of corals: a matter of metamers? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 313: 115-142.
33. Ryland, J. S., and G. F. Warner. 1986. Growth and form in modular animals: ideas on the size and arrangement of zooids. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 313: 53-76.
34. Ryland, J. S., R. A. Wigley, and A. Muirhead. 1984. Ecology and colonial dynamics of some Pacific reef flat Didemnidae (Ascidiacea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 261-282.
35. Sebens, K. P. 1982. The limits of indeterminate growth: an optimal size model applied to passive suspension feeders. Ecology 63: 209-222.
36. Sebens, K. P. 1987. The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 371-407.
37. Stoner, D. S. 1989. Fragmentation: a mechanism for the stimulation of genet growth rates in an encrusting colonial ascidian. Bull. Mar. Sci. 45: 277-287.
38. Stocker, L. J. 1991. Effects of size and shape of colony on rates of fission, fusion, growth and mortality in a subtidal invertebrate. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 149: 161-175.
39. Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.