Spatial and temporal variation in rocky intertidal community organization: Lessons from repeating field experiments

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Volumn 214, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 195-229

  Berlow, Eric L ^a,b   Navarrete, Sergio A ^a,c  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Barnacles; Body size; Community regulation; Context dependency; Environmental stress; Experimental technique; Field experiment; Indirect effects; Initial conditions; Limpets; Lottia spp.; Nucella spp.; Predation intensity; Recruitment; Rocky intertidal; San Juan Islands; Semibalanus cariosus; Settlement; Spatial variation; Temporal variation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BARNACLE; BODY SIZE; BODY TEMPERATURE; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NONHUMAN; PREDATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRESS; UNITED STATES;

BARNACLE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; INTERTIDAL COMMUNITIES; INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY; ROCKY SHORE; ROCKY SHORES; SESSILE SPECIES; SPACE; SPATIAL VARIATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

USA, WASHINGTON, SAN JUAN ISLAND;

CIRRIPEDIA; GASTROPODA; SEMIBALANUS CARIOSUS;

EID: 0030619605     PISSN: 00220981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00023-3     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Allison, G.W., B.A. Menge, J. Lubchenco and S.A. Navarrete, 1995. Predictability and uncertainty in community regulation: consequences of reduced consumer diversity in coastal rocky ecosystems. In, Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective, edited by H.A. Mooney, J.H. Cushman, E. Medina, O.E. Sala and E.D. Schulze, Wiley, New York.
2. Berlow, E.L., 1997. From canalization to contingency: historic effects in a rocky intertidal successional rocky intertidal community. Ecol. Monogr., in press.
3. Bertness, M.D., S.D. Gaines, E.G. Stephens and P.O. Yund, 1992. Components of recruitment in populations of the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 156, pp. 199-215.
4. Bros, W.E., 1987. Effects of removing or adding structure (barnacle shells) on recruitment to a fouling community in Tampa Bay, Florida. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 105, pp. 275-296.
5. Brown, J.H., 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
6. Caffey, H.M., 1985. Spatial and temporal variation in settlement and recruitment of intertidal barnacles. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 55, pp. 313-332.
7. Connell, J.H., 1961. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 31, pp. 61-104.
8. Connell, J.H., 1970. A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thais. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 40, pp. 49-78.
9. Connell, J.H., 1971. Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Ann.Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 3, pp. 169-172.
10. Connell, J.H., 1974. Field experiments in marine ecology. In, Experimental marine biology, edited by R. Mariscal, Academic Press, New York.
11. Connell, J.H., 1985. The consequences of variation in initial settlement vs. post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal communities. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 93, pp. 11-45.
12. Connell, J.H. and W.P. Sousa, 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. Am. Nat., Vol 121, p. 789.
13. Crawley, M.J., R.S. Hails, M. Rees, D. Kohn and J. Buxton, 1993. Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats. Nature, Vol. 363, pp. 620-623.
14. Dayton, P.K., 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 41, pp. 351-389.
15. Dayton, P.K., 1975. Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 45, pp. 137-159.
16. Einer, R.W. and R.L. Vadas, 1990. Inference in ecology: the sea urchin phenomenon in the Northwestern Atlantic. Am. Nat., Vol. 136, pp. 108-125.
17. Estes, J.A., 1995. Top-level carnivores and ecosystem effects: questions and approaches. In, Linking Species and Ecosystems, edited by C.G. Jones and J.H. Lawton, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 151-159.
18. Farrell, T.M., 1991. Models and mechanisms of succession: an example from a rocky intertidal community. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 61, pp. 95-113.
19. Gaines, S.D. and M.D. Bertness, 1993. The dynamics of juvenile dispersal: Why field ecologists must integrate. Ecology, Vol. 74, pp. 2430-2435.
20. Grosberg, R.K., 1981. Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates. Nature, Vol. 290, pp. 700-702.
21. Hairston, N.G., Sr., 1989. Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design, and Execution. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
22. Hawkins, S.J., 1983. Interactions of Patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 71, pp. 55-72.
23. Huston, M.A., 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
24. Johnson, L.E. and R.R. Strathmann, 1989. Settling barnacle larvae avoid substrata previously occupied by a mobile predator. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 128, pp. 87-103.
25. Kozloff, E., 1973. Seashore Life of the Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia, and the San Juan Archipelago. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
26. Kozloff, E.N., 1983. Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
27. Lubchenco, J., B.A. Menge, S.D. Garrity, P.J. Lubchenco, L.R. Ashkenas, S.D. Gaines, R. Emlet, J. Lucas and S. Strauss, 1984. Structure, persistence, and the role of consumers in a tropical rocky intertidal community (Taboguilla Island, Bay of Panama). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 78, pp. 23-73.
28. Lubchenco, J. and L.A. Real, 1991. Experimental manipulations in lab and field systems. In, Foundations of Ecology, edited by L.A. Real and J.H. Brown, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 715-733.
29. Mead, R., 1988. The Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles for Practical Applications. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
30. Menge, B.A., 1972. Foraging strategy of a starfish in relation to actual prey availability and environmental predictability. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 42, pp. 25-50.
31. Menge, B.A., 1976. Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition and environmental heterogeneity. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 46, pp. 355-393.
32. Menge, B.A., 1978. Predation intensity in a rocky intertidal community: Relationship between predator foraging activity and environmental harshness. Oecologia, Vol. 34, pp. 1-16.
33. Menge, B.A., 1991. Generalizing from experiments: is predation strong or weak in the New England rocky intertidal? Oecologia, Vol. 88, pp. 1 -8.
34. Menge, B.A., E.L. Berlow, C. Blanchette, S.A. Navarrete and S.B. Yamada, 1994. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 64, pp. 249-286.
35. Menge, J. and B.A. Menge, 1974. Role of resource allocation, aggression and spatial heterogeneity in coexistence of two competing intertidal starfish. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 44, pp. 189-209.
36. Menge, B.A. and A.M. Olson, 1990. Role of scale and environmental factors in regulation of community structure. TREE, Vol. 5, pp. 52-57.
37. Menge, B.A. and J.P. Sutherland, 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. Am. Nat., Vol. 130, pp. 730-757.
38. Mileikovsky, S.A., 1974. On predation of pelagic larvae and early juveniles of marine bottom invertebrates by adult benthic invertebrates and their passing alive through their predators. Mar. Biol., Vol. 26, pp. 303-311.
39. Miliken, O.A. and D.G. Johnson, 1984. Analysis of Messy Data. Volume I. Designed experiments. Van Nostrad-Reinhold, New York.
40. Miller, K.M. and T.H. Carefoot, 1989. The role of spatial and size refuges in the interaction between juvenile barnacles and grazing limpets. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 134, pp. 157-174.
41. Morris, R.H., D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie, 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
42. Navarrete, S.A., 1996. Variable predation: effects of whelks on a mid intertidal successional community. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 66, pp. 301-321.
43. Navarrete, S.A. and B.A. Menge, 1996. Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of two predators on their main prey. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 66, pp. 409-429.
44. Paine, R.T., 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat., Vol. 100, pp. 65-75.
45. Paine, R.T., 1977. Controlled manipulations in the marine intertidal zone and their contributions to ecological theory. In, The Changing Scenes in Natural Sciences, edited by C.E. Goulden, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 245-270.
46. Paine, R.T., 1981. Barnacle ecology: Is competition important? The forgotten roles of disturbance and predation. Paleobiology, Vol. 7, pp. 553-560.
47. Palmer, A.R., 1983. Growth rate as a measure of food value in Thaidid gastropods: assumptions and implications for prey morphology and distribution. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 73, pp. 95-124.
48. Palmer, A.R., 1984. Prey selection by Thaidid gastropods: some observational and experimental field tests of foraging models. Oecologia, Vol. 62, pp. 162-172.
49. Power, M.E., D. Tilman, J. Estes, B.A. Menge, W.J. Bond, L.S. Mills, G. Daily, J.C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco and R.T. Paine, 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience, Vol. 46, pp. 609-620.
50. Qian, P-Y. and L.-L. Liu, 1990. Recruitment of barnacles into empty adult tests. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 142, pp. 63-74.
51. Raimondi, P.T., 1988. Settlement cues and determination of the vertical limit of an intertidal barnacle. Ecology, Vol. 69, pp. 400-407.
52. Raimondi, P.T., 1990. Patterns, mechanisms, consequences of variability in settlement and recruitment of an intertidal barnacle. Ecol. Monogr., Vol. 60, pp. 283-309.
53. Richardson, T.D. and K.M. Brown, 1990. Wave exposure and prey size selection in an intertidal predator. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 142, pp. 105-120.
54. SAS Institute Inc., 1988. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Release 6.03 Edition.
55. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Schubart, C.D., V.B. Lawrence and G. Miyasato, 1995. Recruitment of Balanus glandula (Crustacea: Cirripedia) into empty barnacle tests and its ecological consequences. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 186, pp. 143-181.
56. Sebens, K.P. and J.R. Lewis, 1985. Rare events and population structure of the barnacle Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas, 1778). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 87, pp. 55-65.
57. Sih, A., P. Crowley, M. McPeek, J. Petranka and K. Strohmeier, 1985. Predation, competition and prey communities: a review of field experiments. Ann.Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 16, pp. 269-311.
58. Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry, W.H. Freeman, New York, second edition.
59. Spight, T.M., 1972. Patterns of change in adjacent populations of an intertidal snail, Thais lamellosa. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
60. Spight, T.M., 1981. How three rocky shore snails coexist on a limited food resource. Res. Popul. Ecol., Vol. 23, pp. 245-261.
61. Spight, T.M., 1982a. Population changes of two marine snails with a changing food supply. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Vol. 57. pp. 195-218.
62. Spight, T.M., 1982b. Risk, reward, and the duration of feeding excursions by a marine snail. Veliger, Vol. 24, pp. 302-308.
63. Strathmann, R.R. and E.S. Branscomb, 1979. Adequacy of cues to favorable sites used by settling larvae two intertidal barnacles. In, Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates, edited by S.E. Stancyk, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, pp. 77-89.
64. Strathmann, R.R., E.S. Branscomb and K. Vedder, 1981. Fatal errors in set as a cost of dispersal and the influence of intertidal flora on set of barnacles. Oecologia, Vol. 48, pp. 13-18.
65. Underwood, A.J., 1986. The analysis of competition by field experiments. In, Community Ecology: Pattern and Process, edited by J. Kikkawa and D.J. Anderson, Blackwell Scientific, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 240-268.
66. Underwood, A.J. and P.S. Petraitis, 1993. Structure of intertidal assemblages in different locations: how can local processes be compared? In, Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. Historical and Geographical Perspectives, edited by R.E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 39-51.
67. von Ende, C.N., 1993. Repeated measures analysis: growth and other time-dependent measures. In, Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, edited by S.M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 113-137.
68. Werner, E.E., 1992. Individual behavior and higher-order species interactions. Am. Nat., Vol. 140, pp. S5-S32.
69. Wethey, D.S., 1984. Spatial patterns in barnacle settlement: Day to day changes during the settlement season. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., Vol. 64, pp. 687-698.
70. Wethey, D.S., 1986. Ranking of settlement cues by barnacle larvae: influence of surface contour. Bull. Mar. Sci., Vol. 39, pp. 393-400.
71. Wootton, J.T., 1993a. Indirect effects and habitat use in an intertidal community: interaction chains and interaction modifications. Am. Nat., Vol. 141, pp. 71-89.
72. Wootton, J.T., 1993b. Size-dependent competition: effects on the dynamics vs. the endpoint of mussel bed succession. Ecology, Vol. 74, pp. 195-206.
73. Wootton, J.T., 1994. Putting the pieces together: testing the independence of interactions among organisms. Ecology, Vol. 75, pp. 1544-1551.
74. Young, C.M. and N.J. Gotelli, 1988. Larval predation by barnacles: effects on patch colonization in a shallow subtidal community. Ecology, Vol. 69, pp. 624-634.