Effects of parental age and environmental change on offspring sex ratio in a precocial bird

Journal of Animal Ecology

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 189-202

  Cooch, Evan ^a   Lank, David ^a   Robertson, Raleigh ^b   Cooke, Fred ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

body size; brood rearing; growth rates; philopatry; snow goose; survival

Indexed keywords

LESSER SNOW GOOSE; PARENT-OFFSPRING INTERACTION; PRECOCIAL BIRD; SEX RATIO;

ANSER CAERULESCENS CAERULESCENS;

EID: 0030618146     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/6021     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Alisauskas, R.T. & Ankney, C.D. (1990) Body size and fecundity in lesser snow geese. Auk, 107, 440-443.
2. Ankney, C.D. & MacInnes, C.D. (1978) Nutrient reserves and reproductive performance of female lesser snow geese. Auk, 95, 459-471.
3. Bednarz, J.C. & Hayden, T.J. (1991) Skewed brood sex-ratio and sex-biased hatching sequence in Harris' hawks. American Naturalist, 137, 116-132.
4. Black, J.M. & Owen, M. (1987) Determinant factors of social rank in goose flocks: acquisition of social rank in young geese. Behaviour, 102, 129-146.
5. Black, J.M. & Owen, M. (1989) Parent-offspring relationships in wintering Barnacle Geese. Animal Behaviour, 37, 187-198.
6. Black, J.M. & Owen, M. (1995) Reproductive performance and assortative pairing in relation to age in barnacle geese. Journal of Animal Ecology, 64, 234-244.
7. Black, J.M., Choudhury, S. & Owen, M. (1996) Do geese benefit from life-long monogamy? Partnerships in Birds - the Study of Monogamy (ed. J. M. Black). Oxford University Press, Oxford, in press.
8. Blums, P. & Mednis, A. (1996) Secondary sex ratio in Anatinae. Auk, 113, 505-511.
9. Brault, S., Boyd, S., Cooke, F. & Takekawa, J. (1994) Population models as tools for research cooperation and management: the Wrangel Island snow geese. Transactions of the 59th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, pp. 79-90. Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
10. Brunton, D.H. (1988) Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Auk, 105, 553-564.
11. Burley, N. (1986) Sex ratio manipulation in color-banded populations of zebra finches. Evolution, 40, 1191-1206.
12. Chapman, C.A., Fedigan, L.M., Fedigan, L. & Chapman, L.J. (1989) Post-weaning resource competition and sex-ratios in spider monkeys. Oikos, 54, 315-319.
13. Choudhury, S., Black, J.M. & Owen, M. (1996) Body-size, fitness and compatibility in Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis. Ibis, 138, 700-709.
14. Clark, A.B. (1978) Sex-ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science, 201, 163-165.
15. Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1986) Sex-ratio variation in birds. Ibis, 128, 317-329.
16. Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1991) The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
17. Clutton-Brock, T.H., Albon, S.D. & Guinness, F.E. (1985) Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals. Nature, 308, 178-180.
18. Cooch, E.G., Jefferies, R.L., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1993) Environmental change and the cost of philopatry: an example in the lesser snow goose. Oecologia, 93, 128-138.
19. Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B. & Cooke, F. (1996) Intraseasonal variation in the development of sexual size dimorphism in a precocial bird: evidence from the lesser snow goose. Journal of Animal Ecology, 65, 439-450.
20. Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B., Dzubin, A., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1991a) Body size variation in lesser snow geese: environmental plasticity in gosling growth rates. Ecology, 72, 503-512.
21. Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1989) Long-term decline in fecundity in a snow goose population: evidence for density dependence? Journal of Animal Ecology, 58, 711-726.
22. Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1991b) Long-term decline in body size in a snow goose population: evidence of environmental degradation? Journal of Animal Ecology, 60, 483-496.
23. Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1992) Is there a positive relationship between body size and fecundity in lesser snow geese? Auk, 109, 667-673.
24. Cooke, F. & Abraham, K.F. (1980) Habitat and locality selection in lesser snow geese: the role of previous experience. Proceedings of the XVII International Ornithological Congress, pp. 998-1004. Berlin.
25. Cooke, F. & Harmsen, R. (1983) Does sex-ratio vary with egg sequence in lesser snow geese? Auk, 100, 215-217.
26. Cooke, F., Findlay, C.S., Rockwell, R.F. & Smith, J.A. (1985) Life history studies of the lesser snow goose Anser caerulescens caerulescens. Evolution, 29, 165-177.
27. Cooke, F., Rockwell, R.F & Lank, D.B. (1995) The Snow Geese of LPB - a Study of Natural Selection in the Wild. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
28. Cronmiller, J.R. & Thompson, C.F. (1981) Sex-ratio adjustment in malnourished red-winged blackbird broods. Journal of Field Ornithology, 52, 65-67.
29. Davies, J.C., Rockwell & Cooke, F. (1988) Body size variation and fitness components in lesser snow geese Chen caerulescens caerulescens. Auk, 105, 639-648.
30. Dijkstra, C., Daan, S. & Buker, J.B. (1990) Adaptive seasonal variation in the sex-ratio of kestrel broods. Functional Ecology, 4, 143-147.
31. Dzubin, A. & Cooch, E.G. (1992) Measurements of Geese: General Field Methods. California Waterfowl Association, Sacramento, California.
32. Finney, G. & Cooke, F. (1978) Reproductive habits in the snow goose: the influence of female age. Condor, 80, 147-158.
33. Fisher, R.A. (1930) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon, Oxford.
34. Francis, C.M., Richards, M.H., Cooke, F. & Rockwell, R.F. (1992) Long term changes in survival rates of lesser snow geese. Ecology, 73, 1346-1362.
35. Freeman, S. & Jackson, W.M. (1990) Univariate metrics are not adequate to measure avian body size. Auk. 107, 69-74.
36. Ganter, B. (1994) The influence of pre-breeding food resources on clutch size and philopatry in the lesser snow goose. PhD thesis. Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
37. Gowaty, P.A. (1993) Differential dispersal, local resource competition and sex-ratio variation in birds. American Naturalist, 141, 263-280.
38. Harmsen, R. & Cooke, F. (1983) Binomial sex-ratio distribution in the lesser snow goose: a theoretical enigma. American Naturalist, 121, 1-8.
39. Healey, R.F., Cooke, F. & Colgan, P.W. (1980) Demographic consequences of snow goose brood rearing traditions. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 900-905.
40. Larsson, K. & Forslund, P. (1991) Environmentally induced morphological variation in the barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 4, 619-636.
41. McClure, P.A. (1981) Sex biased litter reduction in food-restricted wood rats (Neotama floridana). Science, 211, 1058-1060.
42. Mulder, R.S., Williams, T.D. & Cooke, F. (1995) Dominance, brood size and foraging behavior during brood-rearing in the lesser snow goose: an experimental study. Condor, 97, 99-106.
43. Myers, J.H. (1978) Sex-ratio adjustment under food stress: maximization of quality or numbers offspring? American Naturalist, 112, 381-388.
44. Patterson, C.B. & Emlen, J.M. (1980) Variation in nestling sex ratios in the yellow-headed blackbird. American Naturalist, 115, 743-747.
45. Richner, H. (1991) The growth dynamics of sexually dimorphic birds and Fisher's sex-ratio theory: does sex-specific growth contribute to balanced sex-ratios? Functional Ecology, 5, 19-28.
46. Richter, W. (1983) Balanced sex-ratios in dimorphic altricial birds: the contribution of sex-specific growth dynamics. American Naturalist, 121, 158-171.
47. Rising, J.D. & Somers, K.M. (1989) The measurement of overall body size in birds. Auk, 106, 666-674.
48. Robertson, G.J., Cooch, E.G., Lank, D.B., Rockwell, R.F. & Cooke, F. (1994) Female age and egg size in the lesser snow goose. Journal of Avian Biology, 25, 149-159.
49. Rockwell, R.F., Cooch, E.G., Thompson, C.B. & Cooke, F. (1993) Age and reproductive success in female lesser snow geese: experience, senescence, and the cost of philopatry. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 323-333.
50. SAS Institute (1989) SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina.
51. Searcy, W.A. & Yasukawa, K. (1981) Sexual size dimorphism and survival of male and female blackbirds Icteridae. Auk, 98, 457-465.
52. Sedinger, J.S. & Flint, P.L. (1991) Growth rate is negatively correlated with hatch date in black brant. Ecology, 72, 496-502.
53. Sedinger, J.S., Flint, P.L. & Lindberg, M.S. (1995) Environmental influence on life-history traits: growth, survival, and fecundity in black brant (Branta bernicla). Ecology, 76, 2404-2414.
54. Silk, J.B. (1983) Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex-ratios in relation to competitive abilities. American Naturalist, 121, 56-66.
55. Silk, J.B. (1984) Local resource competition and the evolution of male-biased sex-ratios. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 108, 203-213.
56. Slagsvold, T. (1990) Fisher's sex-ratio theory may explain hatching patterns in birds. Evolution, 44, 1009-1017.
57. Slagsvold, T., Røskaft, E. & Engen, S. (1986) Sex-ratio, differential costs of rearing young, and differential mortality between the sexes during the period of parental care: Fisher's theory applied to birds. Omis Scandinavica, 17, 117-125.
58. Trivers, R.L. & Willard, D.E. (1973) Natural selection on parental ability to vary the sex-ratio offspring. Science, 179, 90-92.
59. Weatherhead, P.J. (1983) Secondary sex ratio adjustment in red-winged blackbirds. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 12, 57-61.
60. Weatherhead, P.J. & Teather, K.L. (1991) Are skewed fledgling sex-ratios in sexually dimorphic birds adaptive? American Naturalist, 138, 1159-1172.
61. Wegge, P. (1980) Distorted sex ratio among small broods in a declining capercaillie population. Ornis Scandinavica, 11, 106-109.
62. Whitehead, P.J., Freeland, W.J. & Tschirner, K. (1990) Early growth of magpie geese. Anseranas semipalmata: sex differences and influence of egg size. Australian Journal of Zoology, 38, 249-262.
63. Wiebe, K.L. & Bortolotti, G.R. (1992) Facultative sex ratio manipulation in American kestrels. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiohgy, 30, 379-386.
64. Williams, T.D., Cooch, E.G., Jefferies, R.L. & Cooke, F. (1993) Environmental degradation, food limitation and reproductive output: juvenile survival in lesser snow geese. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 766-777.
65. Winkler, D.W. & Walters, J.R. (1983) The determination of clutch size in precocial birds. Current Ornithology (ed. R. F. Johnston), Vol. 1, pp. 33-68. Plenum Publishing, New York.
66. Zar, J.H. (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood, New Jersey.