The nitrogen cost of food production: Norwegian society

Ambio

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 134-142

  Bleken, Marina Azzaroli ^a   Bakken, Lars R ^b  

^a Dept of Hort and Crop Sciences ^*  (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; TRITICUM AESTIVUM;

EMISSIONS CONTROL; FOOD PRODUCTION; HUMAN DIET; NITROGEN CYCLE;

NORWAY;

EID: 0030616986     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Duxbury, J.M., Harper, L.A. and Mosier, A.R. 1993. Contribution of Agroecosystems to Global Climate Change. Agricultural Ecosystem Effects on Trace Gases and Global Climate Change. Asa Special Publication no. 55, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, pp. 1-18.
2. 2O) from Europe. Sci. Tot. Environ. 152, 189-205.
3. Mosier, A.R. 1994. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils. Fertilizer Res. 37, 191-200.
4. Khalil, M.A.K. and Rasmussen, R.A. 1988. Nitrous oxide: Trends and global mass balance over the last 3000 years. Ann. Glaciol. 10, 73-79.
5. 2O back to the last glacial-interglacial transition. J. Atmos. Chem. 8, 189-201.
6. Dibb, J.E., Rasmussen, R.A., Mayewski, P.A. and Holdsworth, G. 1993. Northern hemisphere concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide since 1800 - Results from the Mt Logan and 20D ice cores. Chemosphere 27, 2413-2423.
7. Khalil, M.A.K. and. Rasmussen, R.A. 1992. The global source of nitrous oxide. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 14651-14660.
8. Prinn, R.G. 1994. The interactive atmosphere: global atmospheric-biospheric chemistry. Ambio 23, 50-60.
9. Granli, T. and Bøckman, O.C. 1994. Nitrous oxide from agriculture. Norw. J. Agric. Sci., Suppl. 12, 1-128.
10. Subak, S., Raskin, P. and Vonhippel, D. 1993. National greenhouse gas accounts -Current anthropogenic sources and sinks. Climatic Change 25, 15-58.
11. Vitousek, P.M. 1994. Beyond global warming: Ecology and global change. Ecology 75, 1861-1876.
12. Delwiche, C.C. 1977. Energy relations in the global nitrogen cycle. Ambio 6, 106-111.
13. Bleken, M.A. and Bakken, L.R. 1997. The Anthropogenic nitrogen cycle in Norway. In: Controlling Mineral Emissions in European Agriculture. Romstad, E., Simonsen, J. and Vatn, A. (eds). CAB International, pp. 27-39.
14. SSB 1992. Agricultural count 1989. (Landbruksteljing 1989). NOS C 24, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian).
15. SSB 1993. Agricultural statistics 1992. (Jordbruksstatistikk 1992). NOS C 110, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian).
16. SSB 1994. Control of agriculture, results 1993. (Resultatkontroll jordbruk 1993). Report 94/4, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian).
17. Møller, A. 1991. Food tables: aminoacids, carbohydrates, fatacids in the Danish food stuff. (Levnedsmiddeltabeller: aminosyrer, kulhydrater og fedsyrer i danske levnedsmidler). Ernæringsenheden, Statens levnedsmiddelinstitutt, Søborg, Denmark. (In Danish).
18. Blaker, B. and Rimestad, A.H. Statens ernæringsråd 1994. Food table by the State Food Council. (Matvaretabell, 6. rev. utg). Statens ernæringsråd, Oslo, Norway. (In Norwegian).
19. Azzaroli, M.B. 1997. Nutrient budgets in fisheries. In: Nutrient Budgets and Flows at Various Temporal and Spatial Scales. Oenema, O. (ed.). CAB International. (Accepted for publication).
20. Bleken, M.A. and Bakken, L.R. The anthropogenic N-cycle in Norway: Flows through and dissipation from food production. Economics and EcologylRMPA Working paper no 37. Agricultural University of Norway, Ås.
21. 2 (SSB 1992).
22. Nesheim, L. and Øyen, J. 1994. Nitrogen fixation by red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown in mixtures with timothy (Phleum pratense L.) at different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Acta Agri. Scand., Sect. B: Soil and Plant Science 44, 28-34.
23. Hansen, S. 1993. Agronomic and Environmental Effects of Fertilization and Soil Compaction. Agricultural University of Norway: Doctor Scientiarum Theses 1993 (2), 96 pp.
24. Barret, K., Seland, Ø., Foss, A., Mylona, S., Sandnes, H., Styve, H. and Tarrasón, L. 1995. European Transboundary Acidifying Air Pollution. Ten Years Calculated Fields and Budgets to the End of the First SulphurProtocol. EMEP/MSC-W Report. 1995; 1/ 95. Oslo.
25. Morken, J., and Christoffersen, K. 1994. Model for calculation of ammonia losses from agriculture. (Beregningsmodell for ammoniakktap fra landbruket). Institutt for tekniske fag, Agricultural University of Norway, Ås, Norway. (In Norwegian).
26. Based on data from: Hillestad, M., Austreng, E. and Åsgårg, T. 1996. Ecological and resource economics perspectives of fish feeding. (Økologisk og ressursøkonomisk perspektiv på fôring av fisk). In: P.G. Kvenseth, K. Maroni and P. Andersen: Miljøhånbok for fiskeoppdrett, 123-133. Kystnæringen forlag, Bergen, Norway. (In Norwegian).
27. Bolstad, T. 1994. Secretion of nitrogen and phosphor by domestic animals. (Utskilling av nitrogen og fosfor frå husdyr i Norge). Report Institutt for husdyrfag, NLH, Ås, Norway. (In Norwegian).
28. Legg, J.O. and Meisinger, J.J. 1982. Soil nitrogen budgets. In: Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils.Agronomy Monograph 22. Stevenson, F.J. (ed.). Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, pp. 503-506.
29. Hansson, A.C. and Petterson, R. 1989. Uptake and above and below-ground allocation of soil mineral N and fertilizer 15N in a perennial grass ley (Festuca pratensis). J. Appl. Ecol. 26, 259-271.
30. Paustian, K., Andrén, O., Clarholm, M., Hansson, A.C., Johansson, G., Lagerlöf, J., Lindberg, T., Pettersson, R. and Sohlenius, B. 1990. Carbon and nitrogen budgets of four agroecosystems with annual and perennial crops, with and without N fertilization. J. Appl. Ecol. 27, 60-84.
31. Uhlen, G. 1989. Nutrient leaching and surface runoff in field lysimeter on a cultivated soil. Nutrient balances 1974-81. Norw. J. Agric. Sci. 3, 33-46.
32. The actual number of horses in Norway may be the double of that declared by the agricultural statistics we used.
33. This has now become compulsory.
34. Sundberg, K. 1995. What is the content of sewage from households? (Vad innehåller avlopp från hushåll?) Rapport 4425, Naturvårdsverket. Stockholm, Sweden. (In Swedish).
35. Calculated as the difference between total waste (60% of round weight) and that removed by industry.
36. Hansen, J.F 1989. Nitrogen balance in agriculture in Denmark and ways of reducing the loss of nitrogen. In: Management System to Reduce Impacts of Nitrates. Elsevier Science Publisher, pp. 1-15.
37. Sibbesen, E. 1990. Nitrogen, phosphor and potassium in feed stuff, animal production and manure of Danish agriculture. (Kvælstof, fosfor og kalium i foder, animalsk produksjon og husdyrgødning i dansk landbrug i 1980'erne). Tidskr. for Planteavls Specialserie S 2054, 21 pp. (In Danish).
38. Isermann, K. 1991. Nitrogen and Phosporus Blances in Agriculture. A Comparison of Several Western European Countries. International Conference on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Organic Matter, Helsingør, Denmark, May 13-15, 1991.
39. Granstedt, A. and Westberg, L. 1993. Flows of nutrients from agriculture. (Flöden av växtnäring i jordbruk och samhälle). Aktuellt från landbruksuniversitetet 416, Mark-Växter, 1-32. (In Swedish).
40. Olsthoorn, C.S.M 1992. Minerals in Agriculture, 1990. (Mineralen in de landbouw, 1990). Kvartaalbericht Milieustatistieken, CBS 1992, 1(9), 16-20. (In Dutch).
41. Sapek, A and Sapek, B. 1993. Assumed non-point water pollution based on the nitrogen budget in Polish agriculture. Water Sci. Technol. 28, 483-488.
42. Brouwer, F.M., Godeschalk, F.E., Hellegers, P.J.G.J. and Kelholt, H.J. 1995. Mineral Balances at Farm Level in the European Union. Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI-DLO), Den Haag, pp. 141.
43. Brink, N. 1993. Composting of food waste and catching nitrogen. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B: Soil and Plant Science 43, 114-120.
44. A lot of people have patiently helped us with data and information from both public and private institutions. We like to thanks in particular Erland Austreng (Akvaforsk, Norway), Kari Bjørnøy (Norwegian Agricultural Inspection Service), Øystein Havrevoll (Department of Animal Science,), Henning Høie (Statistics Norway), Egil Strøm (State Pollution Control Authority), Frik Sundstøl (Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway), Kjetil Toresen (Norsk Kjøtt, Norway). Our particular thanks to Arild Vatn (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway), for his help in starting and administering this project.
45. First submitted 6 May 1996. Accepted for publication after revision 13 February 1997.