Updated status of the Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris, in Canada

Canadian Field-Naturalist

Volumn 111, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 277-286

  Watson, Jane C ^a   Ellis, Graeme M ^b   Smith, Thomas G ^b   Ford, John K B ^c  

^a VANCOUVER ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION   (Canada)

^c VANCOUVER AQUARIUM   (Canada)

Author keywords

Enhydra lutris; Fur trade; Keystone predator; Loutre de mer; Mustelid; Otters; Sea Otter

Indexed keywords

ENHYDRA LUTRIS; ANIMALIA; ANSER SP.; CARNIVORA; LUTRINAE; MAMMALIA;

CONSERVATION STATUS; MAMMALS; POPULATION NUMBER; POPULATION SIZE; SEA OTTER; SEA OTTERS;

CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA;

EID: 0030616940     PISSN: 00083550     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5962/p.358165     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ames, J. A., and G. V. Morejohn. 1980. Evidence of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, attacks on sea otters, Enhydra lutris. California Fish and Game 66: 196-209.
2. Bacon, B. C. 1994. An ecotoxicological comparison of organic contaminants in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) among populations in California and Alaska. MSc thesis, University of California at Santa Cruz.
3. Ballachey, B. E., J. L. Bodkin, and A. R. Degange. 1994. An overview of the Exxon Valdez oil spill sea otter studies. Pages 47-59 in Impacts of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Marine Mammals. Edited by T.R. Loughlin. Academic Press, New York.
4. Bajha, K., and J. Korrnendy. 1990. Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound Held in Anchorage, Alaska on April 17-19, 1990. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(12).
5. Bigg, M. B., and I. B. MacAskie. 1978. Sea otters reestablished in British Columbia. Journal of Mammalogy 59: 874-876.
6. Bodkin, J. L., D. Mulcahy, and C. J. Lensink. 1993. Age-specific reproduction in female sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from south-central Alaska: analysis of reproductive tracts. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1811-1815.
7. Breen, P. A., T. A. Carson, J. B. Foster, and E. A. Stewart. 1982. Changes in subtidal community structure associated with British Columbia sea otter transplants. Marine Ecology Progress Series 7: 13-20.
8. Caughley, G. 1977. Analysis of Vertebrate Populations. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
9. Cowan, I. M., and C. J. Guiguet. 1960. The mammals of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook Number 11.
10. Costa, D. P., and G. L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 2761-2767.
11. Davis, R. W., T. M. Williams, J. A. Thomas, R. A. Kastelein, and L. H. Cornell. 1988. The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters, (Enhydra lutris). 1. Metabolism, thermoregulation and behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 2782-2790.
12. Degange, A. R., B. E. Ballachey, and K. Bayha. 1995 Release Strategies for Rehabilitated Sea Otters. Pages 141-153 in Rehabilitating Oiled Sea Otters and Other Fur-bearing Marine Marnmals. Edited by T. Williams, and R. Davis.
13. Estes, J. A. 1977. Population estimates and feeding behavior of sea otters. Pages 526-571 in The Environment of Amchitka Island, Alaska. Edited by M. C. Merritt, and R. G. Fuller. Springfield, Virginia.
14. Estes, J. A. 1980. Enhydra lutris. American Society of Mammalogists. Mammalian Species 133.
15. Estes, J. A. 1990a. Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 59: 385-401.
16. Estes, J. A. 1990b. Action Plan for Sea Otters. Pages 22-28 in Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. Edited by P. Foster-Turley, S. Macdonald, and C. Mason. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Otter Specialist Group. Kelvyn Press, Chicago.
17. Estes, J. A. 1991. Catastrophes and Conservation: Lessons from Sea Otters and the Exxon Valdez. Science 254: 1596.
18. Estes, J. A., and J. F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185: 1058-1060.
19. Estes, J. A., and G. R. VanBlaricom. 1985. Sea otters and shellfisheries. Pages 187-235 in Marine Mammals and Fisheries. Edited by J. R. Beddington, R. J. H. Beverton, and D. M. Lavigne. George Allen and Unwin, London.
20. Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65: 75-100.
21. Estes, J. A., N. S. Smith, and J. F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization on the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59: 822-833.
22. Estes, J. A., D. O. Duggins, and G. B. Rathbun. 1989. The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities. Conservation Biology 3: 252-264.
23. Garshelis, D. L. 1984. Age estimation of living sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 456-678.
24. Garshelis, D. L., A. M. Johnson, and J. A. Garshelis. 1984. Social organization of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 2648-2658.
25. Geraci, J. R., and D. J. St. Aubin. 1980. Offshore petroleum resource development and marine mammals: a review and research recommendations. Marine Fisheries Review 42: 1-12.
26. Geraci, J. R., and T. D. Williams. 1990. Physiologic and toxic effects on Sea Otters. Pages 211-221 in Sea mammals and oil: Confronting the risks. Edited by J. R. Geraci, and D. J. St Aubin. Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
27. Jameson, R. J. 1989. Movements, home range, and territories of male sea otters off central California. Marine Mammal Science 5: 159-172.
28. Jameson, R. J., K. W. Kenyon, A. M. Johnson, and H. M. Wright. 1982. History and status of translocated sea otter populations in North America. North America Wildlife Society Bulletin 10: 100-107.
29. Jameson, R. J., K. W. Kenyon, S. Jefferies, and G. R. VanBlaricom. 1986. Status of translocated sea otter population in its habitat in Washington. Murrelet 67: 84-87.
30. Johnson, A. M. 1982. Status of Alaska Sea Otter populations and developing conflicts with fisheries. Pages 293-299 in Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh North America Wildlife Conference, Alaska. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington D.C.
31. Kenyon, K. W. 1969. The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean. North American Fauna 68: 1-352.
32. Kvitek, R. G., and J. S. Oliver. 1992. Influence of sea otters on soft-bottom prey communities in southeast Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series 82: 103-113.
33. Kvitek, R. G., J. S. Oliver, A. R. Degange, and B. S. Anderson. 1992. Changes in Alaskan soft-bottom prey communities along a gradient in sea otter predation. Ecology 73: 413-428.
34. Loughlin, T. R. 1980. Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey California. Journal of Wildlife Management 44: 576-582.
35. Lyons, K. J. 1989. Individual variation in diet in the female Californian sea otter, Enhydra lutris. M.S. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.
36. MacAskie, I. B. 1987. Updated status of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 279-283.
37. MacAskie, I. B. 1984. Sea otter census, Vancouver Island, B.C. Unpublished Report West Coast Whale Research Foundation, Lantzville, British Columbia.
38. Mason, C., and S. Macdonald. 1990. Conclusions and Priorities for Otter Conservation. Pages 80-88 in Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. Edited by P. Foster-Turley, S. Macdonald, and C. Mason. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Otter Specialist Group. Kelvyn Press, Chicago.
39. Matkin, C. D., and F. H. Hay. 1980. Marine mammal-fishery interactions on the Copper River and in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1978. Marine Mammal Commission, Final Report Number MMC-78/07, Washington, D.C.
40. McCleneghan, K., and J. A. Ames. 1976. A unique method of prey capture by the sea otter. Enhydra lutris Linnaeus. Journal of Mammalogy 57: 410-412.
41. Monroe, Wm. T. 1985. Status of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99: 413-416.
42. Morris, R., D. Ellis, B. Emerson, and S. Norton. 1979. Assessment of the B.C. sea otter transplants, 1978; including data on stock of invertebrates and macrophytic algae. Report to the Ecological Reserve Unit, British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Victoria, British Columbia.
43. Morris, R., D. V. Ellis, and B. P. Emerson. 1981. The British Columbia transplant of sea otters Enhydra lutris. Biological Conservation 20: 291-295.
44. Payne, S. F., and R. J. Jameson. 1984. Early behavioral development of the sea otter Enhydra lutris. Journal of Mammalogy 65: 527-531.
45. Pitcher, K. W. 1989. Studies of the southern Alaska sea otter populations: Distribution, abundance, structure, range expansion, and potential conflicts with shellfisheries. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Cooperative Agreement. Number 14-16-009-954.
46. Ralls, K., and D. B. Siniff. 1990. Sea otters and oil: Ecologic perspective. Pages 199-209 in Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the risks. Edited by J. R. Geraci, and D. J. St. Aubin. Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
47. Ribic, C. A. 1982a. Autumn movement and home range of sea otters in California. Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 795-801.
48. Ribic, C. A. 1982b. Autumn activity of sea otters in California. Journal of Mammalogy 63: 702-706.
49. Riedman, M. L., and J. A. Estes. 1990. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Behavior, ecology and natural history. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(14).
50. Samuel, M. D., and T. C. Foin. 1983. Exploiting sea otter populations: A simulation analysis. Ecological Modelling 20: 297-309.
51. Sherrod, S. K., J. A. Estes, and C. M. White. 1975. Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 56: 701-703.
52. Simenstad, C. A., J. A. Estes, and K. W. Kenyon. 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities. Science 200: 403-411.
53. Simon-Jackson, T. 1986. Sea otter survey, Cordova, Alaska - 1986 (Orca Inlet to Cape Suckling). [Unpublished Report], United States Fish Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska.
54. Waldichuck, M. 1989. The Nestucca oil spill. Editorial. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20: 419-420.
55. Watson, J. C. 1990. The effects of the Nestucca oil spill on the British Columbia sea otter population and its environment. [Unpublished report submitted to] the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario. DSS Contract Number FP597-90478/01-XSA.
56. Watson, J. C. 1993. The effects of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) foraging on shallow rocky communities off northwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Santa Cruz.
57. Watson, J. C. 1995. Sea Otters and oil: A review. The proceedings of a meeting held at the Vancouver Aquarium 21 February 1995. Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia.
58. Watson, J. C., and T. G. Smith. 1996. The effects of sea otters on invertebrate fisheries in British Columbia. A review. In Invertebrate working papers reviewed by the Pacific Stock Assessment and Review Committee in 1993-1994. Edited by C. Hand and B. Wedell. Canadian Techinical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2089: 262-303.
59. Wendell, F. E., R. A. Hardy, and J. A. Armes. 1985. Assessment of the accidental take of sea otters, Enhydra lutris, in gill and trammel nets. Unpublished Report for the Marine Research Branch, California Department of Fish and Game.
60. Wendell, F. E., R. A. Hardy, J. A. Ames, and R. T. Burge. 1986. Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter, (Enhydra lutris) range expansion and in the loss of the Pismo clam fisheries. California Fish and Game 72: 197-212.
61. Williams, T, and R. Davis. Editors. 1995. Rehabilitating oiled sea otters and other fur-bearing marine mammals. University of Alaska Press, Anchorage, Alaska.
62. Wilson, D. E., M. A. Bogan, R. L. Brownell, A. M. Burdin, and M. K. Maminov. 1991. Geographic variation in sea otters, Enhydra lutris. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 22-36.
63. Woolfenden, J. 1985. The California Sea Otter: Saved or Doomed. Revised Edition. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, California.