Factors affecting maternal expenditure in southern elephant seals during lactation

Ecology

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 471-483

  Arnbom, Tom ^a   Fedak, M A ^b   Boyd, Ian L ^c  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^c BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Birth mass; Lactation; Mass change and transfer; Maternal expenditure; Mirounga leonina; Parental investment; Reproduction; Southern elephant seal; Weaning mass

Indexed keywords

ELEPHANT SEALS; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; LACTATION; MAMMALS; PARENTAL BEHAVIOUR; SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL;

MIROUNGA LEONINA;

EID: 0030616873     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0471:FAMEIS]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Anderson, S. S., D. P. Costa, and M. A. Fedak. 1993. Bioenergetics. Pages 291-315 in R. Laws, editor. Antarctic pinnipeds: research methods and techniques. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
2. Anderson, S. S., and M. A. Fedak. 1987. Grey seal. Halichoerus grypus, energetics: females invest more in male offspring. Journal of Zoology (London) 211:667-679.
3. Arnbom, T., M. A. Fedak, I. L. Boyd, and B. J. McConnell. 1993. Variation in weaning mass of pups in relation to maternal mass, postweaning fast duration, and weaned pup behaviour in southern elephant seals (Mirounga leanina) at South Georgia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1772-1781.
4. Arnbom, T., M. A. Fedak, and P. Rothery. 1994. Offspring sex ratio in relation to female size in southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 35:373-378.
5. Arnbom, T. A., N. J. Lunn, I. L. Boyd, and T. Barton. 1992. Aging live Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals. Marine Mammal Science 8:37-43.
6. Baker, J. R., M. A. Fedak, S. S. Anderson, T. Arnbom, and R. Baker. 1990. Use of a tiletamine-zolazepam mixture to immobilise wild grey seals and southern elephant seals. Veterinary Record 126:75-77.
7. Berger, J. 1979. Weaning conflict in desert and mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): an ecological interpretation. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologic 50:188-200.
8. Boness, D. J., D. W. Bowen, and S. J. Iverson. 1995. Does male harassment of females contribute to reproductive synchrony in the grey seal by affecting maternal performance? Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 36:1-10.
9. Bonner, W. N. 1984. Lactation strategies in pinnipeds: problems for a marine mammalian group. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 51:253-272.
10. Bowen, W. D., W. T. Stobo, and S. J. Smith. 1992. Mass changes of grey seal Halichoerus grypus on Sable Island: differential maternal investment reconsidered. Journal of Zoology, (London) 227:607-622.
11. Boyd, I. L. 1991. Environmental and physiological factors controlling the reproductive cycles of pinnipeds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:1135-1148.
12. Boyd, I., T. Arnbom, and M. Fedak. 1993. Water flux, body composition, and metabolic rate during molt in female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Physiological Zoology 66:43-60.
13. Bryden, M. M. 1972. Growth and development of marine mammals. Pages 1-79 in R. J. Harrison, editor. Functional anatomy of marine mammals. Academic Press. New York, New York, USA.
14. Burton, H. R., T. Arnhom, I. L. Boyd, M. Bester, D. Vergani, and I. Wilkinson. In press. Significant differences in weaning mass of southern elephant seals from live sub-antarctic islands in relation to population declines. SCAR Biology Symposium Volume.
15. Byers, J. A., and J. T. Hogg. 1995 Environmemal effects on prenatal growth rate in pronghorn and bighorn: further evidence for energy constraint on sex-biased maternal expenditure. Behavioral Ecology 6:451-457
16. Campagna, C., B. J. Le Boeuf, M. Lewis, and C. Bisioli. 1992. Equal investment in male and female offspring in southern elephant seals Journal of Zoology (London) 226:551-561.
17. Campagna, C., and M. Lewis. 1992. Growth and distribution of a southern elephant seal colony. Marine Mammal Science 8:387-396.
18. Campagna, C., M. Lewis, and R. Baldi. 1993. Breeding biology of southern elephant seals in Patagonia. Marine Mammal Science 9:34-47.
19. Carrick, R., S. E. Csordas, and S. E. Ingham. 1962. Studies on the southern elephant seal. Mirounga leonina (L.). IV. Breeding and development. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.) Wildlife Research 7:161-197.
20. Carrick, R., and S. E. Ingham. 1962 Studies on the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (L.). V. Population dynamics and utilization. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.) Wildlife Research 7:198-206.
21. Charnov, E. L. 1982. The theory of sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
22. Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1991. The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
23. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and S. D. Albon. 1982. Parental investment in male and female offspring in mammals. Pages 223-247 in Kings College Sociobiology Group, editors. Current problems in sociobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
24. Clutton-Brock, T. H., S. D. Albon, and F. E. Guinness. 1985. Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals. Nature 313:131-133.
25. Clutton-Brock, T. and C. Godfray. 1991. Parental investment. Pages 234-262 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davis, editors. Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
26. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and G. R. Iason. 1986. Sex ratio variation in mammals. Quarterly Review of Biology 61:339-374.
27. Costa, D. P. 1987. Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy balance of free-ranging marine mammals. Pages 43-66 in A. C. Huntley, D. P. Costa, G. A. J. Worthy, and M. A. Castellini, editors. Approaches to marine mammal energetics. Society of Marine Mammal Science Special Publication Number 1.
28. _. 1993. The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia. In I. L. Boyd. editor. Marine mammals: advances in behavioural and population biology. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 66:293-314.
29. Costa, D. P., J. P. Croxall, and C. Duck. 1989. Foraging energetics of Antarctic fur seals in response to seasonal changes in prey availability and pup sex. Ecology 70:596-606.
30. Costa, D. P., B. J. Le Boeuf, C. L. Ortiz, and A. C. Huntley. 1986. The energetics of lactation in the northern elephant seal. Mirounga angustirostris. Journal of Zoology (London) 209:21-33.
31. Deutsch, C. J., D. E. Crocker, D. P. Costa, and B. J. Le Boeuf. 1994. Sex- and age related variation in reproductive effort of northern elephant seals. Pages 169-210 in B. J. Le Boeuf and R. M. Laws, editors. Elephant seals: population ecology, behavior, and physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
32. Fedak, M. A., and S. S. Anderson. 1982. The energetics of lactation: accurate measurements from a large wild mammal, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Journal of Zoology (London) 198:473-479.
33. Fedak, M. A., T. Arnhom, and I. L. Boyd. 1996. The influence of female size and body composition on the transfer of mass, energy and materials between southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) mothers and pups. Physiological Zoology 69:887-911.
34. Fedak, M. A., T. Arnhom, B. J. McConnell, C. Chambers, I. L. Boyd, J. Harwood, and T. S. McCann. 1994. Expen- diture, investment, and acquisition of energy in southern elephant seals. Pages 354-373 in B. J. Le Boeuf and R. M. Laws, editors. Elephant seals: population ecology, behavior, and physiology. University of California Press. Berkeley, California, USA.
35. Festa-Bianchet, M., J. T. Jorgenson, and W. D. Wishart. 1994. Early weaning in bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, affects growth of males but not of females. Behavioral Ecology 5:21-27.
36. Fisher, R. A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon. Oxford, UK.
37. Guinet, C. 1991. Growth from birth to weaning in the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Journal of Mammalogy 72:617-620.
38. Guinet, C., P. Jouventin, and H. Weimerskirch. 1992. Population changes of southern elephant seals on Crozet and Kerguelen Archipelagos in the last decades. Polar Biology 12:349-356.
39. Hindell, M. A. 1991. Some life history parameters of declining populations of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Journal of Animal Ecology 60:119-134.
40. Hindell, M. A., and H. R. Burton 1987. Past and present status of the southern elephant seal (Miroungu leonina) at Macquarie Island. Journal of Zoology (London) 213:365-380.
41. Hindell, M. A., H. R. Burton, and D. J. Slip. 1991. Foraging areas of southern elephant seals. Mirounga leonina, as inferred from water temperature data. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:115-128
42. Ingham, S. E. 1967. Branding elephant seals for life-history studies. Polar Record 13:447-449.
43. Iverson, S. J., W. D. Bowen, D. J. Boness, and O. T. Oftedal. 1993. The effect of maternal size and milk energy output on the pup growth in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Physiological Zoology 66:61-88.
44. King, J. E. 1983. Seals of the world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
45. König, B. and H. Markl. 1987. Maternal care in house mice. I. The weaning strategy as a means for parental manipulation of offspring quality. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 20:1-9.
46. König, B., J. Riester, and H. Markl. 1988. Maternal care in house mice (Mus musculus): II. The energy cost of lactation as a function of litter size. Journal of Zoology (London) 216:195-210.
47. Kretzmann, M. B., D. P. Costa, and B. J. Le Boeuf. 1993 Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: evidence for sexual equality? American Naturalist 141:466-480.
48. Laurenson, M. K. 1995. Cub growth and maternal care in cheetahs. Behavioral Ecology 6:405-409.
49. Laws, R. M. 1953. The elephant seal (Mirounga leonina Linn.). I. Growth and age. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report. London 8.
50. _. 1956. The elephant seal (Mirounga leonina Linn.). II. General social and reproductive behaviour. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Report. London 13.
51. Le Boeuf, B. J., and K. T. Briggs. 1977. The cost of living in a seal harem. Mammalia 41:167-195.
52. Lee, P. C. 1984. Ecological constraints on the social development of vervet monkeys. Behaviour 91:245-262.
53. Lee, P. C., and C. J. Moss. 1986. Early parental investment in male and female African elephant calves. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 18:353-362.
54. Lessells, C. M. 1991. The evolution of life histories. Pages 32-68 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davis, editors. Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Scientific. Oxford, UK.
55. Mattingley, D. K., and P. A. McClure. 1982. Energetics of reproduction in large-littered cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Ecology 63:183-195.
56. Maynard-Smith, J. 1980. A new theory of sexual investment. Behaviour Ecology and Sociobiology 7:247-251.
57. McCann, T. S. 1981. The social organization and behaviour of southern elephant seals. Mirounga leonina L. Dissertation. University of London, London, UK.
58. _. 1982. Aggressive and maternal activities of female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). Animal Behaviour 30:268-276.
59. _. 1985. Size, status and demography of southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) populations. Pages 1-17 in J. K. Ling and M. M. Bryden. editors. Studies of sea mammals in south latitudes. South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Australia.
60. McCann, T. S., M. A. Fedak, and J. Harwood. 1989. Parental investment in southern elephant seals. Mirounga leonina. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 25:81-87.
61. McCann, T. S., and P. Rothery. 1988. Population size and status of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) at South Georgia 1951-1985. Polar Biology 8:305-309.
62. McConnell, B. J., C. Chambers, and M. A. Fedak. 1992. Foraging ecology of southern elephant seals in relation to the bathymetry and productivity of the Southern Ocean Antarctic Science 4:393-398.
63. McConnell, B. J., and M. A. Fedak. 1996. Foraging movements of southern elephant seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1485-1496.
64. McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1996. State-dependent life histories. Nature 380:215-221.
65. Mendl, M. 1988. The effects of litter size variation on mother-offspring relationships and behavioural and physical development in several mammalian species (principally rodents). Journal of Zoology (London) 215:15-34.
66. Minitab. 1989. Minitab reference manual: release 7. Minitab, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.
67. Oftedal, O. T., D. J. Boness, and R. A. Tedman. 1987. The behavior, physiology, and anatomy of lactation in the pinnipedia. Current Mammalogy 1:175-245.
68. Oftedal, O. T., and J. L. Gittleman. 1989. Patterns of energy output during reproduction in carnivores. Pages 355-378 in J. L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore behaviour, ecology and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA.
69. Ono, K. A., D. J. Boness, and O. T. Oftedal. 1987. The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behaviour in the California sea lion. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 21:109-118.
70. Parker, G. A. 1985 Models of parent-offspring conflict. V. Effects of the behaviour of two parents. Animal Behaviour 33:519-533.
71. Parker, G. A., and M. R. Macnair. 1979 Models of parent-offspring conflict. IV. Suppression: evolutionary retaliation of the parent. Animal Behaviour 27:1210-1235.
72. Ralls, K., R. J. Brownell, and J. Ballou. 1980. Differential mortality by sex and age in mammals, with special refer- ence to the sperm whale. Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue) 2:223-243.
73. Redondo, T., M. Gomendio, and R. Medina. 1992. Sex-biased parent-offspring conflict. Behaviour 123:261-289.
74. Reiter, J., and B. J. Le Boeuf. 1991. Life history consequences of variation in age at primiparity in northern elephant seals. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 28:153-160.
75. Reiter, J., K. J. Panken, and B. J. Le Bocuf. 1981. Female competition and reproductive success in northern elephant seals. Animal Behaviour 29:670-687.
76. Reiter, J., N. L. Stinson, and B. Le Boeuf. 1978. Northern elephant seal development: the transition from weaning to nutritional independence. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 3:337-367.
77. SCAR. 1991. Report of the workshop on southern elephant seals. Page 6 (Table 2) in International Council of Scientific Unions, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), and SCAR Group of Specialists on Seals, Monterey, California, 22-23 May, 1991. SCAR, Cambridge, UK.
78. SCAR. 1992. Report of the meeting of the SCAR Group of Specialists on Seals. XXII Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), Bariloche, Argentina, 8-12 June 1992.
79. Sibly, R. M., and P. Calow. 1986. Physiological ecology of animals: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
80. Sokal, R. R., and H. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. Second edition. W. H. Freeman, New York, New York, USA.
81. Spotte, S. 1982. The incidence of twinning in pinnipeds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:2226-2233.
82. Sydeman, W. J., and N. Nur. 1994. Life history strategies of female northern elephant seals. Pages 137-153 in B. J. Le Boeuf and R. M. Laws, editors. Elephant seals: population ecology, behavior, and physiology. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
83. Trivers, R. L. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoology 11:249-264.
84. Trivers, R. L., and D. E. Willard. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio. Science 179:90-92.
85. Weatherhead, P. J., and R. J. Robertson. 1979. Offspring quality and the polygyny threshold: 'the sexy son hypothesis.' American Naturalist 113:201-208.
86. Westneat, D. F., and R. C. Sargent. 1996 Sex and parenting: the effects of sexual conflict and parentage on parental strategies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11(2):87-91.
87. Winer, B. J., D. R. Brown, and K. M. Michels. 1991. Statistical principles in experimental design. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
88. Wolff, J. O. 1988. Maternal investment and sex ratio adjustment in American bison calves. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 23:127-133.
89. Woods, R., S. McLean, S. Nocol, and H. Burton. 1994. A comparison of some cyclohexamine based drug combinations for chemical restraint of southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina). Marine Mammal Science 10:412-429.