Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia

Ambio

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 173-179

  Harriott, Vicki J ^a   Davis, Derrin ^a   Banks, Simon A ^a  

^a SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHOZOA; CELLULAR ORGANISMS;

CORAL; CORAL DAMAGE; DIVING; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS; MARINE PARKS; MARINE PROTECTED AREA; RECREATION DIVING; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; SCUBA; SCUBA DIVING;

AUSTRALIA, (EAST);

EID: 0030616379     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

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25. Harriott, V.J., Smith, S.D.A. and Harrison, P.L. 1994. Distribution patterns among the coral communities of the Solitary Islands Marine Reserve. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 109, 67-76.
26. Banks, S.A. and Harriot, V. 1995. Aspects of the Benthic Community Structure and Hard Coral Recruitment Patterns in the Gneering Shoals Region (South-East Queensland). M.App.Sc. Thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia.
27. Rouphael, T. 1995. Coral reefs and scuba divers: identifying and assessing the effects of scuba divers on hard coral assemblages. Reef Research. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia, December, 10-12.
28. Tisdell (29) noted that, while conceptually appealing, the carrying capacity concept is constrained by a number of limitations on its usefulness as a resource management tool, with the concept being far from specific. The economic, social and other aspects of establishing a carrying capacity are, consequently, not considered in this paper, with the focus being on ecological sustainability - just one of the components of carrying capacity.
29. Tisdell, C.A. 1988. Sustaining and maximising economic gains from tourism based on natural sites: analysis with reference to the Galapagos Islands. In: Economics of Tourism: Case Study and Analysis. Tisdell, C.A., Aislabie, C.J. and Stanton, P.J. (eds). Department of Economics, The University of Newcastle, Australia.
30. Bak, R.P.M. and Steward van Es, Y. 1980. Regeneration of superficial damage in the scleractinian corals Agaracia agaracites, f. purpurea and Porites asteroides. Bull. Mar. Sci 30, 883-887.
31. Bak, R.P.M. 1983. Neoplasia, regeneration and growth in the reef-building coral Acropora palmata. Mar. Biol. 77, 221-227.
32. Liddle, M.J. and Kay, A.M. 1987. Resistance, survival and recovery of trampled corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Biol. Conserv. 42, 1-18.
33. Highsmith, R.C., Riggs, A.C. and D'Antonio, C.M. 1980. Survival of hurricane-generated coral fragments and a disturbance model of reef calcification/growth rates. Oecologia 46, 322-329.
34. Antonius, A. 1983. The "band" diseases in coral reefs. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium. Gomez, E.D., Birkeland, C.E., Buddemeier, R.W., Johannes, R.E., Marsh Jr., J.A. and Tsuda, R.T. (eds). Manila 1981 2, pp. 7-14.
35. Dive Queensland, in association with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and certain government agencies, is preparing a train-the-trainer program entitled 'Ecological Diver', with the intention of training scuba instructors in environmental understanding and the avoidance of ecological impacts.
36. Clarke et al. (37) discussed the problems with placing boundaries around many protected areas, particularly in marine settings. The inability to establish such boundaries places a limitation on management approaches in those areas.
37. Clarke, H., Dwyer, L. and Forsyth, P. 1995. Economic instruments and the control of tourism's environmental impacts. In: Proceedings of the National Tourism and Hospitality Conference, 1995. Shaw, R.N. (ed.). Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education, Melbourne, Australia.
38. An entry fee of USdollar;10 per diver per year is charged for diving in Bonaire Marine Park, while all tourists, including divers, on commercial vessels in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park pay a levy of Adollar;1 per trip. Private users do not pay the levy. A voluntary contribution of Adollar;1 per diver is requested for diving in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Each of these fees is, however, an administrative charge which is not related to environmental costs.
39. This research into recreational scuba diving has been supported by a grant from the Australian Department of Tourism and Dive Australia.
40. First submitted 19 July 1995. Accepted for publication 22 november 1995.