Postoperative pain therapy. Part II;Postoperative Schmerz-therapie. Teil II

Anaesthesist

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 161-173

  Jage, J ^a   Hartje, H ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; FENTANYL; MORPHINE; NALOXONE; OPIATE; SCOPOLAMINE BUTYL BROMIDE; SPASMOCIBALGINE;

ANALGESIA; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; EPIDURAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW;

ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL; HUMANS; PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE;

EID: 0030611320     PISSN: 00032417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001010050387     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Bach S, Noreng M, Tjellden NU (1988) Phantom limb pain in amputees during the first 12 months following limb amputation, after preoperative lumbar epidural blockade. Pain 33:297-301
2. Bowdler IM, Seeling W (1993) Stellenwert der Nichtopioidanalgetika in der Behandlung postoperativer Schmerzen. Schmerz 7:97-106
3. Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, Morris EJ, Meinert CL, Gottlieb SO, Yates H, Rock P, Parker SD, Perler BA, Williams M (1993) Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 79:422-434
4. Dahl JB, Kehlet M (1991) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: rationale for use in severe postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 66:703-712
5. de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ, Karabella D, Harrison P (1995) Postoperative myocardial ischemia: epidural versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Regional Anesth 20:105-112
6. Dick W (1996) Erfordert die Verpflichtung zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie ein interdisziplinäres Vorgehen? Anästhesiol Intensivmed 37:64-68
7. Eisenach JC, Bucklin BA (1992) Future trends in epidural and spinal analgesia. In: Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds) Acute pain. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis Baltimore Boston, pp 304-311
8. Ferrante FM (1993) Patient-controlled analgesia: a conceptual framework for analgesic administration. In: Ferrante FM, VadeBoncouer TR (eds) Postoperative pain management. Churchil Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London, p 255-277
9. Ferrante FM, Vadeboncouer (1993) Epidural analgesia with combinations of local anesthetics and opioids. In: Ferrante FM, VadeBoncouer TR (eds) Postoperative pain management. Churchill Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London, p 305-333
10. Fisher A, Meiler Y (1991) Continuous postoperative regional analgesia by nerve sheath block for amputation surgery - a pilot study. Anesth Analg 72:300-303
11. Grond S, Lehmann KA (1994) Auswirkungen des postoperativen Schmerzes auf die Rekovaleszenz. In: Lehmann KA (Hrsg) Der postoperative Schmerz. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 120-147
12. Heinrichs W, Weiler N (1993) Beeinflussung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs nach großen abdominellen Eingriffen durch Epiduralanästhesie. Anaesthesist 42:612-618
13. Hurley RJ (1992) Continous spinal analgesia. In: Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds) Acute Pain. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis Baltimore Boston, pp 321-325
14. Jänig W (1993) Biologie und Pathobiologie der Schmerzmechanismen. In. Zenz M, Jurna I (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Schmerztherapie. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart, S 15-33
15. Jage J (1993) Perioperative Schmerztherapie beim Erwachsenen. Ausführungen zum Konzept der balancierten Analgesie. Schmerz 7:140-153
16. Jage J, Faust P, Strecker U et al. (1996) Untersuchungen zum Ergebnis der postoperativen Schmerztherapie mit einer i.v.-PCA oder einer kontinuierlichen epiduralen Analgesie an 3207 Patienten. Anästhesiol Intensivmed 37:459-475
17. Jellinek H, Haumer H, Grubhofer G, Klappacher, Jenny T, Wemdlmayr-Goettel M, Fitzal S (1990) Tramadol zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie. Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie versus kontinuierliche Infusion. Anaesthesist 39:513-520
18. Jurna I (1992) Zentrale Schmerzdämpfung durch peripher wirkende Analgetika. Schmerz 6:61-66
19. Kehlet H, Dahl JB (1993) The value of "multimodal" or "balanced analgesia" in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg 77:1048-1056
20. Lee CR, McTavish D, Sorkin EM (1993)Tramadol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs 46:313-340
21. Lehmann KA (1994) Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie. In: Lehmann KA (Hrsg) Der postoperative Schmerz, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 317-355
22. Lehmann KA (1994) Rückenmarknahe Blockaden: Opioide. In: Lehmann KA (Hrsg) Der postoperative Schmerz, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 442-479
23. Little DM, Stephen CR (1954) Modern balanced anesthesia. A concept. Anesthesiology 15:246-
24. Liu S, Carpenter RL, Neal JM (1995) Epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Their role in postoperative outcome. Anesthesiology 82:1474-1506
25. Maier Ch, Kibbel K, Mercker S, Wulf H (1994) Postoperative Schmerztherapie auf Allgemeinen Krankenpflegestationen. Anaesthesist 43:385-397
26. McQuay HJ, Caroll D, Moore RA (1988) Postoperative orthopaedic pain: the effect of opiate premedication and local anesthetic blocks. Pain 33:291-295
27. Niesel HC (1994) Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie-Anwendung der Lokalanästhetika. In: Niesel HC (Hrsg) Regionalanästhesie Lokalanästhesie Regionale Schmerztherapie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 69-165
28. Ready LB, Edwards WT (eds) (1992) Management of acute pain: a practical guide. IASP Publ, Seattle
29. Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, Wild L (1991) Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 75:452-456
30. Rockemann MG, Seeling W (1996) Epidurale und intrathekale Anwendung von alpha2-Adrenozeptoren zur postoperativen Analgesie. Schmerz 10:57-64
31. Rosenberg-Adamsen S, Kehlet H, Dodds C et al. (1996) Postoperative sleep disturbances: mechanisms and clinical implications. Br J Anaesth. 76: 552-559
32. Rüd U, Fischer MV, Mewes R, Paravicini D (1994) Postoperative Analgesie mit Tramadol. Kontinuierliche Infusion versus repetitive Bolusgabe. Anaesthesist 43:316-321
33. Schug SA, Fry RA (1994) Continous regional analgesia in comparison with intravenous opioid administration for routine postoperative pain control. Anesthesia 49:528-532
34. Schug SA, Torrie JJ (1993) Safety assessment of postoperative pain management by an acute pain service. Pain 59:387-391
35. Seeling W, Bothner U, Eifert B, Rockemann M, Schreiber M, Schürmann W, Steffen P, Zeininger A (1991) Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie versus Epiduralanalgesie mit Bupivacain oder Morphin nach großen abdominellen Eingriffen. Kein Unterschied in der postoperativen Morbidität. Anaesthesist 40:614-623
36. Seeling W, Rockemann M (1993) Beeinflußt die Schmerztherapie postoperative Morbidität und Letalität? Der Schmerz 7:85-96
37. Sinatra RS (1992) Spinal opioid analgesia: an overview. In: Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds) Acute pain. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis Baltimore Boston, pp 225-232
38. Souter AJ, Fredman B, White PF (1994) Controversies in the perioperative use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Anesthesiology 79:1178-1190
39. Stamer U, Maier C, Grond S, Lehmann KA, Veh-Schmidt B, Krieg R, Kleinert R, Hennig U (1994) Vergleich von Morphin, Tramadol und Placebo zur Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen- eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie. Anaesthesist43 [Suppl 1]:S249
40. Steffen P, Opderbeck S, Seeling W (1993) Reduktion des postoperativen Opioidbedarfs durch die perioperative Gabe von Naproxen. Der Schmerz 7:167-173
41. Stellungnahmen (1994) Stellungnahmen zum Beitrag von KH Weiss: "Cave: Thorakale Katheter- Epiduralanästhesie zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie", Anästh Intensivmed 35:381-383
42. Striebel HW, Hackenberger J (1992) Vergleich einer Tramadol-/Metamizol-Infusion mit der Kombination Tramadol-Infusion plus Ibuprofen-Suppositorien zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie nach Hysterektomien. Anaethesist 41:354-360
43. Stubhaug A, Grimstad J, Breivik H (1995) Lack of analgesic effect of 50 and 100 mg Tramadol after orthopaedic surgery: a radnomized, double-blind, placebo and standard active drug comparison. Pain 62: 111-121
44. Uhlenbruck W (1993) Die Rechtspflicht des Arztes zu ausreichender postoperativer Schmerztherapie. Med Recht 222:296-299
45. Woolf CJ, Chong Mun-Seng (1993) Preemptive analgesia-treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 77:362-379
46. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Harukuni I, Hamaya Y (1991) Effective doses of epidural morphine for pain relief of postcholecystectomy pain. Anesth Analg 72:80-83
47. Zenz M, Donner B (1994) Regionale Opioidanalgesie. In: Niesel HC (Hrsg) Regionalanästhesie. Lokalanästhesie. Regionale Schmerztherapie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 762-808
48. Akerman B, Arweström E, Post C (1988) Local anesthtics potentiate spinal morphine antinociception. Anesth Analg 67:943-948
49. Butscher K, Mazoit JX, Samii K (1995) Can immediate opioid requirements in the post-anaesthesia care unit be used to determine analgesic requirements on the ward? Can J Anaesth 42:461-466
50. Büttner J, Klose R, Hammer H (1989) Die kontinuierliche axilläre Katheter-Plexusanästhesie - eine Methode zur postoperativen Analgesie und Sympathikolyse nach handchirurgischen Eingriffen. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 21:29-32
51. Carlsson KH, Monzel W, Jurna I (1988) Depression by morphine and the non-opioid analgesic agents, metamizol (dipyrone), lysin acetylsalicylate, and paracetamol, of activity in rat thalamus neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents. Pain 32:313-326
52. Casey WF, Rice JL, Hannallah RS, Broadman L, Norden JM, Guzzetta P (1990) A comparison between bupivacaine instillation versus ilioinguin al/iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. Anesthesiology 72:637-639
53. Coderre TJ, Katz J, Vaccarino AL, Melzack R (1993) Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pain 52:259-285
54. Dahl JB, Rosenberg J, Hasen BL, Hjortsö N-Chr, Kehlet H (1992) Differential analgesic effects of low-dose epidural morphine and morphine-bupivacaine at rest and during mobilization after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 74:362-365
55. De Kock M, Crochet B, Morimont C, Scholtes J-L (1993) Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra- and postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 79:525-531
56. Dickenson AH (1994) NMDA receptor antagonists as analgesics. In: Fields HL, Liebeskind JC (eds) Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of chronic pain: new concepts and critical issues. Progr Pain Res Manag, Vol 1. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 173-187
57. Dickenson AH (1994) Where and how do opioids act? In: Gebhardt GF, Hammond DL, Jensen TS (eds) Proceed 7th Wordl Congress on Pain. Progr Pain Res Manage, Vol 2. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 525-552
58. Egan KJ, Ready B (1994) Patient satisfaction with intravenous PCA or epidural morphine. Can J Anaesth 41:6-11
59. Eisenach JC (1993) Aspirin, the miracle drug: spinally, too? Anesthesiology 79:211-213
60. Eisenach JC, Lysak SZ, Viscomi CM (1989) Epidural clonidine analgesia following surgery: phase I. Anesthesiology 71:640-646
61. Ejlersen E, Andersen HB, Eliasen K, Mogensen T (1992)A comparison between preincisional and postincisional lidocaine infiltration and postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 74:495-498
62. Fraser HM, Chapman V, Dickenson AH (1992) Spinal local anaesthetic actions on afferent evoked responses and wind-up of nociceptive neurones in the rat spinal cord: combination with morphine produces marked potentiation of nociception. Pain 49:3-41
63. Gebhardt GF (1995) Visceral nociception. Consequences, modulation and the future. Eur J Anaesthesiol 12 [Suppl]:24-27
64. Glass PSA, Estok P, Ginsberg B, Goldberg JS, Sladen RN (1992) Use of patient-controlled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 74:345-351
65. Gould TH, Crosby DL, Harmer M, Lloyd SM, Lunn JN, Rees GAD, Roberts DE, Webster JA (1992) Policy of controlling pain after surgery: effect of sequential changes in management. Br Med J 305:1187-1193
66. Gourlay GK, Willis RJ, Lamberty J (1986) A double-blind comparison of the efficacy of methadone and morphine in postoperative pain control. Anesthesiology 64:322-327
67. Grass JA (1992) Fentanyl: clinical use as postoperative analgesic-epidural/intrathecal route. J Symp Pain Manage 7:271-286
68. Guinard J-P. Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R, CArpenter RL (1992) A randomized comparison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 77:1108-1115
69. Hege-Scheuning G, Michaelsen K, Bühler A, Kustermann J, Seeling W (1995) Analgesie durch intraartikuläres Morphin nach Kniegelenksarthroskopien? Eine doppelblinde, randomiserte Studie mit patienten-kontrollierter Analgesie. Anaesthesist 44:351-358
70. Hempel V, Lehmann KA (1994) Rückenmarknahe Blockaden: Lokalanästhetika. In: Lehmann KA (Hrsg) Der postoperative Schmerz, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 429-442
71. Hood DD, Eisenach JC, Tuttle R (1995) Phase I safety assessment of intrathecal neostigmine methylsulfate in humans. Anesthesiology 82: 331-343
72. Jänig W, Häbler H-J (1995) Visceral-autonomic integration. In: Gebhardt GF (ed) Visceral pain. Progr Pain Res Manage, Vol 5. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 311-348
73. Jänig W, McLachlan EM (1994) The role of modification in noradrenergic peripheral pathways after nerve lesions in the generation of pain. In: Fields HL, Liebeskind JC (eds) Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of chronic pain: new concepts and critical issues. Progr Pain Res Manage, Vol. 1. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 101-128
74. Jage J, Budimlic S, Kaufmann P, Jähme E, Dick W, Hartje H (1995) Die Integration einer Fachkrankenschwester in den akuten Schmerzdienst ein Erfahrungsbericht. Anästh Intensivmed 36:98-102
75. Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Gutierrez JF, Bradley EL, Kissin I (1991) The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of tonsils with bupivacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia. Pain 47:305-308
76. Jurna I (1994) Analgetika mit antipyretischer Wirkung: Klinische Pharmakologie. In: Lehmann KA (Hrsg) Der postoperative Schmerz. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 151-166
77. Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN, Nierenberg H, Boylan JF, Friedlander M, Shaw BF (1992) Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 77:439-446
78. Kewitz H (1987) Metamizol. Führt die Indikationseinschränkung zu einem Rückgang der Agranulozytose? Dtsch Ärztebl 84:B-1351-1356
79. Kiss IE, Kilian M (1992) Does opiate premedication influence postoperative analgesia? A prospective study. Pain 48:157-158
80. Lanz E, Kehrberger E, Theiss D (1985) Epidural morphine: a clinical double-blind study of dosage. Anesth Analg 64:786-791
81. Lehmann KA (1994) Tramadol for the management of acute pain. Drugs 47 [Suppl 1]:19-32
82. Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL (1993) Pharmacology of the spinal action of ketorolac, morphine, ST-91, U50488H, and L-PIA on the formalin test and an isobolographic analysis of the NSAID interaction. Anesthesiology 79:270-281
83. Mangano DT, Siliciano D, Hollenberg M, Leung JM, Browner WS, Goehner P, Merrick S, Verrier E (1992) The study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group: postoperative myocardial ischemia: Therapeutic trials using intensive analgesia following surgery. Anesthesiology 76:342-353
84. Motsch J, Gräber E, Ludwig K (1990) Addition of clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine: a double-blind study. Anesthesiology 73:1067-1073
85. Murata K, Nakagawa I, Kumeta Y, Kitahata LM, Collins JG (1989) Intrathecal clonidine suppresses noxiously evoked activity of spinal wide dynamic range neurons in cats. Anesth Analg 69:185-191
86. Rawal N (1995) Epidural and intrathecal opioids for postoperative pain management in Europe - a 17-nation survey. Reg Anaesth 20 [Suppl 2]:S 45
87. Rawal N, Berggren L (1994) Organization of acute pain services: a low-cost model. Pain 57:117-123
88. Rawal N, Arner S, Gustafsson LL, Allvin R (1987) Present state of extradural and intrathecal opioid analgesia in Sweden. A nationwide follow-up survey. Br J Anaesth 59:791-799
89. Richmond CE, Bromley LM, Woolf CJ (1993) Preoperative morphine pre-empts postoperative pain. Lancet 342 11:73-75
90. Rockemann MG, Brinkmann A, Goertz A, Seeling W, Georgieff M(1994) Analgesie und Hämodynamik unter 8 μg/kg Clonidin epidural zur Schmerztherapie nach großen abdominellen Eingriffen. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 29:96-101
91. Salomäki TE, Laitinen JO, Nuutinen LS (1991) A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 75:790-795
92. Savolaine ER, Pandya JB, Greenblatt SH, Conover SR (1988) Anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space: new insights using CT-epidurography. Anesthesiology 68:217-220
93. Schaer H, Baasch K, Prochacka K (1992) Intrathekales Morphin für postoperativen Schmerz. Anaesthesist 41:689-693
94. Scherer R, Schmutzler M, Giebler R, Erhard J, Stöcker L, Kox WJ (1993) Complications related to thoracic epidural analgesia: a prospective study in 1071 surgical patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 37:370-374
95. Scherer R, Schmutzler M, Erhard J, Lenz A, Stocker L (1992) Zur Integration der thorakalen Epiduralanästhesie in die Anästhesie bei intraabdominellen Eingriffen. Anaesthesist 41:260-265
96. Schug SA, Burrell R, Payne J, Tester P (1995) Pre-emptive epidural analgesia may prevent phantom limb pain. Regional Anesth 20:256
97. Schug SA, Torrie JJ, Fry RA (1994) Safety of an acute pain service- a four year survey. Anesth Intens Care 22:478
98. Seeling W, Rockemann M (1990) Die einseitige Epiduralanästhesie. Regional-Anaesth 13:23-28
99. Seeling W, Rockemann M, Steffen P (1996) Postoperative Schmerztherapie mit Epiduralkathetern nach abdominellen und thorakalen Operationen. Klinikarzt 25:1-10
100. Schmidt A (1993) Regionale Anästhesietechniken und Störungen der Hämostase. Anaesthesist 42:483-495
101. Sinclair R, Westlander G, Cassuto J et al. (1996) Postoperative pain relief by topical lidocaine in the surgical wound of hysterectomized patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:589-594
102. Steffen P, Schuhmacher I, Weichel T et al. (1996a) Untersuchungen zum differenzierten Einsatz von Nichtopioiden zur postoperativen Analgesie I. Quantifizierung des analgetischen Effektes von Metamizol mittels der patientenkontrollierten Analgesie. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 31:143-147
103. Steffen P, Drück A, Krinn E et al. (1996b) Untersuchungen zum differenzierten Einsatz von Nichtopioiden zur postoperativen Analgésie II. Quantifizierung des analgetischen Effektes der Kombination von Metamizol plus Diclofenac mittels der patientenkontrollierten Analgesie. Anästhesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 31:216-221
104. Stehr-Zirngibl S, Zirngibl H, Angster R, Taeger K (1995) Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) auf Allgemeinstationen: Ein Erfahrungsbericht.Anästhesiol Intensivmed 36:128-134
105. Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E, Yassouridis A, Lehrberger K, Herz A, Peter K (1991) Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. N Engl J Med 325:1123-1126
106. Striebel HW, Schwagmaier R, Boerger N (1993) Neue Applikationswege für Opioide. Der Schmerz 7:131-139
107. Striebel HW, Koenigs D, Heil Th (1993) Clonidin-Stellenwert in der Anästhesie. Anaesthesist 42:131-141
108. Striebel W, Koenigs D, Krämer J (1992) Postoperative pain management by intranasal demand-adapted fentanyl titration. Anesthesiology 77: 281-285
109. Treede R-D, Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN (1992)Peripheralandcentral mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia. Progr Neurobiol 38:397-421
110. Tverskoy M, Cozacov C, Ayache M, Bradley EL, Kissin I (1990) Postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy with different types of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 70:29-35
111. VadeBoncouer TR, Ferrante FM (1993) Epidural and subarachnoidal opioids. In: Ferrante FM, VadeBoncouer TR (eds) Postoperative pain management. Churchil Livingstone, New York Edinburgh London, p 279-303
112. Vandermeulen EPE, van Aken, Vermylen J (1994) Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 79:1165-1177
113. Vereinbarung zur Organisation der postoperativen Schmerztherapie des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Anäesthesisten und des Berufsverbandes Deutscher Chirurgen. Anästh Intensivmed 34:28-30
114. Weißauer W (1993) Juristische Aspekte der postoperativen Schmerzbehandlung. Anästh Intensivmed 34:361-365
115. Walmsley PNH (1992) Patient-controlledepiduralanalgesia. In: Sinatra RS, Hord AH, Ginsberg B, Preble LM (eds) Acute pain. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis Baltimore Boston, pp 304-311
116. Welchew EA, Breen DP (1991) Patient-controlled on-demand epidural fentanyl. Anesthesia 46:438-441
117. Witjes WPJ (1992) Application of sublingual buprenorphine in combination with naproxen or paracetamol for post-operative pain relief in cholecystectomy patients. Acta Anaesthsiol Scand 36:323-327
118. Woolf CJ, Thompson WN (1991) The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation: implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 44:293-299
119. Wulf H, Maier C (1994) Postoperative Schmerztherapie auf allgemeinen Krankenpflegestationen. Praxis und Organisation eines anästhesiologischen postoperativen Schmerzdienstes (APS). Der Schmerz 8:111-118
120. Yaksh TL, Grafe MR, Malkmus S, Rathbun M, Eisenach JC (1995) Studies on the safety of chronically administered intrathecal neostigmine methylsulfate in rats and dogs. Anesthesiology 82:412-427
121. Yaksh TL, Rathbun M, Jage J, Mirzai T, Grafe M, Hues RA (1994) Pharmacology and toxicology of chronically infused epidural clonidine-HCl in dogs. Fund Appl Toxicol 23:319-335
122. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Motokawa K, Ishizawa Y (1989) Intrathecal morphine dose-response data for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1990 70 168-171
123. Zimmermann M (1991) Central nervous mechanisms modulating pain-related information: do they become deficient after lesions of the peripheral or central nervous system? In: Casey KL (ed) Pain and central nervous system disease: The central pain syndromes. Raven Press, New York, pp 183-199
124. de Leon-Casasola OA, Lema MJ (1996) Postoperative epidural opioid analgesia: what are the choices? Anesth Analg 83:867-875
125. Keser C, Groh J, Schramm W, Peter K (1996) Thromboembolieprophylaxe mit niedrig dosiertem Heparin und rückenmarknahe Anästhesie - ein riskante Kombination? Anaesthesist 45:1203-1210