Shell structure of the superheavy elements

Nuclear Physics A

Volumn 611, Issue 2-3, 1996, Pages 211-246

  Cwiok S ^a,b   Dobaczewski, J ^a,c   Heenen, P H ^d   Magierski, P ^b   Nazarewicz, W ^c,e,f  

^a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Poland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^d UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^f OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030599632     PISSN: 03759474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0375-9474(96)00337-5     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. [1] S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko, A.V. Yeremin, A.N. Andreyev, S. Saro, R. Janik and M. Leino, Z. Phys. A 350 (1995) 277, 281.
2. [2] S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko, A.V. Yeremin, S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino, Z. Phys. A 354 (1996) 229.
3. [3] A. Ghiorso, D. Lee, L.P. Somerville, W. Loveland, J.M. Nitschke, W. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg, P. Wilmarth, R. Leres, A. Wydler, M. Nurmia, K. Gregorich, K. Czerwinski, R. Gaylord, T. Hamilton, N.J. Hannink, D.C. Hoffman, C. Jarzynski, C. Kacher, B. Kadkhodayan, S. Kreek, M. Lane, A. Lyon, M.A. McMahan, M. Neu, T. Sikkeland, W.J. Swiatecki, A. Türler, J.T. Walton and S. Yashita, Nucl. Phys. A 583 (1995) 861c; Phys. Rev. C 51 (1995) R2293.
4. [3] A. Ghiorso, D. Lee, L.P. Somerville, W. Loveland, J.M. Nitschke, W. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg, P. Wilmarth, R. Leres, A. Wydler, M. Nurmia, K. Gregorich, K. Czerwinski, R. Gaylord, T. Hamilton, N.J. Hannink, D.C. Hoffman, C. Jarzynski, C. Kacher, B. Kadkhodayan, S. Kreek, M. Lane, A. Lyon, M.A. McMahan, M. Neu, T. Sikkeland, W.J. Swiatecki, A. Türler, J.T. Walton and S. Yashita, Nucl. Phys. A 583 (1995) 861c; Phys. Rev. C 51 (1995) R2293.
5. [4] Y.T. Oganessian, Nucl. Phys. A 583 (1995) 823c.
6. [5] S. Ćwiok, V.V. Pashkevich, J. Dudek and W. Nazarewicz, Nucl. Phys. A 410 (1983) 254.
7. [6] S. Ćwiok, Z. Łojewski and V.V. Pashkevich, Nucl. Phys. A 444 (1985) 1.
8. [7] K. Böning, Z. Patyk, A. Sobiczewski and S. Ćwiok, Z. Phys. A 325 (1986) 479.
9. [8] A. Sobiczewski, Z. Patyk and S. Ćwiok, Phys. Lett. B 186 (1987) 6.
10. [9] A. Sobiczewski, Z. Patyk and S. Ćwiok, Phys. Lett. B 224 (1989) 1.
11. [10] Z. Patyk, A. Sobiczewski, P. Armbruster and K.-H. Schmidt, Nucl. Phys. A 491 (1989) 267.
12. [11] S. Ćwiok and A. Sobiczewski, Z. Phys. A 342 (1992) 203.
13. [12] Yu.A. Lazarev, Yu.V. Lobanov, Yu.S. Oganessian, V.K. Utyonkov, F.Sh. Abdulin, G.V. Buklanov, B.N. Gikal, S. Iliev, A.N. Mezentsev, V.N. Polyakov, I.M. Sedykh, I.V. Shirokovsky, V.G. Subbotin, A.M. Sukhov, Yu.S. Tsyganov, V.E. Zhuchko, R.W. Lougheed, K.J. Moody, J.F. Wild, E.K. Hulet and J.H. McQuaid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 624.
14. [13] S. Ćwiok, S. Hofmann and W. Nazarewicz, Nucl. Phys. A 573 (1994) 356.
15. [14] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, J. Phys. G 20 (1994) 1681.
16. [15] R. Smolańczuk, J. Skalski and A. Sobiczewski, Phys. Rev. C 52 (1995) 1871.
17. [16] G. Münzenberg, Rep. Prog. Phys. 51 (1988) 57.
18. [17] K. Kumar, Phys. Scr. 32 (1990) 31.
19. [18] K.-H. Schmidt and W. Morawek, Rep. Prog. Phys. 54 (1991) 949.
20. [19] S. Hofmann, Proc. Int. Conf. on Low Energy Nuclear Dynamics, St. Petersburg, Russia, April 18-22, 1995; preprint GSI-95-25.
21. [20] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, Nucl. Phys. A 361 (1981) 117.
22. [21] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 26 (1981) 165.
23. [22] R. Bengtsson, P. Möller, J.R. Nix and J.-Y. Zhang, Phys. Scr. 29 (1984) 402.
24. [23] P. Möller, G.A. Leander and J.R. Nix, Z. Phys. A 323 (1986) 41.
25. [24] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 39 (1988) 213.
26. [25] P. Möller, W.D. Myers, W.J. Swiatecki and J. Treiner, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 39 (1988) 225.
27. [26] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, Nucl. Phys. A 549 (1992) 84.
28. [27] P. Möller, J.R. Nix, W.D. Myers and W.J. Swiatecki, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 59 (1995) 185.
29. [28] Z. Patyk, J. Skalski, A. Sobiczewski and S. Ćwiok, Nucl. Phys. A 502 (1989) 591c.
30. [29] Z. Patyk and A. Sobiczewski, Nucl. Phys. A 533 (1991) 132.
31. [30] K. Kumar, Superheavy Elements (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1989).
32. [31] P. Bonche, H. Flocard, P.H. Heenen, S.J. Krieger and M.S. Weiss, Nucl. Phys. A 443 (1985) 39.
33. [32] J. Dobaczewski, H. Flocard and J. Treiner, Nucl. Phys. A 422 (1984) 103.
34. [33] J. Dobaczewski, W. Nazarewicz and T.R. Werner, Phys Scr. 56 (1995) 15.
35. [34] E. Chabanat, P. Bonche, P. Haensel, J. Meyer and F. Schaeffer, Phys. Scr. 56 (1995) 231; submitted to Nucl. Phys. A.
36. [35] E. Chabanat, Interactions effectives pour des conditions extrêmes d'isospin, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Thesis 1995, LYCEN T 9501, unpublished.
37. [36] X. Campi and S. Stringari, Nucl. Phys. A 337 (1980) 313.
38. [37] J. Bartel, P. Quentin, M. Brack, C. Guet and H.B. Håkansson, Nucl. Phys. A 386 (1982) 79.
39. [38] J. Treiner and H. Krivine, Ann. Phys. (NY) 170 (1986) 406.
40. [39] Y. Nogami, Phys. Rev. 134 (1964) B313.
41. [40] H.C. Pradhan, Y. Nogami and J. Law, Nucl. Phys. A 201 (1973) 357.
42. [41] G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 595 (1995) 409; Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 1.
43. [41] G. Audi and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 595 (1995) 409; Nucl. Phys. A 565 (1993) 1.
44. [42] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, Nucl. Phys. A 536 (1992) 20.
45. [43] A.S. Jensen and A. Miranda, Nucl. Phys. A 449 (1986) 331.
46. [44] W. Nazarewicz, J. Dobaczewski and T.R. Werner, Phys. Scr. 56 (1995) 9.
47. [45] J. Dobaczewski, I. Hamamoto, W. Nazarewicz and J.A. Sheikh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 981.
48. [46] V.M. Strutinsky, Nucl. Phys. A 95 (1967) 420.
49. [47] M. Brack, J. Damgård, A.S. Jensen, H.C. Pauli, V.M. Strutinsky and C.Y. Wong, Rev. Mod. Phys. 44 (1972) 320.
50. [48] S. Ćwiok, J. Dudek, W. Nazarewicz, J. Skalski and T. Werner, Comput. Phys. Commun. 46 (1987) 379.
51. [49] R. Bengtsson and W. Nazarewicz, Z. Phys. A 334 (1989) 269.
52. [50] J. Dudek, Z. Szymański and T. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 23 (1981) 920.
53. [51] A. Sobiczewski, F.A. Gareev and B.N. Kalinkin, Phys. Lett. 22 (1966) 500.
54. [52] H. Meldner, Ark. Fys. 36 (1967) 593.
55. [53] A. Bohr and B.R. Mottelson, Nuclear Structure, Vol. 1 (Benjamin, New York, 1969).
56. [54] G. Mairle, Z. Phys. A 350 (1995) 285.
57. [55] S.G. Nilsson, Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, ed. M.A.K. Lodhi (Pergamon, Oxford, 1978) p. 237.
58. [56] Y. Tanaka, Y. Oda, F. Petrovich and R.K. Sheline, Phys. Lett. B 83 (1979) 279.
59. [57] W.D. Myers and W.J. Swiatecki, Nucl. Phys. A 81 (1966) 1.
60. [58] C.Y. Wong, Phys. Lett. 21 (1966) 688.
61. [59] C. Gustafson, I.L. Lamm, B. Nilsson and S.G. Nilsson, Ark. Fys. 36 (1967) 613.
62. [60] E. Rost, Phys. Lett. B 26 (1968) 184.
63. [61] U. Mosel and W. Greiner, Z. Phys. 222 (1969) 261.
64. [62] S.G. Nilsson, C.-F. Tsang, A. Sobiczewski, Z. Szymański, S. Wycech, C. Gustafson, I.-L. Lamm, P. Möller and B. Nilsson, Nucl. Phys. A 131 (1969) 1.
65. [63] Yu.A. Muzychka, Phys. Lett. B 28 (1969) 539.
66. [64] A. Sobiczewski, T. Krogulski, J. Błocki and Z. Szymański, Nucl. Phys. A 168 (1971) 519.
67. [65] T.A. Johansson, Nucl. Phys. A 183 (1972) 33.
68. [66] P.E. Nemirovskiǐ and B.N. Vinogradov, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1972) 545.
69. [67] R.R. Chasman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 544.
70. [68] A. Łukasiak and A. Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B 6 (1975) 147.
71. [69] C.Y. Wong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1976) 664.
72. [70] F. Petrovich, R.J. Philpott, D. Robson, J.J. Bevelacqua, M. Golin and D. Stanley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 (1976) 558.
73. [71] R.R. Chasman, Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, ed. M.A.K. Lodhi (Pergamon, Oxford, 1978) p. 363.
74. [72] J. Dudek, Acta Phys. Pol. B 9 (1978) 919.
75. [73] J.M. Moss, Phys. Rev. C 17 (1978) 813.
76. [74] P. Mukherjee, K. Krishan and G. Banerjee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 (1980) 1391.
77. [75] D. Vautherin, M, Vénéroni and D.M. Brink, Phys. Lett. B 33 (1970) 381.
78. [76] K.T.R. Davies and R.J. McCarthy, Phys. Rev. C 4 (1971) 81.
79. [77] H.S. Köhler, Nucl. Phys. A 162 (1971) 385; A 170 (1971) 88.
80. [77] H.S. Köhler, Nucl. Phys. A 162 (1971) 385; A 170 (1971) 88.
81. [78] W.H. Bassichis and A.K. Kerman, Phys. Rev. C 6 (1972) 370.
82. [79] D. Vautherin and D.M. Brink, Phys. Rev. C 5 (1972) 626.
83. [80] G. Saunier and B. Rouben, Phys. Rev. C 6 (1972) 591.
84. [81] B. Rouben, J.M. Pearson and G. Saunier, Phys. Lett. B 42 (1972) 385.
85. [82] R.J. Lombard, Ann. Phys. (NY) 77 (1973) 380.
86. [83] H. Flocard, J. de Phys. Suppl. 34 (1973) C4.
87. [84] M. Beiner, H. Flocard, M. Vénéroni and and P. Quentin, Phys. Scr. A 10 (1974) 84.
88. [85] M. Brack and P. Quentin, Phys. Scr. A 10 (1974) 163.
89. [86] R.Y. Cusson, H.P. Trivedi, H.W. Meldner, M.W. Weiss and R.E. Wright, Phys. Rev. C 14 (1976) 1615.
90. [87] B. Rouben, F. Brut, J.M. Pearson and G. Saunier, Phys. Lett. B 70 (1977) 6.
91. [88] M. Vallières and D.W.L. Sprung, Phys. Lett. B 67 (1977) 253.
92. [89] D. Kolb, Z. Phys. A 280 (1977) 143.
93. [90] M. Brack, P. Quentin and D. Vautherin, Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, ed. M.A.K. Lodhi (Pergamon, Oxford, 1978) p. 309.
94. [91] H.S. Köhler, Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, ed. M.A.K. Lodhi (Pergamon, Oxford, 1978) p. 387.
95. [92] F. Tondeur, Z. Phys. A 288 (1978) 97.
96. [93] F. Tondeur, Z. Phys. A 297 (1980) 61.
97. [94] Y.K. Gambhir, P. Ring and A. Thimet, Ann. Phys. (NY) 198 (1990) 132.
98. [95] H.F. Boersma, Phys. Rev. C 48 (1993) 472.
99. [96] J.-F. Berger, L. Bitaud, J. Dechargé, M. Girod and S. Peru-Desenfants, Proc. of Int. Hirschegg Workshop XXIV, Extremes of Nuclear Structure, eds. H. Feldmeier, J. Knoll and W. Nörenberg (GSI, Darmstadt, 1996) p. 56.
100. [97] P. Möller and J.R. Nix, Phys. Lett. 37 (1976) 1461.
101. [98] F. Petrovich, Proc. Int. Symp. on Superheavy Elements, Lubbock, ed. M.A.K. Lodhi (Pergamon, Oxford, 1978) p. 327.
102. [99] C.G. Andersson, S.E. Larsson, G.A. Leander, S.G. Nilsson, I. Ragnarsson and S. Åberg, Phys. Lett. B 65 (1977) 209.
103. [100] C. Guet, H.-B. Håkansson and M. Brack, Phys. Lett. B 97 (1980) 7.
104. [101] Y. Yariv, T. Lederberger and H.C. Pauli, Z. Phys. A 278 (1976) 225.
105. [102] N.V. Zamfir, G. Hering, R.F. Casten and P. Paul, Phys. Lett. B 357 (1995) 515.
106. [103] M. Bolsterli, E.O. Fiset, J.R. Nix and J.L. Norton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 (1971) 681.
107. [104] R. Boleu, S.G. Nilsson, R.K. Sheline and K. Takahashi, Phys. Lett. B 40 (1972) 517.
108. [105] W.J. Swiatecki, Transcript of discussion, Phys. Scr. A 10 (1974).
109. [106] R. Bengtsson, S.E. Larsson, S.G. Nilsson and I. Ragnarsson, Phys. Lett. B 55 (1975) 6.
110. [107] W.D. Myers and W.J. Swiatecki, Ark. Fys. 36 (1967) 343.
111. [108] R.W. Hasse and W.D. Myers, Geometrical Relationships of Macroscopic Nuclear Physics (Springer, Berlin, 1988).
112. [109] N. Tajima, S. Takahara and N. Onishi, Nucl. Phys. A 603 (1996) 23.
113. [110] Y. Aboussir, J.M. Pearson, A.K. Dutta and F. Tondeur, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 61 (1995) 127.
114. [111] M. Brack and P. Quentin, Phys. Lett. B 56 (1975) 421.
115. [112] W. Nazarewicz, T.R. Werner and J. Dobaczewski, Phys. Rev. C 50 (1994) 2860.
116. [113] M. Beiner, R.J. Lombard and D. Mas, Nucl. Phys. A 249 (1975) 1.
117. [114] R. Smolańczuk and J. Dobaczewski, Phys. Rev. C 48 (1993) R2166.
118. [115] E.O. Fiset and J. Nix, Nucl. Phys. A 193 (1972) 647.
119. [116] V.E. Viola, Jr. and G.T. Seaborg, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28 (1966) 741.
120. [117] R. Smolańczuk, J. Skalski and A. Sobiczewski, Proc. of Int. Hirschegg Workshop XXIV, Extremes of Nuclear Structure, eds. H. Feldmeier, J. Knoll and W. Nörenberg (GSI, Darmstadt, 1996) p. 35.
121. [118] A. Sobiczewski, R. Smolańczuk and Z. Patyk, J. Alloys Comp. 213/214 (1994) 38.
122. [119] J. Dechargé and L. Pangault, Raport CEA-R-5672 (1994).
123. [120] S. Hofmann, in: Particle Emission from Nuclei, Vol. 2, eds. M. Ivascu and D.N. Poenaru (CRC, Boca Raton, 1989), Ch. 2; in: Nuclear Decay Modes, ed. D.N. Poenaru (Inst. of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1996) p. 143.
124. [120] S. Hofmann, in: Particle Emission from Nuclei, Vol. 2, eds. M. Ivascu and D.N. Poenaru (CRC, Boca Raton, 1989), Ch. 2; in: Nuclear Decay Modes, ed. D.N. Poenaru (Inst. of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1996) p. 143.
125. [121] W. Nazarewicz, J. Dobaczewski, T.R. Werner, J.A. Maruhn, P.-G. Reinhard, K. Rutz, C.R. Chinn, A.S. Umar and M.R. Strayer, Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996) 740.
126. [122] D.N. Poenaru and W. Greiner, in: Handbook of Nuclear Properties, eds. D.N. Poenaru and W. Greiner (Clarendon, Oxford, 1996) p. 131.
127. [123] A. Baran, K. Pomorski, A. Lukasiak, A. Sobiczewski, Nucl. Phys. A 361 (1981) 83.