A perspective on nonocluster catalysis: Polyoxoanion and (n- C4H9)4N+ stabilized Ir(0)(~300) nanocluster 'soluble heterogeneous catalysts'

Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical

Volumn 114, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 29-51

  Aiken III, John D ^a   Lin, Yin ^a   Finke, Richard G ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Catalytic lifetime; Heterogeneous catalysis; Homogeneous catalysis; Hydrogen spillover; Hydrogenations; Nanocolloids; polyoxoanion stabilized clusters; Polyoxoanions; Soluble metal particle catalysis; Thermal stability; Transition metal nanoclusters

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030599588     PISSN: 13811169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1381-1169(96)00302-0     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. [1] (a) M.T. Pope, Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 1983;
2. (b) V.W. Day and W.G. Klemperer, Science, 228 (1985) 533;
3. (c) M.T. Pope and A. Müller, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30 (1991) 34:
4. (d) L.C.W. Baker, in S. Kirschner (Ed.), Advances in the Chemistry of Coordination Compounds MacMillan, New York, 1961, p. 604.
5. [2] (a) Reference [1]a and the references therein;
6. (b) W.G. Klemperer and A. Yagasaki. Chem. Lett. (1989) 2041:
7. (c) V.W. Day. W.G. Klemperer, and A. Yagasaki, Chem. Lett. (1990) 1267;
8. (d) V.W. Day, W.G. Klemperer, and D.J. Main, Inorg. Chem., 29 (1990) 2345-55;
9. (e) W.G. Klemperer and D.J. Main, Inorg. Chem., 29 (1990) 2355-60;
10. (f) For a recent review of polyoxoanion-based homogeneous catalysts see: C.L. Hill and C.M. Prosser-McCartha, Coord. Chem. Rev., 143 (1995) 407.
11. [3] (a) R.G. Finke and M.W. Droege, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106 (1984) 7274;
12. (b) D.J. Edlund, R.J. Saxton, D.K. Lyon, and R.G. Finke, Organometallics, 7 (1988) 1692;
13. (c) R.G. Finke, B. Rapko, and P.J. Domaille, Organometallics, 5 (1986) 175.
14. [4] (a) R.G. Finke, D.K. Lyon, K. Nomiya, S. Sur. and N. Mizuno, Inorg. Chem., 29 (1990) 1784;
15. (b) M. Pohl and R.G. Finke, Organometallics, 12 (1993) 1453;
16. (c) M. Pohl, D.K. Lyon, N. Mizuno, K. Nomiya, and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 34 (1995) 1413;
17. (d) K. Nomiya, N. Mizuno, D.K. Lyon, and R.G. Finke, Polyoxoanion-Supported, Atomically Dispersed Iridium(I) and Rhodium(I), Inorg. Chem, (1996) in press;
18. 62, Inorg. Chem., in press;
19. 8-: R.G. Finke, in A. Müller and M.T. Pope (Eds.), Polyoxometalates: From Platonic Solids to Anti-Retroviral Activity; Proceedings of the July 15-17, 1992 Meeting at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Bielefeld, Germany Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994;
20. (g) W.J. Randall, T.J.R. Weakly, and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 32 (1993) 1068.
21. [5] For catalysis under oxidative conditions [5]a,b, where mechanistic studies indicate that the oxidized Ir remains atomically dispersed and polyoxoanion-supported [5]c, see: (a) N. Mizuno, D.K. Lyon, and R.G. Finke, J. Catal., 128 (1991) 84;
22. (b) N. Mizuno, D.K. Lyon, and R.G. Finke, U.S. Patent 5,252,739, Oct. 5, 1993;
23. 62], manuscript in preparation.
24. [6] (a) Y. Lin and R.G. Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (1994) 8335;
25. (b) M. Watzky, R.G. Finke, Nanocluster Formation Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies. A New Mechanistic Paradigm: Slow, Continuous Nucleation and Fast Autocatalytic Surface Growth Under Hydrogen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., submitted.
26. [7] Y. Lin and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 33 (1994) 4891.
27. [8] (a) D.J. Edlund, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, September, 1987;
28. (b) A patent based primarily on this thesis has been issued: D.J. Edlund, R.J. Saxton, and R.G. Finke, U.S. Patent 5,116,796, May 26, 1992:
29. (c) D.K. Lyon and R.G. Finke, Inorg. Chem., 29 (1990) 1787.
30. 19] For lead references see: (a) K. Esumi, T. Tano, and K. Meguro, Langmuir, 5 (1989) 268;
31. (b) L.N. Lewis and N. Lewis, Chem. Mater., 1 (1989) 106;
32. (c) N. Satoh and K. Kimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 62 (1989) 1758:
33. (d) J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret, and A. Duteil, Chem. Mater., 5 (1992) 254;
34. (e) A. Deteil, R. Queau, and B. Chaudret, Chem. Mater., 5 (1993) 341;
35. (f) O.J.A. Schneller, N.L. Pocard, M.E. Huston, R.J. Spontak, T.X. Neenan, and M.R. Callstrom, Chem. Mater., 5 (1993) 11;
36. 570± 30 and related nanoclusters: 1.I. Moiseev, M.N. Vargaftik, V.V. Volkov, G.A. Tsirkov, N.V. Cherkashina, V.M. Novotortsev. O.G. Ellert, I.A. Petrunenko, A.L. Chuvilin, A.V. Kvit, Mendeleev Commun., (1995) 87 (and references therein to earlier papers in this series);
37. (h) M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser, U. Stimming, N. Breuer, R. Vogel, Science, 267 (1995) 367;
38. (i) R.A.T.M. van Benthem, H. Hiemstra, P.W.N.M. van Leeuwen, J.W. Geus, W.N. Speckamp, Angew. Chem. Int. Eng. Ed., 34 (1995) 457;
39. (j) Clusters and Colloids. From Theory to Applications (G. Schmidt, Ed.), VCH Publishers, New York, 1994;
40. (k) G. Schmid, V. Maihack, F. Lantermann, S. Peschel, J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., (1996) 589;
41. (l) G. Schmid, S. Emde, V. Maihack, W. Meyer-Zaika, S. Peschel, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical, 107 (1996) 95;
42. (m) G. Schmid, H. West, J.-O. Malm, J.-O. Bovin, C. Grenthe, Chem. Eur. J., 2 (1996) 147.
43. [10] Lead references: (a) M.P. Andrews and G.A. Ozin, Chem. Mater., 2 (1989) 174, and the references herein;
44. (b) K.J. Klabunde, J. Habdas, and G. Cardenas-Trivino, Chem. Mater., 1 (1989) 481;
45. (c) E.B. Zuckerman, K.J. Klabunde, B.J. Olivier, and C.M. Sorensen, Chem. Mater., 1 (1989) 12;
46. (d) S.-T. Lin, M.T. Franklin, and K.J. Klabunde, Langmuir, 2 (1986) 259;
47. (e) T.G. Cardenas, K.J. Klabunde, and E.B. Dale, Langmuir, 3 (1987) 986;
48. (f) J.S. Bradley, E. Hill, M.E. Leonowicz, and H. Witzke, J. Mol. Catal., 41 (1987) 59;
49. (g) J.S. Bradley, J.M. Millar, E.W. Hill, and S. Behal, J. Catal., 129 (1991) 530;
50. (h) J.S. Bradley, in G. Schmidt (Ed.), Clusters and Colloids. From Theory to Applications VCH Publishers, New York, 1994, p.459-544;
51. (j) A. Rodriguez, C. Amiens, B. Chaudret, M.-J. Casanove, P. Lecante, J.S. Bradley, Chem. Mater., 8 (1996) 1978;
52. (k) R.L. Whetten, J.T. Khoury, M.M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmar, Z.L. Wang, P.S. Stephens, C.L. Clevland. W.D. Ludtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater., 8 (1996) 428.
53. [11] (a) H. Bönnemann. W. Brijoux. R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, and B. Korall, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30 (1991) 1312;
54. (b) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretze, T. Joussen, R. Köpper, B. Korall, P. Neiteler, and J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal., 86 (1994) 129;
55. (c) Review: H. Bönneman, W. Brijoux, in A. Ftirstner (Editor), Active Metals, VCH Publishers, New York, 1996, Chapter 9, p. 339-397.
56. [12] (a) G. Schmid, N. Klein, B. Morun, A. Lehnert, and J.O. Malm, Pure Appl, Chem., 62 (1990) 1175;
57. (b) B.K. Teo and N.J.A. Sloane, Inorg. Chem., 24 (1985) 4545;
58. (c) A.F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry. 4th Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. Pages 123 and 131 provide a concise discussion of sphere packings and their relationships to the 12 nearest neighbor atoms that define cubooctahedral (ccp, or equivalently, fee) and twinned cubooctahedral (hep) discrete structures.
59. [13] Two recent books covering nanoclusters and related topics: (a) Reference [9]j;
60. (b) Physics and Chemistry of Metal Cluster Compounds, L.J. De Jongh (Ed.), Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994.
61. [14] Reviews on nanoclusters: (a) P. Jena, B.K. Rao, S.N. Khanna (Eds.), Physics and Chemistry of Small Clusters Plenum Press, New York (1987);
62. (b) R.P. Andres, R.S. Averback. W.L. Brown, L.E. Brus, W.A. Goddard. A. Kaldor, S.G. Louie, M. Moscovits, P.S. Peercy, S.J. Riley, R.W. Siegel, F. Spaepen, Y. Wang, J. Mater. Res., 4 (1989) 704, this is a Panel Report from the United States Department of Energy, Council on Materials Science on Research Opportunities on Clusters and Cluster-assembled Materials;
63. (c) J.M. Thomas. Pure Appl. Chem., 60 (1988) 1517:
64. (d) A. Henglein, Chem. Rev., 89 (1989) 1861;
65. (e) A superb series of papers, complete with a record of the insightful comments by the experts attending the conference, is available in: Faraday Discussions, 92 (1991) 1-300;
66. (f) Reference [10]h.
67. [15] (a) Reference [10]h;
68. (b) K. Kurihara. J.H. Fendler. I. Ravet, J.B. Nagy, J. Mol. Catal., 344 (1986) 325;
69. (c) G. Schmid, Chapter 1 in Aspects of Homogeneous Catalysis (R. Ugo, Ed.), Vol. 7, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990.
70. 2 catalyzed by a series of 10 different batches of the Pd colloids: I. Willner, D. Mandler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111 (1989) 1330.
71. [17] Chemical Catalysis by Colloids and Clusters, L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev., 93 (1993) 2693-2730.
72. [18] Bond, G.C. Accts. Chem. Res., 26 (1993) 490.
73. [19] Colloids texts: (a) R.J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, New York 1987;
74. (b) B. Ranby (Ed.), Physical Chemistry of Colloids and Macro-molecules, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Boston 1987;
75. (c) J.W. Goodwin (Ed.). Colloidal Dispersions The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1982;
76. (d) J. Heicklen, Colloid Formation and Growth: A Chemical Kinetics Approach. Academic Press, New York, 1976:
77. (e) P.C. Hiemenz, Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986;
78. (f) S. Ross. I.D. Morrison, Colloidal Systems and Interfaces, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1988;
79. (g) D.A. Fridrikhsberg, A Course in Colloid Chemistry. Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986;
80. (h) D.H. Everett, Basic Principles of Colloid Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. London, 1988.
81. [20] The Bell Labs record for near-monodispersity CdS clusters: A.P. Alivisatos, A.L. Harris, M.L. Levinos, M.L. Steigerwald, L.E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys., 89 (1988) 4001.
82. [21] (a) HPLC separation of CdS nanoclusters (which was, not unexpectedly, prefered in terms of the speed of separation to gel electrophoresis [21]b): Ch.-H. Fischer, H. Weller, L. Katsikas, A. Henglein, Langmuir, 5 (1989) 429;
83. (b) Gel electrophoresis of CdS nanoclusters: A. Eychmüller, L. Katsika, H. Weller, Langmuir. 6 (1990) 1605:
84. (c) Sephacryl gel size-exclusion chromatography of CdS nanoparticles: Ch.-H. Fischer, J. Lilie, H. Weller. L. Katsikas, A. Henglein. Ber. Bunsenges. Phy. Chem., 93 (1989) 61.
85. [22] (a) J.K. Beattie, Pure Appl. Chem., 61 (1989) 937;
86. (b) E. Matijevic, Chem. Mater., 5 (1993) 412, this paper contains an especially valuable discussion of the (poor) state of understanding of the mechanisms of formation of monodispersed particles;
87. (c) J.-L. Look, G.H. Bogush, C.F. Zukoski, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 90 (1990) 345;
88. (d) V.K. LaMer, R.H. Dinegar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72 (1950) 4847; see also V.K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44 (1952) 1270. This classic work on the nucleation steps in the formation of monodispersed particles has, however, been labeled as too simplistic to account for the facts that are now available (and has also been hinted at as 'overcited') [22]e;
89. (d) V.K. LaMer, R.H. Dinegar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72 (1950) 4847; see also V.K. LaMer, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44 (1952) 1270. This classic work on the nucleation steps in the formation of monodispersed particles has, however, been labeled as too simplistic to account for the facts that are now available (and has also been hinted at as 'overcited') [22]e;
90. (e) P.R. Van Rheenen, M.J. McKelvy, W.S. Glaunsinger, J. Solid State Chem., 67 (1987) 151, this paper discusses the classical law (von Weimarn's law) which relates concentration to growth of a precipitate. As such, it is not directly relevant to the present work, but is still cited here for the interested leader;
91. (f) M.L. Steigerwald, L. Brus, Acc. Chem. Res., 23 (1990) 183;
92. (g) M.Y. Lin, H.M. Lindsay, D.A. Weitz, R.C. Ball. R. Klein, P. Meakin. Nature, 339 (1989) 360;
93. (h) J.R. Melrose, J. Chem. Phys., 92 (1990) 4595;
94. (i) A. Fojtik, H. Welter, U. Koch, A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 88 (1984) 969.
95. [23] Key lead references to magic number clusters: (a) Reference [12]a;
96. (b) G. Schmid, N. Klein, B. Morun, A. Lehnert, J.O. Malm, Pure Appl. Chem., 62 (1990) 1175-7;
97. (c) M.N. Vargaftik, V.P. Zagorodnikov, I.P. Stolarov, I.I. Moiseev, D.I. Kochubey, V.A. Likholobov, A.L. Chuvilin, K.I. Zamaraev, J. Mol. Catal., 53 (1989) 315;
98. (d) A. Howie, Farad. Discuss., 92 (1991) 1-11 (see p 2-3);
99. (e) See also Ref. [12]c.
100. [24] J. Schwartz, Accts. Chem. Res., 18 (1985) 302.
101. [25] For a general discussion on the stability of colloids or nanoclusters sec, for example: (a) C.S. Hirtzel, R. Rajagopalan, Colloidal Phenomena: Advanced Topics, Noyes Publications. New Jersey. 1985, p. 27-39. 73-87;
102. (b) R.J. Hunter. Foundations of Colloid Science, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press. New York. 1987, p. 316-492.
103. [26] Examples of charge-or polymer-stabilized colloids or nanoclusters in aqueous solution: (a) M. Faraday, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 147 (1857) 145;
104. (b) P.R. Van Rheenen, M.J. McKelvy, W.S. Glaunsinger, J. Solid State Chem., 67 (1987) 151;
105. (c) Y. Nakao, K.J. Kaeriyama, Colloid and Interface Sci., 110 (1986) 82;
106. (d) M. Boutonnet, J. Kizling, P. Stenius, G. Maire, Colloids and Surfaces, 5 (1982) 209-25;
107. (e) G. Schmid, A. Lehnert, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 28 (1989) 780;
108. (f) G. Natanson, F. Amar. R.S. Berry, J. Chem. Phys., 78 (1983) 399;
109. (g) Y. Nagatu, Y. Watananabe, S.-I. Fujita, T. Dohmaru, S.J. Taniguchi, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1992) 1620;
110. (h) S.A. Yeung, R. Hobson, S. Biggs, F. Grieser, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1993) 378;
111. 6. followed by standing them in air for several days, see: A. Harriman, J.M. Thomas, Nouveau J. de Chimie, 11 (1987) 757.
112. [27] (a) Fig. A is from: C.S. Hirtzel. R. Rajagopalan, Colloidal Phenomena: Advanced Topics, Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1985, p. 27-39, 73-87;
113. (b) Fig. B is from: R.J. Hunter, Foundations of Colloid Science. Vol. 1, Oxford University Press. New York, 1987, p. 316-492.
114. [28] H. Hirai, Y. Nakao. N. Toshima, J. Macromol. Sci.-Chem., A13 (1979) 727.
115. [29] (a) M.E. Labib, The Origin of Surface Charge on Particles Suspended in Organic Liquids, Colloids and Surfaces. 29 (1988) 293;
116. (b) J. O'M. Brockris, A.K.N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. II, Plenum Press, 1973.
117. [30] (a) C. Rong, F.C. Anson., Analytical Chem., 66 (1994) 3124;
118. (b) M. Ge, B. Zhong, W.G. Klemperer, and A.A. Gewirth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 5812;
119. (c) For discussions of the related topics of specific (and non-specific) adsorption, see Bard and Faulkner: A.J. Bard. L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley. New York, 1980, p. 511-540.
120. [31] H. Bönnemann. R. Brinkmann, P. Neitler, Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 8 (1994) 361.
121. [32] (a) M.T. Reetz and W. Helbig, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116 (1994) 7401:
122. (b) T. Yonezawa, T. Tominaga, and D. Richard. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (1996) 783:
123. (c) M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. Int. Eng. Ed., 34 (1995) 2240;
124. (d) M.T. Reetz, W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser. Chem. Mater., 7 (1995) 2227:
125. (e) M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser. R. Breinhauer, B. Tesche, Angew. Chem. Int. Eng. Ed.. 34 (1995) 2728:
126. (f) U. Kolb, S.A. Quaiser, M. Winter, M.T. Reetz, Chem. Mater., 8 (1996) 1889;
127. (g) M.T. Reetz, G. Lohmer, Chem. Commun., (1996) 1921;
128. (h) M.T. Reetz, R. Breinbauer, K. Wanninger. Tetrahedron Lett.. 37 (1996) 4499;
129. (i) Review: M.T. Reetz. W. Helbig, S.A. Quaiser, in A. Fürstner (Editor). Active Metals, VCH Publishers. New York, 1996, Chapter 7, p. 279-297;
130. (j) M.T. Reetz, S.A. Quaiser, M. Winter, J.A. Becker, R. Schaufer, U. Stimming, A. Marmann, R. Vogel. T. Konno, Angew. Chem. Int. Eng. Ed.. 35 (1996) 2092.
131. -11 -2 [33]e;
132. (b) J. Turkevich, J. Chem. Phys., 13 (1945) 235; J. Turkevich, P.C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss Faraday Soc., 11 (1951) 55; J. Turkevich. G. Kim, Science. 169 (1970) 873;
133. (b) J. Turkevich, J. Chem. Phys., 13 (1945) 235; J. Turkevich, P.C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss Faraday Soc., 11 (1951) 55; J. Turkevich. G. Kim, Science. 169 (1970) 873;
134. (b) J. Turkevich, J. Chem. Phys., 13 (1945) 235; J. Turkevich, P.C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Discuss Faraday Soc., 11 (1951) 55; J. Turkevich. G. Kim, Science. 169 (1970) 873;
135. (c) P.-A. Brugger, P. Cuendet. M. Grätzel. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103 (1981) 2923;
136. (d) F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed.; Interscience, New York, 1972, p. 397-398:
137. (e) A. Henglein, Chem. Phys. Lett., 154 (1989) 473;
138. (f) See references 3a-c elsewhere [6]a;
139. (g) Reference [22]i.
140. [34] D.J. Shaw, Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 4th ed.: Butterworths-Heinemann: Boston (1992) 174-176.
141. [35] (a) M.N. Vargaftik. I.I. Moiseev. D.I. Kochubey. K.I. Zamaraev, Faraday Discuss., 92 (1990 13-29 (see Table 4, p. 26, and the rate constants therein):
142. (b) Reference [23]c:
143. (c) I.I. Moiseev, M.N. Vargaftik, T.V. Chernysheva, T.A. Stromnova, A.E. Gekhman, G.A. Tsirkov, A.M. Makhlind, J. Mol. Cat. A: Chem., 108 (1996) 77;
144. (d) V.V. Volkov. G. Van Tendeloo, G.A. Tsirkov, N.V. Cherashina. N.M. Vargaftik, I.I. Moiseev, V.M. Novotortsev, A.V. Kvit. A.L. Chuvilin. J. Crystal Growth, 163 (1996) 377.
145. [36] (a) Palladium: J.S. Bradley, E. Hill, M.E. Leonowicz, H. Witzke, J. Mol. Catal., 41 (1987) 59;
146. (b) Ruthenium: J.S. Bradley, J.M. Millar, E.W. Hill. S. Behal. B. Chaudret, A. Duteil, Faraday Discuss., 92 (1991) 255.
147. [37] (a) L.N. Lewis, N. Lewis, J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 108 (1986) 7228:
148. (b) L.N. Lewis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108 (1986) 743;
149. (c) L.N. Lewis, N. Lewis. R.J. Uriarte, in W.R. Moser, D.W. Slocum (Eds.), Adv. Chem. Ser., Vol. 230, American Chemical Society, 1992, p. 541;
150. (d) L.N. Lewis, N. Lewis, Chem. Mater., 1 (1989) 106;
151. (c) L.N. Lewis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112 (1990) 5998;
152. (f) R. Lamber, W. Romanowski, J. Catal., 105 (1987) 213.
153. [38] Additional scattered reports of colloid catalysis [17] include: (a) H/D exchange during hydrogenation: C. Larpent. H. Patin, J. Mol. Catal., 61 (1990) 65;
154. (b) C. Larpent, F. Brisse-Le Menn, H. Pain, New.J. Chem., 15 (1991) 361;
155. (c) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, Chem. Let. (1988) 573;
156. (d) N. Toshima, T. Takahashi, Chem. Soc. Japan, 65 (1992) 400;
157. (e) W.T. Ford, Pure und Appl. Chem., 60 (1988) 395.
158. [39] (a) B.C. Gates, Chem. Rev., 95 (1995) 511-522;
159. (b) Y. Iwasawi, B.C. Gates, Chemtech, Mar. (1988) 173;
160. (c) D.C. Bailey. S.H. Langer, Chem. Rev., 81 (1981) 109-148.
161. [40] (a) E.L. Mutterties, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 84 (1975) 959;
162. (b) E.L. Mutterties, Science. 196 (1977) 839:
163. (c) A.K. Smith, J.M. Basset, J. Mol. Catal., 2 (1977) 229;
164. (d) E.L. Mutterties. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 23 (1981) 69;
165. (e) K.S. Suslick, T. Hyeon, M. Fang, Chem. Mater., 8 (1996) 2171.
166. [41] (a) J.L. Vidal. W.E. Walker, R.L. Pruett, R.L. Schoenig, R.A. Fiato, in Fundamental Research in Homogeneous Catalysis (M. Tsutsui, Ed.) Plenum, New York, 1979, p. 499-518 and references therein, especially to the series of patents from Union Carbide in this area;
167. (b) J.L. Vidal, W.E. Walker, Inorg. Chem., 19 (1980) 896 and references therein.
168. [42] (a) H.K. Wang, H.W. Choi, and E.L. Mutterties, Inorg. Chem., 20, (1981) 2661;
169. (b) J.P. Collman, J.I. Brauman, G. Tustin, G.S. Wann III, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105 (1983) 3913;
170. (c) G.C. Demitras and E.L. Mutterties, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99 (1977) 2796.
171. [43] (a) M. Boudart, Adv. Catal. Rel. Subj., 20 (1969) 152;
172. (b) M. Boudart. in Proc. 6th Intl. Congr. Catalysis (G.C. Bond, P.B. Wells, and F.C. Tompkins. Eds.), Vol. 1, The Chemical Society, London, 1977, p.1;
173. (c) M. Boudart and D.J. Sajkowski, Faraday Discuss., 92 (1991) 57, and references therein;
174. (d) M. Boudart, J. Mol. Catal.-Review Issue. (1986) 29-41 (see p. 31).
175. [44] . Reviews covering homogeneous hydrogenation include: (a) B.R. James, in Homogeneous Hydrogenation, Wiley. New York. 1974;
176. (b) B.R. James. Adv. Organomet. Chem., 17 (1979) 319:
177. (c) A.D. Birch, D.H. Williamson, Org. React., 24 (1976) 1;
178. (d) F.H. Jardine. Prog. Inorg. Chem., 28 (1981) 63;
179. (e) J.W. Faller, in Homogeneous Catalysis with Metal Phosphine Complexes (Pignolet, L.H., Ed.). Ch.2., Plenum. New York, 1983:
180. (f) B.R. James, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry (G. Wilkinson, F.G.A. Stone, and E.W. Abel, Eds.), Vol. 8, Permagon, New York, 1982. p. 285:
181. (g) Reviews concerning asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenations include:
182. (h) H.B. Kagan, and J.C. Frian, Topics in Stereochemistry, 10 (1977) 175;
183. (i) J.D. Morrison. W.F. Masler, M.K. Neuberg, Adv. in Catal., 25 (1976) 81;
184. (j) D. Valentine and J.W. Scott. Synthesis, (1978) 329;
185. (k) J.D. Morrison, W.F. Masler, and S. Hathaway, in Catalysis in Organic Synthesis (P.N. Rylander. and H. Greenfield, Eds.) Academic. New York. 1976;
186. (l) It is interesting to note that opportunities for new, selective hydrogenation catalysts still exist: Catalytica, Inc., personal communication (Multi-client study #4188CH. Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation). See also Chemical and Engineering News. May 29 (1989) 40.
187. [45] G.B. McVicker, R.T.K. Baker, R.L. Garten, E.L. Kugler, J. Catal., 65 (1980) 207.
188. [4ft] M. Boudart and G. Dijega-Mariadassou. Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions Princeton University Press. Princeton. NJ, 1984.
189. [47] (a) Reference [1]a, pp 101-117, and references therein;
190. (b) M.T. Pope, Heteropoly Blues in Mixed-Valence Compounds (D.B. Brown, Ed.). Reidel, Dordrecht, 1980, p. 365;
191. (c) R.L. Buckley, R.J.H. Clark, Coord. Chem. Rev., 65 (1985) 167;
192. 62' (M = W, Mo) heteropolyoxoanion framework are well established [47]e-h;
193. (e) M.T. Pope, E. Papaconstantixou, Inorg. Chem., 6 (1967) 1147;
194. (f) R.A. Prados. M.T. Pope, Inorg. Chem., 15 (1976) 2547;
195. (g) L.P. Kazansky, M.A. Fedotov. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. (1980) 644:
196. (h) J.P. Ciabrini, R. Contant, J.M. Fruchart, Polyhedron, 2 (1983) 1229.
197. [48] (a) G.C. Bond, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis (G.M. Pajonk. S.J. Teichner, and J.E. Germain. Eds.). Vol. 17, Elsevier. Amsterdam. 1982, p.1;
198. (b) P.A. Sermon. A.R. Berznis, Nature, 303 (1983) 506:
199. (c) P.A. Sermon, G.C. Bond, Catal. Rev., 8 (1973) 211.
200. [49] (a) J.E. Benson, H.W. Kohn, M. Boudart, I. Catal., 5 (1966) 307;
201. (b) R.B. Levy, M. Boudart, J. Catal., 32 (1974) 304;
202. (c) A.R. Berzins, P.A. Sermon, Nature. 303 (1983) 506.
203. [50] (a) R. Schlögl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng., 32 (1993) 381; see also reference [50]b.
204. (b) For a rebuttal to some of the points in Schlögl's article [50]a see: J.M. Thomas, K.I. Zamaraev, Angew. Chem. Int. Eng. Ed., 33 (1994) 308;
205. (c) M. Boudart, Single Crystals: Standards for Industrial Catalysts Chemtech, Nov. (1986) 688;
206. 3 synthesis over Fe catalysts: G. Ertl. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng.. 29 (1990) 1219.
207. [51] An excellent overview of the history and current status of catalysis (primarily heterogeneous catalysis), which includes a section on the status of the major concepts of heterogeneous catalysis (p. 922-926). is: J.M. Thomas. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng.. 33 (1994) 9133-9137.
208. 3';
209. (b) W.P. Griffith, The Chemistry og the Rarer Platinum Metals, Interscience, New York, 1967. p. 239.