Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images

Neural Computation

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1321-1340

  Atick, Joseph J ^a   Griffin, Paul A ^a   Redlich, A Norman ^a  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN; FACE; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; PHYSIOLOGY;

BRAIN; FACE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 0030586648     PISSN: 08997667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/neco.1996.8.6.1321     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Anstis, S. 1991. Hidden assumptions in seeing shape from shading and apparent motion. In Representation and Vision, A. Gorea, ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2. Atick, J. J., Griffin, P. A., and Redlich, A. N. 1995. Face recognition from live video for real-world applications. Adv. Imaging May, 58-62.
3. Beymer, D., and Poggio, T. 1995. Face recognition from one model view. In ICCV Proceedings.
4. Brooks, M. J. 1982. Shape from shading discretely. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, Essex University, Colchester, England.
5. Brooks, M. J., and Horn, B. K. P. 1985. Shape and source from shading. In Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Artificial Intell. Los Angeles, 932-936.
6. Churchland, P. S., Ramachandran, V. S., and Sejnowski, T. J. 1994. A critique of pure vision. In Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, C. Koch and J. L. Davis, eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
7. Cutzu, F., and Edelman, S. 1995. Exploration of shape space. Weizman Institute Tech. Rep. CS-TR 95-01.
8. Edelman, S. 1995. Representation of similarity in 3D object discrimination. Neural Comp. 7, 407-422.
9. Foley, J., van Dam, A., Feiner, S., and Hughes, J. 1990. Computer Graphics, Principles and Practice. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
10. Gregory, R. L. 1970. The Intelligent Eye. McGraw-Hill, New York.
11. Guggenheimer, H. W. 1977. Differential Geometry. Dover Publications, New York.
12. Gulick, W. L., and Lawson, R. B. 1976. Human Stereopsis: A Psychophysical Analysis. Oxford University Press, New York.
13. Horn, B.K.P. 1970. Shape from shading: A method for obtaining the shape of a smooth opaque object from one view. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, MIT.
14. Horn, B. K. P., and Brooks, M. J. 1989.Shape from Shading. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
15. Hursh, T. M. 1976. The study of cranial form: Measurement techniques and analytical methods. In The Measures of Man, E. Giles and J. Fiedlaender, eds. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, MA.
16. Ikeuchi, K., and Horn, B. K. 1981. Numerical shape from shading and occluding boundaries. Artificial Intelligence 15, 141-186.
17. Jolliffe, I. T. 1986. Principal Component Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York.
18. Karhunen, K. 1946. Zur Spektraltheorie stochasticher. Prozesse Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae 37.
19. Kirby, M., and Sirovich, L. 1990. Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces. IEEE Transact. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12, 103-108.
20. Koenderink, J. J., van Doom, A. J., and Kappers, A. M. L. 1992. Surface perception in pictures. Percept. Psychophys. 52, 18-36.
21. Lambert, J. H. 1760. Photometria sive de Mensura et Gratibus Luminis, Colorum et Umbrae. Eberhard Klett, Augsburg. Translation in W. Engleman (1982), Lambert's Photometrie. Leipzig.
22. Lambert, J. H. 1760. Photometria sive de Mensura et Gratibus Luminis, Colorum et Umbrae. Eberhard Klett, Augsburg. Translation in W. Engleman (1982), Lambert's Photometrie. Leipzig.
23. Lando, M., and Edelman, S. 1995. Generalization from a single view in face recognition. Network 6, 551-576.
24. Lee, C. H., and Rosenfeld, A. 1989. Improved methods of estimating shape from shading using the light source coordinates system. In Shape from Shading, B. K. P. Horn and M. J. Brooks, eds., pp. 323-569. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
25. Lehky, S. R., and Sejnowski, T. J. 1988. Network model of shape-from-shading: Neural function arises from both receptive and projective fields. Nature (London) 333, 452-454.
26. Loève, M. M. 1955. Probability Theory. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
27. Mingolla, E., and Todd, J. 1986. Perception of solid shape from shading. Biol. Cybern. 53, 137-151.
28. Oliensis, J. 1991. Shape from shading as a partially well-constrained problem. Computer Vision, Graphics, Image Process. Image Understand. 54, 163-183.
29. Pentland, A. P. 1982. Finding the illuminant direction. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 72, 448-455.
30. Pentland, A. P. 1984. Local shading analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern. Anal. Machine Itell. PAMI-16, 170-187.
31. Pentland, A. P. 1990. Linear shape from shading. Int. J. Computer Vision 4, 153-162.
32. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P. 1992. Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Ramachandran, V. S. 1988. Perception of shape from shading. Nature (London), 331, 163-166.
34. Ramachandran, V. S. 1990. Visual perception in people and machines. In AI and the Eye, A. Blake and T. Troscianko, eds., pp. 21-77, Wiley, New York.
35. Simmons, L. 1975. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: A comparison of the theories. Appl. Optics 15, 603-604.
36. Sirovich, L. 1987. Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. Quart. Appl. Math. XLV, 561-590.
37. Sirovich, L., and Everson, R. 1992. Management and analysis of large scientific datasets. Int. J. Supercomputer Appl. 6, 50-68.
38. Sirovich, L., and Kirby, M. 1987. Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces. J. Opt. Soc. Am. a 4, 519-524.
39. Tikhonov, A. N., and Arsenin, V. Y. 1977. Solutions of Ill-posed Problems. W. H. Winston, Washington, D.C.
40. Todd, J. T., and Mingolla, E. 1983. Perception of surface curvature and direction of illumination from patterns of shading. J. Exp. Psychol. Human Percept. Perform. 9, 583-595.
41. Vetter, T., and Poggio, T. 1995. Linear object classes and image synthesis from a single example image. A.I. Memo No. 1531.
42. Wolberg, G., 1992. Digital Image Warping. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA.
43. Woodham, R. J. 1981. Analyzing images of curved surfaces. Artificial Intelligence 17, 117-140.
44. Zheng, Q., and Chellappa, R. 1991. Estimation of illuminant direction albedo, and shape from shading. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intelligence 13, 680-702.