The management of gout

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 334, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 445-451

  Emmerson, Bryan T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; BENZBROMARONE; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; DIFLUNISAL; INDOMETACIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PREDNISONE; PROBENECID; SALICYLIC ACID; SULFINPYRAZONE; TRIAMCINOLONE; URICOSURIC AGENT; ANTIGOUT AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PURINE DERIVATIVE; STEROID; URIC ACID; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GOUT; HUMAN; HYPERURICEMIA; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NEPHROTOXICITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ACUTE DISEASE; BLOOD; DIET; DRUG ANTAGONISM;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; COLCHICINE; DIET; GOUT; GOUT SUPPRESSANTS; HUMANS; PURINES; STEROIDS; URIC ACID; URICOSURIC AGENTS; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

EID: 0030584230     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199602153340707     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Wallace SL, Robinson H, Masi AT, Decker JL, McCarty DJ, Yu T-F Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:895-900.
2. Agudelo CA, Weinberger A, Schumacher HR, Turner R, Molina J. Definitive diagnosis of gout by identification of urate crystals in asymptomatic metatarsophalangeal joints. Arthritis Rheum 1979;22:559-60.
3. Bomalaski JS, Lluberas G, Schumacher HR Jr. Monosodium urate crystals in the knee joints of patients with asymptomatic nontophaceous gout. Ar thritis Rheum 1986;29:1480-4.
4. Wernick R, Winkler C, Campbell S. Tophi as the initial manifestation of gout report of six cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:873-6.
5. Macfarlane DG, Dieppe PA. Diuretic-induced gout in elderly women. Br J Rheumatol 1985;24:155-7
6. Serum uric acid its association with other risk factors and with mortality in coronary heart disease. J Chronic Dis 1976;29:557-69
7. Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Med 1987;82:421-6.
8. Fessel WJ. Renal outcomes of gout and hyperuricemia Am J Med 1979;67: 74-82.
9. Ahern MJ, Reid C, Gordon TP, McCredie M, Brooks PM, Jones M. Does colchicine work? The results of the first controlled study in acute gout. Aust N Z J Med 1987;17 301-4
10. Gray RG, Tenenbaum J, Gottheb NL. Local corticosteroid injection treatment in rheumatic disorders. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981;10.231-54.
11. Axelrod D, Preston S. Comparison of parenteral adrenocorticotropic hormone with oral indomethacin in the treatment of acute gout. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31.803-3.
12. Alloway JA, Moriarty MJ, Hoogland YT, Nashel DJ. Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide with indomethacin in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis. J Rheumatol 1993;20.111-3.
13. Groff GD, Franck WA, Raddatz DA. Systemic steroid therapy for acute gout: a clinical trial and review of the literature Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990,19:329-36.
14. Spilberg I, Mandell B, Mehta J, Simchowitz L, Rosenberg D Mechanism of action of colchicine in acute urate crystal-induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 1979;64:775-80.
15. Roberge CJ, Gaudry M, de Medicis R, Lussier A, Poubelle PE, Naceache PH. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation. IV. Specific inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation by colchicine. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1722-9
16. Caraco Y, Putterman C, Rahamimov R, Ben-Chetrit E Acute colchicine intoxication - possible role of erythromycin administration. J Rheumatol 1992;19.494-6.
17. Griffin MR, Piper JM, Daugherty JR, Snowden M, Ray WA Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and increased risk for peptic ulcer disease in elderly persons. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:257-63.
18. Hawkey CJ Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peptic ulcers. BMJ 1990,300:278-84. [Erratum, BMJ 1990;300:764.]
19. Roth SH. NSAID and gastropathy: a rheumatologist's review. J Rheumatol 1988,15:912-9.
20. Findling JW, Beckstrom D, Rawsthorne L, Kozin F, Itskovitz H Indomethacin-induced hyperkalemia in three patients with gouty arthritis. JAMA 1980;244:1127-8.
21. Unsworth J, Sturman S, Lunec J, Blake DR. Renal impairment associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:233-6.
22. Yü TF, Gutman AB. Efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in gout: prevention of recurrent gouty arthritis over a mean period of five years in 208 gouty subjects Ann Intern Med 1961;55:179-92.
23. Yu T-F. The efficacy of colchicine prophylaxis in articular gout - a reappraisal after 20 years Semin Arthritis Rheum 1982;12:256-64
24. Pascual E, Castellano JA. Treatment with colchicine decreases white cell counts in synovial fluid of asymptomatic knees that contain monosodium urate crystals. J Rheumatol 1992,19:600-3.
25. Kot TV, Day RO, Brooks PM. Preventing acute gout when starting allopurinol therapy: colchicine or NSAIDs? Med J Aust 1993;159:182-4.
26. Bishop C, Rand R, Talbott JH. Effect of benemid (p-[di-n-propylsulfamyl]-benzoic acid) on uric acid metabolism in one normal and one gouty subject J Clin Invest 1951;30:889-95.
27. Dayton PG, Perel JM. The metabolism of probenecid in man Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971;179:399-402.
28. Dieterle W, Faigle JW, Mory H, Richter WJ, Theobald W. Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of sulfinpyrazone (Anturan) in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975;9:135-45
29. Lecaillon JB, Souppart C, Schoeller J-P, Humbert G, Massias P. Sulfinpyrazone kinetics after intravenous and oral administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979,26 611-7.
30. Wilcox RG, Richardson D, Hampton JR, Mitchell JRA, Banks DC. Sulphinpyrazone in acute myocardial infarction, studies on cardiac rhythm and renal function BMJ 1980,281:531-4.
31. Kovalchik MT III. Sulfinpyrazone induced uric acid urolithiasis with acute renal failure. Conn Med 1981;45:423-4.
32. Yu TF, Gutman AB. Paradoxical retention of uric acid by uricosuric drugs in low dosage. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1955;90:542-7.
33. Emmerson BT, Hazelton RA, Whyte IM. Comparison of the urate lowering effects of allopurinol and diflunisal J Rheumatol 1987;14-335-7.
34. Sorenson LB, Levinson DJ Clinical evaluation of benzbromarone: a new uricosuric drug. Arthritis Rheum 1976;19:183-90.
35. Rundles RW, Wyngaarden JB, Hitchings GH, Elion GB, Silberman HR. Effects of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on thiopurine metabolism, hyperuricemia and gout. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1963;76:126-40.
36. Spector T Inhibition of urate production by allopurinol. Biochem Pharmacol 1977;26 355-8.
37. Hande K, Reed E, Chabner B Allopurinol kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;23:598-605.
38. Roberts WN, Liang MH, Stern SH. Colchicine in acute gout: reassessment of risks and benefits. JAMA 1987,257:1920-2.
39. Wallace SL, Singer JZ. Systemic toxicity associated with the intravenous administration of colchicine - guidelines for use. J Rheumatol 1988;15: 495-9.
40. Arnold MH, Preston SJ, Buchanan WW. Comparison of the natural history of untreated acute gouty arthritis vs acute gouty arthritis treated with non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988,26:4889.
41. Emmerson BT. Regimen of indomethacin therapy in acute gouty arthritis. BMJ 1967;2:272-4.
42. Calabro JJ, Khoury MI, Smyth CJ. Clinoril in acute gout. Acta Reuma Port 1974;2:163-6.
43. Widmark PH. Piroxicam: its safety and efficacy in the treatment of acute gout Am J Med 1982;72(2A):63-5.
44. Bluestone RH. Safety and efficacy of piroxicam in the treatment of gout. Am J Med 1982;72(2A):66-9.
45. Schweitz MC, Nashel DJ, Alepa FP Ibuprofen in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis JAMA 1978;239:34-5.
46. Altman RD, Honig S, Levin JM, Lightfoot RW Ketoprofen versus indomethacin in patients with acute gouty arthritis: a mullicenter, double blind comparative study. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1422-6.
47. Kuncl RW, Duncan G, Watson D, Alderson K, Rogawski MA, Peper M. Colchicine myopathy and neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1562-8.
48. Wallace SL, Singer JZ. Duncan GJ, Wigley FM, Kuncl RW. Renal function predicts colchicine toxicity: guidelines for the prophylactic use of colchicine in gout. J Rheumatol 1991;18:264-9.
49. Schiff D, Drislane FW. Rapid-onset colchicine myoneuropathy. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:1535-6
50. Rochdi M, Sabouraud A, Baud FJ, Bismuth C, Scherrmann JM. Toxicokinetics of colchicine in humans: analysis of tissue, plasma and urine data in ten cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992;11 510-6.
51. Fox IH Metabolic basis for disorders of purine nucleotide degradation. Metabolism 1981,30.616-34
52. Roubenoff R, Klag MJ, Mead LA, Liang K-Y, Seidler AJ, Hochberg MC. Incidence and risk factors for gout in white men. JAMA 1991;266.3004-7.
53. Emmerson BT. Alteration of urate metabolism by weight reduction. Aust N Z J Med 1973,3.410-2.
54. Modan M, Halkin H, Fuchs Z, et al Hyperinsulinemia - a link between glucose intolerance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, elevated serum uric acid and internal cation imbalance. Diabete Metab 1987;13:375-80.
55. Facchini F, Chen Y-DI, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM. Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. JAMA 1991;266:3008-11.
56. Yamashita S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S, Tarui S Studies on the impaired metabolism of uric acid m obese subjects marked reduction of renal urate excretion and its improvement by a low-calorie diet. Int J Obes 1986;10 255-64
57. Gibson T, Rodgers AV, Simmonds HA, Toseland P. Beer drinking and its effect on uric acid. Br J Rheumatol 1984;23:203-9.
58. Emmerson BT. Abnormal urate excretion associated with renal and systemic disorders, drugs, and toxins. In: Kelley WN, Weiner IM, eds. Uric acid. Vol. 51 of Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin, Germany. Springer-Verlag, 1978:287-324.
59. Gutman AB, Yü TF. Renal function in gout: with a commentary on the renal regulation of urate excretion, and the role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of gout. Am J Med 1957;23:600-22.
60. Emmerson BT, Nagel SL, Duffy DL, Martin NG. Genetic control of the renal clearance of urate: a study of twins. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:375-7.
61. McPhaul JJ Jr. Hyperuricemia and urate excretion in chronic renal disease. Metabolism 1968;17:430-8.
62. Scott JT, Higgens CS. Diuretic induced gout: a multifactorial condition Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:259-61.
63. Emmerson BT Identification of the causes of persistent hyperuricaemia. Lancet 1991;337:1461-3.
64. Brøchner-Mortensen K. Uric acid in blood and urine. Acta Med Scand Suppl:1937;84:127-53.
65. Emmerson BT, Thompson L. The spectrum of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Q J Med 1973;42:423-40
66. Day RO, Miners JO, Birkett DJ, et al. Allopurinol dosage selection: relationships between dose and plasma oxipurinol and urate concentrations and urinary urate excretion Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;26:423-8.
67. Emmerson BT, Gordon RB, Cross M, Thomson DB Plasma oxipurinol concentrations during allopurinol therapy Br J Rheumatol 1987;26:445-9.
68. Rundles RW. Effects of allopurinol on 6-mercaptopurine therapy in neoplastic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1966;25:655-6.
69. Venkat Raman G, Sharman VL, Lee HA. Azathioprine and allopurinol: a potentially dangerous combination. J Intern Med 1990,228:69-71.
70. Excess of ampicillin rashes associated with allopurinol or hyperuricemia: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. N Engl J Med 1972;286:505-7.
71. Hande KR, Noone RM, Stone WJ Severe allopurinol toxicity: description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency Am J Med 1984,76 47-56.
72. Young JL Jr, Boswell RB, Nies AS. Severe allopurinol hypersensitivity: association with thiazides and prior renal compromise. Arch Intern Med 1974;134:553-8.
73. Pusey CD, Saltissi D, Bloodworth L, Rainford DJ, Christie JL. Drug associated acute interstitial nephritis: clinical and pathological features and the response to high dose steroid therapy. Q J Med 1983,52:194-211
74. Meyrier A. Densensitisation in a patient with chronic renal disease and severe allergy to allopurinol. BMJ 1976;2:458.
75. Fam AG, Lewtas J, Stein J, Paton TW. Desensitization to allopurinol in patients with gout and cutaneous reactions. Am J Med 1992;93:299-302.
76. Emmerson BT, Hazelton RA, Frazer IH. Some adverse reactions to allopurinol may be mediated by lymphocyte reactivity to oxypurinol. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:436-40.
77. Unsworth J, Blake DR, d'Assis Fonseca AE, Beswick DT Desensitisation to allopurinol: a cautionary tale Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46-646.
78. Smith MJV, Boyce WH. Allopurinol and urolithiasis. J Urol 1969;102:750-3.
79. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1386-9.
80. Andreoli SP, Clark JH, McGuire WA, Bergstein JM Purine excretion during tumor lysis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia receiving allopurinol. relationship to acute renal failure J Pediatr 1986;190.292-8.
81. Simmonds HA, Cameron JS, Morris GS, Davies PM. Allopurinol in renal failure and the tumour lysis syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 1986;160:189-95.
82. McCarthy GM, Barthelemy CR, Veum JA, Wortmann RL. Influence of antihyperuricemic therapy on the clinical and radiographic progression of gout. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1489-94.
83. Bull PW, Scott JT. Intermittent control of hyperuricemia in the treatment of gout. J Rheumatol 1989;16:1246-8.
84. van Lieshout-Zuidema MF, Breedveld FC. Withdrawal of longterm antihyperuricemic therapy in tophaceous gout. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1383-5
85. Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors and the renal excretion of urate. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1987;1:29-38.