Preparation and characterization of polymer-protected Pt/Co bimetallic colloids and their catalytic properties in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 105-113

  Yu, Weiyong ^a   Wang, Yuan ^a   Liu, Hanfan ^a   Zheng, Wen ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (China)

Author keywords

Cinnamaldehyde; Pt Co bimetallic colloid; Selective hydrogenation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030579197     PISSN: 13811169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/1381-1169(96)00223-3     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. [1] G. Schmid, Chem. Rev. 92 (1992) 1709.
2. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
3. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
4. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
5. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
6. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
7. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
8. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
9. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
10. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
11. [2] J.S. Bradley, E.W. Will, C. Klein, B. Chandret and A. Dutei, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 2540; H. Bönnemann, W. Brijuox, K. Brinkmann, E. Binjus, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen and B. Korall, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 323; H. Hirai, Y. Nakao and N. Toshima, J. Macromal. Sci. Chem. A 13 (1979) 727; N. Toshima and T. Takahashi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 65 (1992) 400; Y. Wang and H. Liu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1989) 1878; D.A. van Leeunwen, J.M. van Ruitenkeek, G. Schmid and L. de Jongh, J. Phys. Lett. A 170 (1992) 325; K.J. Klabunde and B.J. Tan, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 30; O.J.A. Schueller, N.L. Pocard, M.H.H. Huston, R.J. Spontak and T.X. Neenan, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 11; Y.N.C. Chan, R.R. Schrock and R.E. Cohen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 7295; L.N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 93 (1993) 2693.
12. [3] Y. Wang and H. Liu, Polym. Bull. 25 (1991) 139.
13. [4] H. Liu, G. Mao and S. Meng, J. Mol. Catal. 74 (1992) 275.
14. [5] N. Toshima, K. Kushihashi, T. Yonezawa and H. Hirai, Chem. Lett. (1989) 1769; N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa and K. Kushihashi, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89 (1993) 2537; K. Torigoe and K. Esumi, Langmuir 9 (1993) 1664.
15. [5] N. Toshima, K. Kushihashi, T. Yonezawa and H. Hirai, Chem. Lett. (1989) 1769; N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa and K. Kushihashi, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89 (1993) 2537; K. Torigoe and K. Esumi, Langmuir 9 (1993) 1664.
16. [5] N. Toshima, K. Kushihashi, T. Yonezawa and H. Hirai, Chem. Lett. (1989) 1769; N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa and K. Kushihashi, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 89 (1993) 2537; K. Torigoe and K. Esumi, Langmuir 9 (1993) 1664.
17. [6] H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretzen, T. Joussen, R. Köppler, B. Korall, P. Neiteler and J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal. 86 (1994) 129.
18. [7] N. Toshima and Y. Wang, Langmuir 10 (1994) 4574.
19. [8] K. Esumi, T. Tano, K. Torigoe and K. Meguro, Chem. Mater. 2 (1990) 564; J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret and A. Duteil, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 254; V.M. Deshpande, C.S. Narasimhan and P. Singh, J. Mol. Catal. 63 (1990) L5.
20. [8] K. Esumi, T. Tano, K. Torigoe and K. Meguro, Chem. Mater. 2 (1990) 564; J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret and A. Duteil, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 254; V.M. Deshpande, C.S. Narasimhan and P. Singh, J. Mol. Catal. 63 (1990) L5.
21. [8] K. Esumi, T. Tano, K. Torigoe and K. Meguro, Chem. Mater. 2 (1990) 564; J.S. Bradley, E.W. Hill, C. Klein, B. Chaudret and A. Duteil, Chem. Mater. 5 (1993) 254; V.M. Deshpande, C.S. Narasimhan and P. Singh, J. Mol. Catal. 63 (1990) L5.
22. [9] B. Sen and M.A. Vannice, J. Catal. 115 (1989) 165.
23. [10] P. Fouilloux, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 41 (1988) 123.
24. [11] Y.Z. Chen, S.W. Wei and K.J. Wu, Appl. Catal. A: General 99 (1993) 85.
25. [12] V. Satagopan and S.B. Chandalia, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 60 (1994) 17.
26. [13] W.F. Tuley and R. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 (1925) 3061.
27. [14] S. Galvagno, G. Capannelli, G. Neri, A. Donato and R. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 64 (1991) 237.
28. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
29. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
30. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
31. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
32. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
33. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
34. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
35. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
36. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
37. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
38. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
39. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
40. [15] P.N. Rylander and D.R. Steele, Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (1969) 1579; A. Giroir-Fendler, D. Richard and P. Gallezot, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 41 (1988) 171; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and G. Capannelli, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 227; Z. Poltarzewski, S. Galvagno, R. Pietropaolo and P. Staiti, J. Catal. 102 (1986) 190; S. Galvagno, Z. Poltarzewski, A. Donato, G. Neri and R. Pietropaolo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1986) 1729; C.S. Narasimhan, V.M. Deshpande and K. Ramnarayan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1988) 99; V.M. Deshpande, K. Ramnarayan and C.S. Narasimhan, J. Catal. 121 (1990) 174; J. Phillips, P. Gallesot and G. Bergeret, J. Mol. Catal. 78 (1993) 295; U. Scheröder and L. de Verdier, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 490; Y. Nitta, Y. Hiramatsu and T. Imanaka, J. Catal. 126 (1990) 235; J.M. Planeix, N. Coustel, B. Coq, V. Brotons, P.S. Kumbhar, R. Dutartre, P. Geneste, P. Bernier and P.M. Ajayan, J. Catal. 116 (1994) 7935; B. Coq, P.S. Kumbhar, C. Moreau, P. Moreau and F. Figueras, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 10180; S. Galvagno, A. Donato, G. Neri, R. Pietropaolo and D. Pietropaolo, J. Mol. Catal. 49 (1989) 223.
41. [16] M. Arai, K. Usui and Y. Nishiyama, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (1993) 1853.
42. [17] F. Fievet, J.P. Lagier and M. Figlarz, MRS Bull. 14 (1989) 29.
43. [18] F. Fievet, J.P. Lagier, B. Blin, B. Beaudoin and M. Figlarz, Solid State Ionics 32/33 (1989) 198; C. Ducamp-Sangueso, R. Herrea-Urbina and M. Figlarz, J. Solid State Chem. 100 (1992) 272; F. Fievet, F. Fievet-Vincent, J.P. Lagier, B. Dumont and M. Figlarz, J. Mater. Chem. 3 (1993) 627.
44. [18] F. Fievet, J.P. Lagier, B. Blin, B. Beaudoin and M. Figlarz, Solid State Ionics 32/33 (1989) 198; C. Ducamp-Sangueso, R. Herrea-Urbina and M. Figlarz, J. Solid State Chem. 100 (1992) 272; F. Fievet, F. Fievet-Vincent, J.P. Lagier, B. Dumont and M. Figlarz, J. Mater. Chem. 3 (1993) 627.
45. [18] F. Fievet, J.P. Lagier, B. Blin, B. Beaudoin and M. Figlarz, Solid State Ionics 32/33 (1989) 198; C. Ducamp-Sangueso, R. Herrea-Urbina and M. Figlarz, J. Solid State Chem. 100 (1992) 272; F. Fievet, F. Fievet-Vincent, J.P. Lagier, B. Dumont and M. Figlarz, J. Mater. Chem. 3 (1993) 627.
46. [19] W.F. McClune, Powder Diffraction File Alphabetical Index Inorganic Phase, JCPDS. (Swarthmore, PA, 1980).
47. [20] R. Hultgren, D.P. Desai, D.T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser and K.K. Kelley, Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys (Wiley, New York, 1973); W.B. Pearson, A Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 2, Suppl. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1967).
48. [20] R. Hultgren, D.P. Desai, D.T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser and K.K. Kelley, Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys (Wiley, New York, 1973); W.B. Pearson, A Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 2, Suppl. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1967).
49. [21] P. Scherrer, Nachr. Ges. Wiss., Göttingen (1918) 96.
50. [22] R. Adams and B.S. Garvey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 48 (1926) 477.
51. [23] R.H. Bray and R. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 49 (1927) 2101.
52. [24] Z. Guo and H. Liu, Chin. J. Catal. 3 (1982) 311.
53. [25] B. Walther, Z. Chem. 29 (1989) 117; L. Markó and A. Vizi-Orosz, Stud. Sci. Catal. 29 (1986) 89.
54. [25] B. Walther, Z. Chem. 29 (1989) 117; L. Markó and A. Vizi-Orosz, Stud. Sci. Catal. 29 (1986) 89.