Results of the Galileo probe nephelometer experiment

Science

Volumn 272, Issue 5263, 1996, Pages 854-856

  Ragent, Boris ^a   Colburn, David S ^a   Avrin, Philip ^b   Rages, Kathy A ^c  

^a SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AEROSPACE CORPORATION   (United States)

^c Space Physics Research Institute ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM DERIVATIVE; SULFUR; WATER;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; ATMOSPHERE; MICROCLIMATE; PHOTOMETRY; PRESSURE;

ATMOSPHERE; EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; JUPITER; NEPHELOMETRY AND TURBIDIMETRY; PRESSURE; QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; SULFUR; WATER;

EID: 0030578028     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5263.854     Document Type: Article

References (14)

1. B. Ragent et al., Space Sci. Rev. 60, 179 (1992).
2. T. V. Johnson et al., ibid., p. 3.
3. W. J. O'Neill and R. T. Mitchell, in Proceedings of the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, 10 to 13 January 1983 (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 1983), pp. 1-10; J. J. Givens et al., ibid., pp. 1-18.
4. W. J. O'Neill and R. T. Mitchell, in Proceedings of the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, 10 to 13 January 1983 (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 1983), pp. 1-10; J. J. Givens et al., ibid., pp. 1-18.
5. A. Seiff et al., Science 272, 844 (1996). All atmospheric pressure, temperature, and altitude information were obtained from this reference.
6. During descent in the Jovian atmosphere, the range of temperatures experienced by the instrument mounted in the probe extended from about -50°C to over 100°C. Rates of temperature excursions were as large as 6°C per minute. This temperature behavior has complicated the interpretation of the data, but the instrument functioned properly down to at least the 10-bar level.
7. L. A. Sromovsky et al., Science 272, 851 (1996).
8. S. J. Weidenschilling and J. W. Lewis, Icarus 61, 311 (1973); S. K. Atreya and P. N. Romani, in Photochemistry and Clouds of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus in Recent Advances in Planetary Meteorology, G. Hunt, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1985), pp. 17-68.
9. S. J. Weidenschilling and J. W. Lewis, Icarus 61, 311 (1973); S. K. Atreya and P. N. Romani, in Photochemistry and Clouds of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus in Recent Advances in Planetary Meteorology, G. Hunt, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1985), pp. 17-68.
10. H. B. Niemann et al., Science 272, 846 (1996).
11. -2, We emphasize that the values quoted here, although not inconsistent with values derived from earlier analyses of Voyager mission data (11), may be subject to major revision and should only be taken as illustrative of the analytical process results until full consideration of corrections for the instrumental temperature profiles, optical surface coatings, or other effects not yet fully analyzed have been completed.
12. Observations of thermal emission from the entry site with Earth-based telescopes [G. Orion et al., Science 272, 839 (1996)] characterized the probe entry site as being within and near the edge of a 5-μm "hot spot" (an area observable at a wavelength of 5 μm), a region considerably brighter than its surroundings, indicating that particles or absorbing gases are reduced in concentration in this region.
13. B. E. Carlson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 98, 5251 (1993).
14. We acknowledge the extensive contributions of our deceased co-investigator, colleague, and friend, James B. Pollack. We are grateful for the dedicated efforts of many of the members of the staff of the Martin-Marietta Aerospace Division, Denver, CO, and of the Galileo Probe Project Office and the Electronic Instrument Development Branch of NASA Ames Research Center tor the design, construction, testing, and calibration of the Galileo probe nephelometers and for the successful mission activities. We also wish to thank the following people at NASA Ames Research Center: M. Smith, C. Sobeck, P. Melia, M. Izadi, B. Chin, and E. Tischler of the Galileo Probe Project Office, L. Colin, retired chief of the Space Sciences Division, and G. Deboo and W. Gunter, of the Electronic Instrument Development Branch. Thanks also to T. Knight, J. Martin, J. Waring, and C. Carlston of the Martin-Marietta Aerospace Division. Supported under NASA cooperative research agreement NCC 2-466 and NASA contract NAS 2-10015.