Thermally switchable periodicities and diffraction from mesoscopically ordered materials

Science

Volumn 274, Issue 5289, 1996, Pages 959-960

  Weissman, Jesse M ^a   Sunkara, Hari B ^a,b   Tse, Albert S ^a,c   Asher, Sanford A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b NASA MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c Reichhold Chemicals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIFFRACTION; DISPERSIONS; HYDROGELS; IONIC STRENGTH; LATTICE CONSTANTS; PHASE TRANSITIONS; POLYMERIZATION; POLYSTYRENES; TEMPERATURE;

BRAGG DIFFRACTION; CRYSTALLINE COLLOIDAL ARRAY; DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION; PERIODICITY; POLYISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE; TEMPERATURE INDUCED VOLUME PHASE TRANSITIONS;

COLLOIDS;

POLY(N ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE); POLYSTYRENE;

ARTICLE; COLLOID; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DIFFRACTION; MATERIAL STATE; OPTICS; PHASE TRANSITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE;

EID: 0030575865     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5289.959     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. I. M. Krieger and F. M. O'Neill, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 3114 (1968); P. A. Hiltner and I. M. Krieger, J. Phys. Chem. 73, 2386 (1969).
2. I. M. Krieger and F. M. O'Neill, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 3114 (1968); P. A. Hiltner and I. M. Krieger, J. Phys. Chem. 73, 2386 (1969).
3. N. A. Clark, A. J. Hurd, B. J. Ackerson, Nature 281, 57 (1979).
4. V. W. Luck, M. Kleir, H. Wesslau, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 67, 75 (1963).
5. P. L. Flaugh, S. E. O'Donnell, S. A. Asher, Appl. Spectrosc. 38, 847 (1984); S. A. Asher, P. L. Flaugh, G. Washinger, Spectroscopy 1, 26 (1986).
6. P. L. Flaugh, S. E. O'Donnell, S. A. Asher, Appl. Spectrosc. 38, 847 (1984); S. A. Asher, P. L. Flaugh, G. Washinger, Spectroscopy 1, 26 (1986).
7. J. W. Goodwin, R. H. Ottewill, A. Parentich, J. Phys. Chem. 84, 1580 (1980).
8. R. J. Carlson and S. A. Asher, Appl. Spectrosc. 38, 297 (1984).
9. P. A. Rundquist, P. Photinos, S. Jagannathan, S. A. Asher, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4932 (1989).
10. J. V. Sanders, Nature 204, 1151 (1964).
11. S. A. Asher, U.S. Patents 4,627,689 and 4,632,517 (1986).
12. R. J. Spry and D. J. Kosan, Appl. Spectrosc. 40, 782 (1986).
13. H. B. Sunkara, J. M. Jethmalani, W. T. Ford, Chem. Mater. 6, 362 (1994); Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 585, 181 (1995).
14. H. B. Sunkara, J. M. Jethmalani, W. T. Ford, Chem. Mater. 6, 362 (1994); Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 585, 181 (1995).
15. S. A. Asher et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 374, 305 (1995); S. A. Asher, R. Kesavamoorthy, S. Jagannathan, P. Rundquist, Nonlinear Optics III, International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), 20 to 22 January 1992 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992), vol. 1626, p. 238; S. A. Asher et al., U.S. Patent 5,452,123 (1995).
16. S. A. Asher et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 374, 305 (1995); S. A. Asher, R. Kesavamoorthy, S. Jagannathan, P. Rundquist, Nonlinear Optics III, International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), 20 to 22 January 1992 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992), vol. 1626, p. 238; S. A. Asher et al., U.S. Patent 5,452,123 (1995).
17. S. A. Asher et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 374, 305 (1995); S. A. Asher, R. Kesavamoorthy, S. Jagannathan, P. Rundquist, Nonlinear Optics III, International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), 20 to 22 January 1992 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1992), vol. 1626, p. 238; S. A. Asher et al., U.S. Patent 5,452,123 (1995).
18. S.-Y. Chang, L. Liu, S. A. Asher, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 346, 875 (1994); J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 6739 (1994); R. Kesavamoorthy, M. S. Super, S. A. Asher, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 1116 (1992).
19. S.-Y. Chang, L. Liu, S. A. Asher, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 346, 875 (1994); J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 6739 (1994); R. Kesavamoorthy, M. S. Super, S. A. Asher, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 1116 (1992).
20. S.-Y. Chang, L. Liu, S. A. Asher, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 346, 875 (1994); J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 6739 (1994); R. Kesavamoorthy, M. S. Super, S. A. Asher, J. Appl. Phys. 71, 1116 (1992).
21. A. S. Tse, Z. Wu, S. A. Asher, Macromolecules 28, 6533 (1995).
22. S. A. Asher, J. Holtz, L. Liu, Z. Wu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 4997 (1994).
23. E. A. Kamenetzky, L. G. Magliocco, H. P. Panzer, Science 263, 207 (1994); G. Haacke, H. P. Panzer, L. G. Magliocco, S. A. Asher, U.S. Patent 5,266,238 (1993); S. A. Asher and S. Jagannathan, U.S. Patent 5,281,370 (1994).
24. E. A. Kamenetzky, L. G. Magliocco, H. P. Panzer, Science 263, 207 (1994); G. Haacke, H. P. Panzer, L. G. Magliocco, S. A. Asher, U.S. Patent 5,266,238 (1993); S. A. Asher and S. Jagannathan, U.S. Patent 5,281,370 (1994).
25. E. A. Kamenetzky, L. G. Magliocco, H. P. Panzer, Science 263, 207 (1994); G. Haacke, H. P. Panzer, L. G. Magliocco, S. A. Asher, U.S. Patent 5,266,238 (1993); S. A. Asher and S. Jagannathan, U.S. Patent 5,281,370 (1994).
26. Y. Hirokawa and T. Tanaka, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 6379 (1984).
27. H. G. Schild, Prog. Polym. Sci. 17, 163 (1992).
28. X. S. Wu, A. S. Hoffman, P. Yager, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 30, 2121 (1992).
29. R. H. Pelton and P. Chibante, Colloids Surf. 20, 247 (1986); W. McPhee, K. C. Tam, R. Pelton, J. Colloid interface Sci. 156, 24 (1993).
30. R. H. Pelton and P. Chibante, Colloids Surf. 20, 247 (1986); W. McPhee, K. C. Tam, R. Pelton, J. Colloid interface Sci. 156, 24 (1993).
31. The particles were formed by the dispersion polymerization of 3.47 g of NIPAM (main monomer), 0.03 g of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (ionic comonomer), 0.105 g of N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (cross-linker), 0.080 g of SDS (surfactant), and 0.014 g of potassium persulfate (free-radical initiator) in 250 ml of ultrapurified water at 70°C for 4 hours. After synthesis the latex was purified by exhaustive ultracentrifugation and subsequent mixing with mixed-bed ion-exchange resin. The ionic comonomer was added to provide additional surface charge to facilitate CCA formation.
32. S. Pankasem, J. K. Thomas, M. J. Snowden, B, Vincent, Langmuir 10, 3023 (1994); R. H. Pelton, H. M. Pelton, A. Morphesis, R. L. Rowell, ibid. 5, 816 (1989).
33. S. Pankasem, J. K. Thomas, M. J. Snowden, B, Vincent, Langmuir 10, 3023 (1994); R. H. Pelton, H. M. Pelton, A. Morphesis, R. L. Rowell, ibid. 5, 816 (1989).
34. 2, We determined the scattering cross sections of the PNIPAM colloids by measuring the turbidity of a known concentration of particles. Our calculations of the scattering cross sections based on Rayleigh-Gans theory agree to within 20% of the measured scattering cross sections.
35. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Dover, New York, 1957).
36. We synthesized the PCCA by photopolymerization of an ordered dispersion of 0.23 g of monodisperse PS colloids (99-nm diameter, 19% solids), 0.35 g of NIPAM (monomer), 0.02 g of N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (cross-linker), and 0.004 g of diethoxyacetophenone (UV photoinitiator) between two quartz plates separated by a parafilm spacer at ≃2.0°C. The diffraction of the polymerized film was similar to that of the monomeric precursor. Careful purification (15) of all chemicals and sample cell components are required to achieve CCA self-assembly; a small concentration of ionic impurities will screen the electrostatic repulsive interactions.
37. We thank R. Bormett, J. Holtz, L. Liu, and G. Pan for helpful discussions and critical reading of this manuscript. Supported by the Office of Naval Research (grant N00014-94-1-0592) and the University of Pittsburgh Materials Research Center through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (grant AFOSR-91-0441).