Atomistic dynamics of interfacial processes: Films, junctions and nanostructures

Applied Surface Science

Volumn 92, Issue , 1996, Pages 237-256

  Landman, Uzi ^a   Luedtke, W D ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNEALING; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEAT TREATMENT; IRRADIATION; LASER APPLICATIONS; MELTING; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS; STABILITY; SURFACE TREATMENT; THIN FILMS;

ATOMISTIC MECHANISMS; COLLAPSE; COMPUTER BASED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION; COOPERATIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS; ENERGETICS; INTERFACIAL PROCESSES; LASER IRRADIATION; NANOSTRUCTURES; SUPERHEATING;

SURFACE PHENOMENA;

EID: 0030562504     PISSN: 01694332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0169-4332(95)00237-5     Document Type: Article

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52. -1 = 140 Å. Taking into account the larger thermal conductivity of Cu than that of Pb (κ(CU) ≈ 5κ(Pb)) we estimate that the lattice thermal effects of our pulses are comparable to experimentally realizable conditions.
53. b = 1100 K.
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55. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
56. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
57. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
58. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
59. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
60. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
61. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
62. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
63. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
64. For some experimental studies of the stability of nanoscale surface morphological features see: R.C. Jaklevic and L. Elie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 (1988) 120; Y.Z. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (1989) 1424; R. Emch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 79; D.G. Walmsley et al., Nanostruct. Mater. 3 (1993) 245; T. Michely et al., Surf. Sci. 230 (1990) L135; H.J. Mamin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 2418; J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9 (1991) 1398 where stability and minimal diffusion, even at elevated temperatures, are discussed; D.R. Peale and B.H. Cooper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 10 (1992) 2210; B.H. Cooper et al., in: Evolution of Surface and Thin Film Microstructure, Eds. H.A. Atwater et al. (MRS, Pittsburgh, 1993) p. 37, where linear in time collapse of gold features on a gold surface in air, and enhanced stability of such features under clean conditions, were observed; J.J. Pascual et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 71 (1993) 1852.
65. With the parameterization given in: J.B. Adams et al., J. Mater. Res. Soc. 4(1989) 102.
66. H.-P. Cheng and U. Landman, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 3527.
67. For recent experimental studies see: (a) U. Harten et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 (1985) 2619;
68. (b) Ch. Woll et al., Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 7988;
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71. The slip and consequent strain relief involving surface dislocations, involved atoms occupying bridge sites of the underlying substrate surface layer (see Figs. 6b, c where slip occurs along fault contours corresponding to bridge sites). However, the degree to which such bridge-site fault directions are easy slip directions depends on their orientation relative to the substrate and on which bridge sites are occupied.
72. These surface dislocations are the 2D analogues of the known dissociation of the [110] dislocation in fcc crystals (see D. Hull, Introduction to Dislocations (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)); For a discussion of surface dislocations in the context of reconstruction of Au(111) and Pt(111) see: J.V. Barth et al., Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 9307; D.D. Chambliss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1721; M. Bott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1489.
73. These surface dislocations are the 2D analogues of the known dissociation of the [110] dislocation in fcc crystals (see D. Hull, Introduction to Dislocations (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)); For a discussion of surface dislocations in the context of reconstruction of Au(111) and Pt(111) see: J.V. Barth et al., Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 9307; D.D. Chambliss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1721; M. Bott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1489.
74. These surface dislocations are the 2D analogues of the known dissociation of the [110] dislocation in fcc crystals (see D. Hull, Introduction to Dislocations (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)); For a discussion of surface dislocations in the context of reconstruction of Au(111) and Pt(111) see: J.V. Barth et al., Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 9307; D.D. Chambliss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1721; M. Bott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1489.
75. These surface dislocations are the 2D analogues of the known dissociation of the [110] dislocation in fcc crystals (see D. Hull, Introduction to Dislocations (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)); For a discussion of surface dislocations in the context of reconstruction of Au(111) and Pt(111) see: J.V. Barth et al., Phys. Rev. B 42 (1990) 9307; D.D. Chambliss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1721; M. Bott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 1489.
76. See reviews by: (a) G. Ehrlich, Appl. Phys. A 55 (1992) 403;
77. (b) M.G. Lagally, Phys. Today 46 (1993) 24.
78. D.W. Bassett, J. Phys. C 9 (1976) 2491.
79. S.C. Wang and G. Ehrlich, Surf. Sci. 239 (1990) 301.
80. G.L. Kellogg, Appl. Surf. Sci. 67 (1993) 134.
81. For early analytical and simulation studies of dimer diffusion see: U. Landman, M.F. Schlesinger and E.W. Montroll, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 285; U. Landman and M.F. Schlesinger, Phys. Rev. B 16 (1977) 3389; U. Landman, C.L. Cleveland and R.H. Rast, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 3 (1985) 1574; U. Landman and R.H. Rast, in: Dynamics on Surfaces, Eds. B. Pullman, J. Jortner, A. Nitzan and B. Gerber (Reidel, Boston, 1984).
82. For early analytical and simulation studies of dimer diffusion see: U. Landman, M.F. Schlesinger and E.W. Montroll, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 285; U. Landman and M.F. Schlesinger, Phys. Rev. B 16 (1977) 3389; U. Landman, C.L. Cleveland and R.H. Rast, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 3 (1985) 1574; U. Landman and R.H. Rast, in: Dynamics on Surfaces, Eds. B. Pullman, J. Jortner, A. Nitzan and B. Gerber (Reidel, Boston, 1984).
83. For early analytical and simulation studies of dimer diffusion see: U. Landman, M.F. Schlesinger and E.W. Montroll, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 285; U. Landman and M.F. Schlesinger, Phys. Rev. B 16 (1977) 3389; U. Landman, C.L. Cleveland and R.H. Rast, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 3 (1985) 1574; U. Landman and R.H. Rast, in: Dynamics on Surfaces, Eds. B. Pullman, J. Jortner, A. Nitzan and B. Gerber (Reidel, Boston, 1984).
84. For early analytical and simulation studies of dimer diffusion see: U. Landman, M.F. Schlesinger and E.W. Montroll, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 (1977) 285; U. Landman and M.F. Schlesinger, Phys. Rev. B 16 (1977) 3389; U. Landman, C.L. Cleveland and R.H. Rast, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 3 (1985) 1574; U. Landman and R.H. Rast, in: Dynamics on Surfaces, Eds. B. Pullman, J. Jortner, A. Nitzan and B. Gerber (Reidel, Boston, 1984).
85. G. Dominique, Surf. Sci. 137 (1984) L103.
86. A.F. Voter, Phys. Rev. B 34 (1986) 6819.
87. S. Stoyanov and H. Muller-Krumbhaar, Surf. Sci. 159 (1985) 49.
88. C.-L. Liu and J.B. Adams, Surf. Sci. 268 (1992) 73.
89. (a) See reviews in: Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes, Eds. J.L. Singer and H.M. Pollock (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991).
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