Ethical and legal issues associated with the use of aversives in the public schools: The SIBIS controversy

School Psychology Review

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 184-198

  Jacob Timm, Susan ^a  

^a CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030545746     PISSN: 02796015     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611.
2. American Psychological Association. (1994). Comprehensive and coordinated psychological services for children. Washington, DC: Author.
3. Axelrod, S. (1990). Myths that (mis)guide our profession. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 59-72). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
4. Behavior Research Institute, Inc. et al. v. Leonard, Bristol County (Mass.) Probate and Family Court, No. 86E0018-GI (1986).
5. Bersoff, D. N. (1983). Children as participants in psychoeducational assessment. In G. B. Melton, G. P. Koocher, & M. J. Saks (Eds.), Children's competence to consent (pp. 149-177). New York: Plenum.
6. Bird, F., Dores, P. A., Moniz, D., & Robinson, J. (1989). Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 37-48.
7. Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson School District v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S.Ct. 3034 (1982).
8. Board of Education, Sacramento City Unified School District v. Holland, 786 F.Supp. 874 (E.D. Cal. 1992).
9. Butterfield, E. C. (1990). Serious self-injury: The ethics of treatment and research. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 255-260). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
10. Butterfield, W. H. (1975). Electric shock-safety factors when used for the aversive conditioning of humans. Behavior Therapy, 6, 98-110.
11. Carr, E. G. (1977). The motivation of self-injurious behavior: A review of some hypotheses. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 800-816.
12. Civil Rights Act of 1871 or "Section 1983," 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (West Supp. 1982-1993).
13. Coe, D. A., & Matson, J. L. (1990). On the empirical basis for using aversive and nonaversive therapy. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 465-475). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
14. Cooke, T. P., & Cooke, S. (1974). Behavior modification: Answers to some ethical issues. Psychology in the Schools, 11, 5-10.
15. Corrao, J., & Melton, G. B. (1988). Legal issues in school-based behavior therapy. In J. C. Witt, S. N. Elliot, & F. M. Gresham (Eds.), Handbook of behavior therapy in education (pp. 377-399). New York: Plenum Press.
16. Donnellan, A, M., & LaVigna, G. W. (1990). Myths about punishment. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 33-57). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
17. Dunlap, G., Johnson, F. L., & Robbins, F. R. (1990). Preventing serious behavior problems through skills development and early interventions. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 273-286). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
18. Durand, V. M. (1990). Severe behavior problems: A functional communication training approach. New York: Guilford.
19. Durand, V. M., & Crimmins, D. B. (1988). Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 119-132.
20. Favell, J. E. (1992). Guidelines for designing and evaluating treatment programs for self-injurious behavior (SIB). In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 368-371). New York: Springer-Verlag.
21. Fee, V. E., & Matson, J. L. (1992). Definition, classification, and taxonomy. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 3-20). New York: Springer-Verlag.
22. Feldman, M. A. (1990). Balancing freedom from harm and right to treatment for persons with developmental disabilities. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 261-271). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
23. Fish, M. C. (1995). Working with parents of children with disabilities. In A. Thomas & J. Grimes (Eds.), Best practices in school psychology-III (pp. 1061-1070). Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.
24. Freagon, S. (1990). One educator's perspective on the use of punishment or aversives: Advocating for supportive and protective systems. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 146-155). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
25. Green, G. (1990). Least restrictive use of reductive procedures: Guidelines and competencies. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 479-493). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
26. Griffin, J. C., Ricketts, R. W., Williams, D. E., Locke, B. J., Altmeyer, B. K., & Stark, M. T. (1987). A community survey of self-injurious behavior among developmentally disabled children and adolescents. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 959-963.
27. Griffin, J. C., Williams, D. E., Stark, M. T., Altmeyer, B. K., & Mason, M. (1986). Self-injurious behavior: A statewide prevalence survey of the extent and circumstances. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 7, 105-116.
28. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
29. Halderman v. Pennhurst, 446 F.Supp. 1295 (E.D. Pa. 1977).
30. Handen, B. L. (1993). Pharmacotherapy in mental retardation and autism. School Psychology Review, 22, 163-183.
31. Harris, J. C. (1992). Neurobiological factors in self-injurious behavior. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 59-92). New York: Springer-Verlag.
32. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-476, 20 U.S.C.A. §§1400 (West Pocket Prt. 1994).
33. Iwata, B. A. (1988). The development and adoption of controversial default technologies. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 149-157.
34. Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. J., Bauman, K. E., & Richman, G. S. (1982). Toward a functional analysis of self-injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 1-20.
35. Iwata, B. A., Vollmer, T. R., & Zarcone, J. R. (1990). The experimental (functional) analysis of behavior disorders: Methodology, applications, and limitations. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 301-330). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
36. Jacob-Timm, S., & Hartshorne, T. (1994). Ethics and law for school psychologists (2nd ed.). Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing Company.
37. Karp v. Cooley, 493 F.2d 408 (5th Cir. 1974).
38. Kate' School v. Department of Health, 156 Cal. Rptr 529 (Ct.App. 1979).
39. Lakin, K. C., Hill, B. K., Hauber, F. A., Bruininks, R. H., & Heal, L. W. (1983). New admissions and readmissions to a national sample of public residential facilities. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88, 13-20.
40. Landau, R. J. (1993). Legislation and regulation in the age of the "new" aversives. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3, 19-29.
41. Lennox, D., Miltenberger, R., Spengler, P., & Erfanian, N. (1988). Decelerative treatment practices with persons who have mental retardation: A review of five years of the literature. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 92, 492-501.
42. Linscheid, T. R. (1992). Aversive stimulation. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 269-292). New York: Springer-Verlag.
43. Linscheid, T. R., Hartel, F., & Cooley, N. (1993). Are aversive procedures durable? A five-year follow-up of three individuals treated with contingent electric shock. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3, 67-76.
44. Linscheid, T. R., Iwata, B. A., Ricketts, R. W., Williams, D. E., & Griffin, J. C. (1990). Clinical evaluation of the self-injurious behavior inhibiting system (SIBIS). Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 53-78.
45. Linscheid, T. R., & Meinhold, P. (1990). The controversy over aversives: Basic operant research and the side effects of punishment. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 436-450). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
46. Linscheid, T. R., Pejeau, C., Cohen, S., & Footo-Lenz, M. (1994). Positive side effects in the treatment of SIB using the self-injurious behavior inhibiting system (SIBIS): Implications for operant and biochemical explanations of SIB. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 81-98.
47. Lovaas, O. I., & Favell, J. E. (1987). Protection for clients undergoing aversive/restrictive interventions. Education and Treatment of Children, 10, 311-325.
48. Luiselli, J. K. (1992). Protective equipment. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 235-268). New York: Springer-Verlag.
49. Matson, J. L. (1989). Self-injurious behavior and stereotyped behavior. In T. H. Ollendick & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychopathology (2nd ed.; pp. 265-275). New York: Plenum Press.
50. Matson, J. L., & Farrar-Schneider, D. (1993). Common behavioral decelerators (aversives) and their efficacy. [Special Issue]. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3, 48-64.
51. Matson, J. L., & Taras, M. E. (1989). A 20-year review of punishment procedures and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors in developmentally disabled persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 85-104.
52. Michigan Child Protection Act of 1975. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 722.621 (West 1988 and Supp. 1993); Mich. Stat. Ann. § 25.248 (Callagan 1987 and Supp. 1992).
53. Michigan Corporal Punishment Act of 1988. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 390.1249 (West 1988 and Supp. 1993); Mich. Stat. Ann. § 15.41249 (Callagan 1987 and Supp. 1992).
54. Natanson v. Kline, 186 Kan. 393, 350 P.2d 1093 (1960).
55. National Association of School Psychologists. (1992). Professional conduct manual Silver Spring, MD: Author.
56. National Institutes of Health. (1991). National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement. In NIH consensus development conference on the treatment of destructive behaviors in persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 1-29). (NIH Publication No. 91-2410.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
57. Northville Public Schools and Wayne-Westland Public Schools. (1990). Education of the Handicapped Law Report, 16, 847-859. Further proceedings, Phelan v. Bell and Wayne-Westland Community Schools. (1993). U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Individuals with Disabilities Education Law Report, 20, 528-532.
58. Northville Public Schools and Wayne-Westland Public Schools. (1990). Education of the Handicapped Law Report, 16, 847-859. Further proceedings, Phelan v. Bell and Wayne-Westland Community Schools. (1993). U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Individuals with Disabilities Education Law Report, 20, 528-532.
59. Oliver, C., Murphy, G. H., & Corbett, J. A. (1987). Self-injurious behaviour in people with mental handicap: A total population study. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 147-162.
60. Paisey, T. J. H., Whitney, R. B., & Hislop, P. M. (1990). Client characteristics and treatment selection: Legitimate influences and misleading inferences. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of non-aversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 175-197). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
61. Parham v. J. R., 422 U.S. 584 (1979).
62. Pyles, D. A. M., & Bailey, J. S. (1992). Behavioral diagnostic interventions. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 155-180). New York: Springer-Verlag.
63. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. No. 93-112, 29 U.S.C.A. § 794 (West Supp. 1986-1993).
64. Repp, A. C., & Karsh, K. G. (1990). A taxonomic approach to the nonaversive treatment of maladaptive behavior of persons with developmental disabilities. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 331-347). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
65. Repp, A. C., & Singh, N. N. (Eds.). (1990). Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions with persons with developmental disabilities. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
66. Schroeder, S. R., Rojahn, J., & Oldenquist, A. (1991). Treatment of destructive behaviors among people with mental retardation and developmental disabilities: Overview of the problem. In National Institutes of Health, NIH consensus development conference on the treatment of destructive behaviors in persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 125-171). (NIH Publication No. 91-2410.) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
67. Seiden, S. B., & Zirkel, P. A. (1989, June). Aversive therapy for handicapped students. Part I. The Schools' Advocate, 285-289.
68. Sherman, R. A. (1991). Aversives, fundamental rights and the courts. The Behavior Analyst, 14, 197-206.
69. Singh, N. N., Lloyd, J. W., & Kendall, K. A. (1990). Nonaversive and aversive interventions: Introduction. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 3-16). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
70. Singh, N. N., Singh, Y. N., & Ellis, C. R. (1992). Psychopharmacology of self-injury. In J. K. Luiselli, J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 307-351). New York: Springer-Verlag.
71. Smith, T. (1990). When and when not to consider the use of aversive interventions in the behavioral treatment of autistic children. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 287-297). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
72. Spreat, S., & Lanzi, F. (1989). Role of human rights committees in the review of restrictive/aversive behavior modification procedures: A national survey. Mental Retardation, 27, 375-382.
73. Spreat, S., & Lipinski, D. P. (1986). Survey of state policies regarding the use of restrictive/aversive behavior modification procedures. Behavioral Residential Treatment, 1, 137-152.
74. Touchette, P E., MacDonald, R. F., & Langer, S. N. (1985). A scatter plot for identifying stimulus control of problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 343-351.
75. United States Department of Education. (1993). To assure the free appropriate public education of all children with disabilities. Fifteenth annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Washington, DC: Author.
76. VanDuser v. Genesee Intermediate School District. (1990). Education of the Handicapped Law Report, 16, 1341-1343.
77. VanDuser, N., & Phelan, S. (1993). Aversives and the controversy: A view from the parents' perspective. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care, 3, 77-93.
78. Van Houten, R., Axelrod, S., Bailey, J. S., Favell, J. E., Foxx, R. N., Iwata, B. A., & Lovaas, O. I. (1988). The right to effective behavioral treatment. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 111-114.
79. Van Houten, R., Rolider, A., & Houlihan, M. (1992). Treatments of self-injury based on teaching compliance and/or brief physical restraint. In J. K. Luiselli J. L. Matson, & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Self-injurious behavior (pp. 181-199). New York: Springer-Verlag.
80. Weithom, L. A. (1983). Involving children in decisions affecting their own welfare: Guidelines for professionals. In G. B. Melton, G. P. Koocher, & M. J. Saks (Eds.), Children's competence to consent (pp. 235-260). New York: Plenum Press.
81. Welfel, E. R., & Kitchener, K. S. (1992). Introduction to the special section: Ethics education - An agenda for the '90s. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23, 179-181.
82. Wolery, M., & Gast, D. L. (1990). Re-framing the debate: Finding middle ground and defining the role of social validity. In A. C. Repp & N. N. Singh (Eds.), Perspectives on the use of nonaversive and aversive interventions for persons with developmental disabilities (pp. 129-143). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
83. Wyatt v. Stickney, 325 F.Supp. 781 (M.D. Ala. N.D. 1971). Further proceedings, Wyatt v. Stickney, 334 F.Supp. 1341 (M.D. Ala. N.D. 1971), 344 F.Supp. 373 (M.D. Ala. N.D. 1972), 344 F.Supp. 387 (M.D. Ala. N.D. 1972), also Wyatt v. Alderholt, 503 F.2d 1305 (1974).
84. Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 (1982).