Conflict resolution in Africa: Insights from UN representatives and U.S. government officials

Africa Today

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 121-138

  Spear, Mary ^a   Keller, Jon ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030545657     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. I. William Zartman quoted in Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991), p. 206.
2. Virginia Page Fortna, "United Nations Transition Assistance Group," in William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), pp. 372-373.
3. I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 269.
4. Virginia Page Fortna, "United Nations Angola Verification Mission I," in Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, p. 378.
5. Virginia Page Fortna, "United Nations Angola Verification Mission II," in Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, pp. 388-389.
6. Chris Simpson, "Angola Peace or War?" Africa Report, vol. 39, no. 2 (March-April 1994), p. 57.
7. Gareth Evans, Cooperating For Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1993), p. 115.
8. Paul Gray, "Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk," Time (3 January 1994), p. 54.
9. Ibid., p. 57.
10. Ibid.
11. Major-General Joseph N. Garba, "Restructuring the Security Forces for a New South Africa," The Southern African Peacekeeping and Peacemaking Project, vol. II (New York: Institute of International Education, 1994), p. 5.
12. Ibid., p. 13.
13. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam Books, 1981), p. 422.
14. William J. Durch, "Epilogue: Peacekeeping in Uncharted Territory," in Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping, p. 472.
15. Ibid.
16. Tom J. Callahan, "Somalia and the Question of U.S. Intervention" (unpublished manuscript, 1992), p. 3.
17. United States Institute of Peace, "Restoring Hope: The Real Lessons of Somalia for the Future of Intervention," Special Report of the United States Institute of Peace (Washington, DC, 1994), p. 7.
18. Brian Urquhart, "The UN and International Security After the Cold War," in A. Roberts and B. Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 93.
19. "U.S. Troops in Somalia," Access Resource Brief, vol. 8, no. 4 (February 1994), p. 1.
20. Durch, "Epilogue: Peacekeeping in Uncharted Territory," p. 473.
21. Evans, Cooperating for Peace, p. 154.
22. Ibid.
23. United States Institute of Peace, "Restoring Hope," pp. 1, 3.
24. Evans, Cooperating for Peace, p. 154.
25. United States Institute of Peace, "Restoring Hope," p. 2.
26. Evans, Cooperating for Peace, p. 154.
27. Urquhart, "The UN and International Security," p. 93.
28. A. P. Bangura, interview with author, 16 August 1994. Ambassador from Sierra Leone to the UN.
29. Kwaku Dua Dankwa, interview with author, 17 August 1994. Deputy Head of Ghana's Mission to the UN.
30. Roble Olhaye, interview with author, 17 August 1994. Ambassador from Djibouti to the UN.
31. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations Press, 1992), p. 37.
32. Ibrahim A. Gambari, interview with author, August 1994. Ambassador from Nigeria to the UN.
33. Godfrey Musafare Dzvairo, interview with author, 17 August 1994. Counselor, Zimbabwe's mission to the UN.
34. Robert Rydberg, interview with author, August 1994. First secretary political affairs. Swedish mission to the UN.
35. Derek Plumbly, Oral interview with author, 15 August 1994. Counsellor and Head of Chancery, British Mission to the United Nations.
36. Dankwa, interview.
37. Bangura, interview.
38. Dzvairo, interview.
39. Melchiade Bukuru, interview with author, 14 August 1994. Counselor, Burundi mission to the UN.
40. Plumbly, interview.
41. Sylvie Bermann, interview with author, 15 August 1994. Counselor for Asia, Latin America, and Africa, French mission to the UN.
42. Leonard Grant Shurtleff, interview with author, 11 August 1994. Director, Office of Regional Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, State Department.
43. Bangura, interview.
44. Gambari, interview.
45. Dankwa, interview.
46. Ali Mohamed Osman Yassin, interview with author, 16 August 1994. Ambassador from Sudan to the UN.
47. Hans-PeterKaul, interview with author, 17 August 1994. First counselor, German mission to the UN.
48. Dankwa, interview.
49. Stephen J. Stedman, "Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa: A Conceptual Framework," in F. M. Deng and I. W. Zartman, eds., Conflict Resolution in Africa (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991), p. 371.
50. Ibid., p. 372.
51. Dankwa, interview.
52. Yassin, interview.
53. Dzvairo, interview.
54. Ted Dagne, interview with author, 11 August 1994. Professional staff member of the Subcommittee on Africa of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs.
55. Frank Kiehne, interview with author, 9 August 1994. Foreign affairs advisor, member of the Subcommittee on Africa of the U.S. House of Representatives.
56. Omaye, interview.
57. Bangura, interview.
58. Tom J. Callahan, interview with author, 9 August 1994. Director of African affairs for the Republicans in the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee at the time of the interview (and now working for the International Republican Institute).
59. Bermann, interview.
60. Shurtleff, interview.
61. Gambari, interview.
62. Dankwa, interview.
63. Harry Johnston (Chairman of the Subcommittee on Africa), letter about African Conflict Resolution Act, to Congress, 12 July 1994.
64. M. Lowenthal, Peacekeeping in Future U.S. Foreign Policy (Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress, 1994), pp. 12-14.
65. Ibid., pp. 7-10.