Managerial Categorization of Competitors: Using Old Maps to Navigate New Environments

Organization Science

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 22-39

  Reger, Rhonda K ^a   Palmer, Timothy B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Automatic and Controlled Information Processing; Competitive Positioning; Managerial Cognition; Repertory Grid

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030544810     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.7.1.22     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Aldrich, H. E. (1979), Organizations and Environments, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Amel, D. F. and S. A. Rhoades (1988), "Strategic Groups in Banking," Review of Economics and Statistics, 70, 685-689.
3. Andrews, K. R. (1971), The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood, IL: Irwin.
4. Atkinson, R. C. and R. M. Shiffrin (1968), "Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes," in K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds.), Advances in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Research and Theory, Vol. 2, New York: Academic Press.
5. Bargh, J. A. (1989), "Conditional Automaticity: Varieties of Automatic Influence in Social Perception and Cognition," in J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended Thought, New York: The Guilford Press, 3-51.
6. _ and P. Pietromonaco (1982), "Automatic Information Processing and Social Perception: The Influence of Trait Information Presented Outside of Conscious Awareness on Impression Formation," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 437-449.
7. Barr, P. S., J. L. Stimpert, and A. S. Huff (1992), "Cognitive Change, Strategic Action and Organizational Renewal," Strategic Management Journal, 13 (Special Issue: Summer), 15-36.
8. Barsalou, L. W. (1982), "Context-independent and Context-dependent Information in Concepts," Memory and Cognition, 10, 82-93.
9. _ and R. H. Ross (1986), "The Roles of Automatic and Strategic Processing in Sensitivity to Superordinate and Property Frequency," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 12, 116-134.
10. Bourgeois, L. J. (1980), "Performance and Consensus," Strategic Management Journal, 1, 227-248.
11. _ (1985), "Strategic Goals, Perceived Uncertainty and Economic Performance in Volatile Environments," Academy of Management Journal, 28, 548-573.
12. Bryan, L. and P. Allen (1988), "Geographic Strategies for the 1990s: Preparing for a Smart Endgame," in W. H. Baughn, T. I. Storrs, and C. E. Walker (Eds.), The Bankers' Handbook, 3rd ed., Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
13. Cook, T. D. and D. T. Campbell (1979). Quasi Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings, Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
14. Cyert, R. M. and J. G. March (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15. Daft, R. L. and A. Y. Lewin (1990), "Can Organization Studies Begin to Break Out of the Normal Science Straitjacket? An Editorial Essay," Organization Science, 1, 1-9.
16. Dalkey, N. C. (1969), The Delphi Method: An Experimental Study of Group Opinion, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
17. Daniels, K., L. de Chernatony, and G. Johnson (forthcoming), "Validating a Method for Mapping Managers' Mental Models of Competitive Industry Structures," Human Relations.
18. _, G. Johnson, and L. de Chernatony (forthcoming), "Differences in Managerial Cognitions of Competition," British Journal of Management.
19. Dark, V. J., W. A. Johnston, M. Myles-Worsley, and M. J. Farah (1985), "Levels of Selection and Capacity Limits," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 472-497.
20. Dess, G. G. and N. K. Origer (1987), "Environment, Structure, and Consensus in Strategy Formulation," Academy of Management Review, 12, 313-330.
21. Devine, P. G. (1989), "Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
22. Dill, W. R. (1958), "Environment as an Influence on Managerial Autonomy," Administrative Science Quarterly, 2, 409-443.
23. Donald, W. H. (1981), "Banking and Other Financial Services: Basic Analysis," Standard and Poor's Industry Survey, April 30, B13-B18.
24. Duhaime, I. M. and C. R. Schwenk (1985), "Conjectures on Cognitive Simplification in Acquisition and Divestment Decision Making," Academy of Management Review, 10, 287-295.
25. Dutton, J. E. (1993), "Interpretations on Automatic: A Different View of Strategic Issue Diagnosis," Journal of Management Studies, 30, 339-357.
26. _ and J. M. Dukerich (1991), "Keeping an Eye on the Mirror: Image and Identity in Organizational Adaptation," Academy of Management Journal, 34, 517-554.
27. Eden, C., S. Jones, and D. Sims (1979), Thinking in Organizations, London, UK: Macmillan.
28. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), "Building Theory from Case Study Research," Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.
29. Finkelstein, S. and D. C. Hambrick (1990), "Top Management Team Tenure and Organizational Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion," Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 484-503.
30. Fiol, C. M. and M. A. Lyles (1985), "Organizational Learning," Academy of Management Review, 10, 803-813.
31. Fisk, A. D. and W. Schneider (1983), "Category and Word Search: Generalizing Search Principles to Complex Processing," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 9, 177-195.
32. _ and _ (1984), "Memory as a Function of Attention, Level of Processing, and Automatization," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 10, 181-198.
33. Fiske, S. T. (1989), "Examining the Role of Intent: Toward Understanding Its Role in Stereotyping and Prejudice," in J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended Thought, New York: The Guilford Press, 253-283.
34. _ and S. T. Taylor (1984), Social Cognition, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
35. Fombrun, C. J. and E. J. Zajac (1987), "Structural and Perceptual Influences on Intraindustry Stratifications," Academy of Management Journal, 30, 33-50.
36. Fransella, F. and D. Bannister (1977), A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique, New York: Academic Press.
37. Gioia, D. A. (1986), "Symbols, Scripts and Sensemaking: Creating Meaning in the Organizational Experience," in H. Sims and D. Gioia (Eds.), The Thinking Organization, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 49-74.a
38. Grinyer, P. H. And D. Norburn (1977-1978), "Planning for Existing Markets: An Empirical Study," International Studies of Management and Organization, 7, 399-423.
39. Gripsrud, G. and K. Gronhaug (1985), "Structure and Strategy in Grocery Retailing: A Sociocognitive Approach," Journal of Industrial Economics, 33, 339-347.
40. Harrigan, K. R. (1985), Strategies for Joint Ventures, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
41. Higgins, E. T. and G. King (1981), "Accessibility of Social Constructs: Information Processing Consequences of Individual and Contextual Variability," in N. Cantor and J. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, Cognition and Social Interaction, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 69-122.
42. Hofer, C. W. and D. E. Schendel (1978), Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts, St. Paul, MN: West.
43. Hoffman, J. E. and F. W. MacMillan (1985), "Is Semantic Priming Automatic?" in M. I. Posner and O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Attention and Performance XI, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 589-599.
44. Huff, A. S. (1982), "Industry Influences on Strategy Reformulation," Strategic Management Journal, 3, 119-131.
45. _ (1990), Mapping Strategic Thought, Chichester, UK: Wiley.
46. Hunt, M. S. (1972), "Competition in the Major Home Appliance Industry, 1960-1970," unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
47. James, W. (1890), The Principles of Psychology, 2 Vols., New York: Holt.
48. Johnson, M. and L. Hasher (1987), "Human Learning and Memory," Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 631-668.
49. Kahneman, D. and A. Henik (1981), "Perceptual Organization and Attention," in M. Kubovy and J. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual Organization, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. _ and A. M. Treisman (1984), "Changing Views of Attention and Automaticity,"in R. Parasuraman and R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of Attention, New York: Academic Press, 29-61.
51. Kelly, G. A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs, Vols. 1 and 2, New York: Norton.
52. Kiesler, S. and L. Sproull (1982), "Managerial Response to Changing Environments: Perspectives on Problem Sensing From Social Cognition," Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 548-570.
53. LaBerge, D. and S. J. Samuels (1974), "Toward a Theory of Automatic Information Processing in Reading," Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323.
54. Lakoff, G. (1987), Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
55. Langer, E. J. (1989), Mindfulness, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
56. Lawrence, P. R. and J. W. Lorsch (1967), Organizations and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Boston, MA: Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
57. Logan, G. D. (1980), "Attention and Automaticity in Stroop and Priming Tasks: Theory and Data," Cognitive Psychology, 12, 523-553.
58. _ and W. B. Cowan (1984), "On the Ability to Inhibit Thought and Action: A Theory of an Act of Control," Psychological Review, 91, 295-327.
59. Louis, M. R. and R. I. Sutton (1991), "Switching Cognitive Gears: From Habits of Mind to Active Thinking," Human Relations, 44, 55-76.
60. Mason, R. O. and I. I. Mitroff (1981), Challenging Strategic Planning Assumptions, New York: Wiley.
61. McKinsey and Company (1985), Bankers' Merger and Acquisition Choices: Mapping a Course Through Consolidation, Rolling Meadows, IL: Bank Administration Institute.
62. Mervis, C. and E. Rosch (1981), "Categorization of Natural Objects," Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 89-115.
63. Miles, R. E. and C. C. Snow (1978), Organization Strategy, Structure, and Process, New York: McGraw-Hill.
64. Miller, G. A. (1956), "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information," Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
65. Mintzberg, H. and J. A. Waters (1985), "Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent," Strategic Management Journal, 6, 257-272.
66. Mokwa, M. P., J. A. Grant, and R. E. White (1989), "MeraBank," in C. W. L. Hill and G. R. Jones, Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
67. Neely, J. H. (1977), "Semantic Priming and Retrieval from Lexical Memory: Roles of Inhibitionless Spreading Activation and Limited-Capacity Attention," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
68. Nelson, R. R. and S. G. Winter (1984), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
69. Nystrom, P. C. and W. H. Starbuck (1984), "To Avoid Organizational Crisis, Unlearn," Organizational Dynamics, Spring, 53-65.
70. Ogden, W. C., D. W. Martin, and K. R. Paap (1980), "Processing Demands of Encoding: What Does Secondary Task Performance Reflect?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 355-367.
71. Palmer, T. B. and R. K. Reger (1991), "MeraBank: From Turnaround to Decline," in C. W. L. Hill and G. R. Jones, Strategic Management, 2nd ed., Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
72. Pfeffer, J. and G. R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations, New York: Harper and Row.
73. Porac, J. F. and H. Thomas (1990), "Taxonomic Mental Models in Competitor Definition," Academy of Management Review, 15, 224-240.
74. _, _, and C. Baden-Fuller (1989), "Competitive Groups as Cognitive Communities: The Case of the Scottish Knitwear Industry," Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416.
75. Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy, New York: The Free Press.
76. Posner, M. I. and M. K. Rothbart (1989), "Intentional Chapters on Unintended Thoughts," in J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended Thought, New York: The Guilford Press, 451-469.
77. _ and C. R. R. Snyder (1975), "Attention and Cognitive Control," in R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 55-85.
78. Prahalad, C. K. and R. A. Bettis (1986), "The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage Between Diversity and Performance," Strategic Management Journal, 7, 485-501.
79. Reger, R. K. (1990a), "Managerial Thought Structures and Competitive Positioning," in A. S. Huff (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, Chichester, UK: Wiley, 71-88.
80. _ (1990b), "The Repertory Grid Technique of Eliciting the Content and Structure of Cognitive Constructive Systems," in A. S. Huff (Ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, Chichester, UK: Wiley, 301-309.
81. _, I. M. Duhaime, and J. L. Stimpert (1992), "Deregulation, Strategic Choice, Risk and Financial Performance," Strategic Management Journal, 13, 189-204.
82. Rosch, E. (1978), "Principles of Categorization," in E. Rosch and B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and Categorization, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 27-48.
83. Schendel, D. E. and C. W. Hofer (1979), Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning, Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
84. Schneider, W., S. T. Dumais, and R. M. Shiffrin (1984), "Automatic and Control Processing and Attention," in R. Parasuraman and D. R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of Attention, New York: Academic Press, 1-27.
85. _ and R. M. Shiffrin (1977), "Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: I. Detection, Search, and Attention," Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
86. Shiffrin, R. M. (1988), "Attention," in R. C. Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, and R. D. Luce (Eds.), Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology, 2nd ed., New York: Wiley, 739-811.
87. _ and S. T. Dumais (1981), "The Development of Automatism," in J. R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 111-140.
88. _ and W. Schneider (1977), "Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: II. Perceptual Learning, Automatic Attending, and a General Theory," Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
89. Simon, H. A. (1957), Administrative Behavior, New York: Free Press.
90. Sinkey, J. F. (1986), Commercial Bank Financial Management in the Financial Services Industry, New York: Macmillan.
91. Spender, J.-C. (1980), "Strategy-Making in Business," unpublished doctoral dissertation, Manchester University, Manchester, England.
92. _ (1989), Industry Recipes, Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
93. Taylor, J. F. (1990), The Process of Change in American Banking: Political Economy and the Public Purpose, New York: Quorum Books.
94. Uleman, J. S. (1989), "A Framework for Thinking Intentionally About Unintended Thoughts," in J. S. Uleman and J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended Thought, New York: The Guilford Press, 425-449.
95. Walton, E. J. (1986), "Managers' Prototypes of Financial Terms," Journal of Management Studies, 23, 679-699.
96. Weick, K. E. (1979), The Social Psychology of Organizing, 2nd ed., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
97. _ (1990), "The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster," Journal of Management, 16, 571-593.
98. Wooldridge, B. and S. W. Floyd (1989), "Strategic Process Effects on Consensus," Strategic Management Journal, 10, 259-302.
99. Wyer, R. S., Jr. and T. K. Srull (1986), "Human Cognition in Its Social Context," Psychological Review, 93, 322-359.
100. Zajac, E. J. and M. H. Bazerman (1991), "Blind Spots in Industry and Competitor Analysis: Implications of Interfirm (Mis)perceptions for Strategic Decisions," Academy of Management Review, 16, 37-56.