Urban development and civic community: A comparative analysis

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-24

  McKay, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030533873     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007123400007390     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. See inter alia, Peter Hall, The World Cities, 3rd edn (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), chap. 1; Chris Pickvance and Edmond Preteceille, State Restructuring and Local Power: A Comparative Analysis (London: Pinter, 1991), chap. 8; Harold Wolman and L. Ledebur, The National Context for Urban Economic Development, Urban Working Paper No. 1 (Paris: OECD, 1985).
2. See inter alia, Peter Hall, The World Cities, 3rd edn (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), chap. 1; Chris Pickvance and Edmond Preteceille, State Restructuring and Local Power: A Comparative Analysis (London: Pinter, 1991), chap. 8; Harold Wolman and L. Ledebur, The National Context for Urban Economic Development, Urban Working Paper No. 1 (Paris: OECD, 1985).
3. See inter alia, Peter Hall, The World Cities, 3rd edn (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), chap. 1; Chris Pickvance and Edmond Preteceille, State Restructuring and Local Power: A Comparative Analysis (London: Pinter, 1991), chap. 8; Harold Wolman and L. Ledebur, The National Context for Urban Economic Development, Urban Working Paper No. 1 (Paris: OECD, 1985).
4. These are the conclusions of Chris Pickvance and Edmond Preteceille, State Restructuring and Local Power, p. 214.
5. Peter Hall, 'Urban Growth and Decline in Western Europe', in Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasard, The Metropolitan Era, Vol. 1: A World of Giant Cities (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1984), pp. 114-23; see also, Peter Hall and Dennis Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London: Heinemann, 1980).
6. Peter Hall, 'Urban Growth and Decline in Western Europe', in Mattei Dogan and John D. Kasard, The Metropolitan Era, Vol. 1: A World of Giant Cities (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1984), pp. 114-23; see also, Peter Hall and Dennis Hay, Growth Centres in the European Urban System (London: Heinemann, 1980).
7. In particular, Paul Chesire, Dennis Hay and Gianni Carbonaro, 'A Survey of Urban Areas in the EEC: Problems of Decline and Growth, 1971-75-81 (Interim Report No. 3.i, Joint Centre for Land Development Studies, Faculty of Urban and Regional Studies, University of Reading, 1984).
8. Hall, 'Urban Growth and Decline', Table 4.3.
9. Hall, 'Urban Growth and Decline', Table 4.3.
10. See, in particular, Paul Chesire, Gianni Carbonara and Dennis Hay, 'Problems of Urban Decline and Growth in EEC Countries: Or Measuring Degrees of Elephantness', Urban Studies, 23 (1986), 131-49; Paul Chesire, 'Explaining the Recent Performance of the European Community's Urban Regions', Urban Studies, 27 (1990), 311-33.
11. See, in particular, Paul Chesire, Gianni Carbonara and Dennis Hay, 'Problems of Urban Decline and Growth in EEC Countries: Or Measuring Degrees of Elephantness', Urban Studies, 23 (1986), 131-49; Paul Chesire, 'Explaining the Recent Performance of the European Community's Urban Regions', Urban Studies, 27 (1990), 311-33.
12. Chesire, Carbonara and Hay, 'Problems of Urban Decline', pp. 135-9.
13. Chesire, Carbonara and Hay, 'Problems of Urban Decline', Fig. 2. p. 141.
14. See, in particular, Chesire, 'Explaining the Recent Performance of the European Community's Major Urban Regions'.
15. Between 1963 and 1981 West Germany's population increased from 55.4 million to 61.7 million; Britain's increased from 53.6 million to 56.2 million in the same period (United Nations, United Nations Statistical Yearbook (Geneva: UN, various years)).
16. Paul Claval, 'Reflections on the Cultural Geography of the European City', in John Agnew, John Mercer and David Sopher, eds, The City in Cultural Context (London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 44-45. Although Claval puts Britain in the same category as Northern Europe (including Scandinavia), there is little evidence that any claimed 'anti-urban' sentiment in Northern Europe outside Britain has resulted in a rise in urban problems (for Northern Germany and the Netherlands, see Figure 1). Comparable data are not available for the Scandinavian countries, but impressionistic evidence suggests that they too have not developed serious core city problems. For a review of the government of Scandinavian cities, see Edward C. Page and Michael J. Goldsmith, eds, Central and Local Government Relationships in Western Europe (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987), chapters on Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
17. Paul Claval, 'Reflections on the Cultural Geography of the European City', in John Agnew, John Mercer and David Sopher, eds, The City in Cultural Context (London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 44-45. Although Claval puts Britain in the same category as Northern Europe (including Scandinavia), there is little evidence that any claimed 'anti-urban' sentiment in Northern Europe outside Britain has resulted in a rise in urban problems (for Northern Germany and the Netherlands, see Figure 1). Comparable data are not available for the Scandinavian countries, but impressionistic evidence suggests that they too have not developed serious core city problems. For a review of the government of Scandinavian cities, see Edward C. Page and Michael J. Goldsmith, eds, Central and Local Government Relationships in Western Europe (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987), chapters on Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
18. See Harold Wolman and Michael Goldsmith, Urban Politics and Policy: A Comparative Approach (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), chap. 4 and sources cited.
19. From the 1990 Census (see US Census of Population and Housing, 1990, Summary (Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census, 1991), Table 7).
20. City census data are a better measure of central city performance in the older cities of the North and Mid-West. Western cities, and especially South-Western cities, tend to have a lower level of jurisdictional fragmentation. City data represent a larger proportion of the metropolitan area, therefore.
21. See James S. Duncan and Nancy G. Duncan, 'A Cultural Analysis of Urban Residential Landscapes in North America: The Case of the Anglophile Elite', in Agnew, et al., eds, The City in Cultural Context, pp. 12-276; M. White and L. White, The Intellectual Versus the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962); Robert A. Beauregard, 'Representing Urban Decline: Postwar Cities as Narrative Objects', Urban Affairs Quarterly, 29 (1993), 187-202.
22. See James S. Duncan and Nancy G. Duncan, 'A Cultural Analysis of Urban Residential Landscapes in North America: The Case of the Anglophile Elite', in Agnew, et al., eds, The City in Cultural Context, pp. 12-276; M. White and L. White, The Intellectual Versus the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962); Robert A. Beauregard, 'Representing Urban Decline: Postwar Cities as Narrative Objects', Urban Affairs Quarterly, 29 (1993), 187-202.
23. See James S. Duncan and Nancy G. Duncan, 'A Cultural Analysis of Urban Residential Landscapes in North America: The Case of the Anglophile Elite', in Agnew, et al., eds, The City in Cultural Context, pp. 12-276; M. White and L. White, The Intellectual Versus the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962); Robert A. Beauregard, 'Representing Urban Decline: Postwar Cities as Narrative Objects', Urban Affairs Quarterly, 29 (1993), 187-202.
24. Beauregard, 'Representing the Urban Decline', p. 194.
25. Chesire, 'Explaining the Recent Performance', p. 311.
26. See inter alia, Pierre Birnbaum, 'State, Centre, and Bureaucracy', Government and Opposition, 6 (1978), 57-77; Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
27. See inter alia, Pierre Birnbaum, 'State, Centre, and Bureaucracy', Government and Opposition, 6 (1978), 57-77; Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
28. See inter alia, Pierre Birnbaum, 'State, Centre, and Bureaucracy', Government and Opposition, 6 (1978), 57-77; Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
29. Douglas E. Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982), chap. 2; Birnbaum, 'State, Center, and Bureaucracy'; Michael Goldsmith, 'Local Autonomy: Theory and Practice', in Desmond S. King and Jon Pierre, Challenges to Local Government (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990), pp. 15-36.
30. Douglas E. Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982), chap. 2; Birnbaum, 'State, Center, and Bureaucracy'; Michael Goldsmith, 'Local Autonomy: Theory and Practice', in Desmond S. King and Jon Pierre, Challenges to Local Government (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990), pp. 15-36.
31. Douglas E. Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982), chap. 2; Birnbaum, 'State, Center, and Bureaucracy'; Michael Goldsmith, 'Local Autonomy: Theory and Practice', in Desmond S. King and Jon Pierre, Challenges to Local Government (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990), pp. 15-36.
32. See Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism; Vivien Lowndes, 'The Other Governments of Britain: Local Politics and Delegated Administrations', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, The Developing British Political System (London: Longman, 1993), pp. 125-50.
33. See Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism; Vivien Lowndes, 'The Other Governments of Britain: Local Politics and Delegated Administrations', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, The Developing British Political System (London: Longman, 1993), pp. 125-50.
34. Douglas Ashford, 'British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism Revisited', in Colin Crouch and David Marquand, eds, The New Centralism: Britain Out of Step with Europe? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), pp. 80-1.
35. E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe: Vol. 6, The Netherlands and Great Britain (New York: The Free Press, 1971), pp. 289-299; Anthony Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City: Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1780-1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), pp. 48-53, and sources cited.
36. E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe: Vol. 6, The Netherlands and Great Britain (New York: The Free Press, 1971), pp. 289-299; Anthony Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City: Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1780-1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), pp. 48-53, and sources cited.
37. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe, Vol. 6, p. 295.
38. Michael Goldsmith points out that today the term 'municipal' has all but passed from the political vocabulary (Goldsmith, 'Local Autonomy: Theory and Practice', p. 19).
39. L. J. Sharpe, 'The Labour Party and the Geography of Equality: A Puzzle', in Dennis Kavanagh, ed., The Politics of the Labour Party (London, Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 135-41.
40. See Austin Ranney, Pathways to Parliament (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).
41. For a comprehensive analysis of this point, see Jim Bulpitt, Territory and Power in the United Kingdom (Manchester: Manchester University, 1983), chap. 3.
42. As secretary for the environment, Michael Heseltine helped create Urban Development Corporations to revitalize inner cities. See Paul Lawless, Britain's Inner Cities, 2nd edn (London: Paul Chapman, 1989). Richard Crossman notes the ways in which his permanent secretary at the Ministry of Local Government, Dame Evelyn Sharp, defended local governments (see Richard H. S. Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (London: Hamilton and Cape, 1976). On the role of local authority associations, see R. A. W. Rhodes, Beyond Westminster and Whitehall (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988).
43. As secretary for the environment, Michael Heseltine helped create Urban Development Corporations to revitalize inner cities. See Paul Lawless, Britain's Inner Cities, 2nd edn (London: Paul Chapman, 1989). Richard Crossman notes the ways in which his permanent secretary at the Ministry of Local Government, Dame Evelyn Sharp, defended local governments (see Richard H. S. Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (London: Hamilton and Cape, 1976). On the role of local authority associations, see R. A. W. Rhodes, Beyond Westminster and Whitehall (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988).
44. As secretary for the environment, Michael Heseltine helped create Urban Development Corporations to revitalize inner cities. See Paul Lawless, Britain's Inner Cities, 2nd edn (London: Paul Chapman, 1989). Richard Crossman notes the ways in which his permanent secretary at the Ministry of Local Government, Dame Evelyn Sharp, defended local governments (see Richard H. S. Crossman, Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, Vol. 1 (London: Hamilton and Cape, 1976). On the role of local authority associations, see R. A. W. Rhodes, Beyond Westminster and Whitehall (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988).
45. See Rhodes, Between Westminster and Whitehall.
46. For an analysis of the impact of the metropolitan authorities, see John Gyford, S. Leach and Chris Game, The Changing Politics of Local Government (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), chaps. 2-5.
47. On this general theme, see Crouch and Marquand, eds, The New Centralism.
48. See EC Commission, The Regions in the 1990s (Fourth Periodic Report on the Social and Economic Situation and Development of the Regions of the Community, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1991).
49. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1955).
50. Blaire A. Brownell, 'The Idea of the City in the American South', in Derek Fraser and Anthony Sutcliffe, eds, The Pursuit of Urban History (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), p. 146. On boosterism generally, see Frank Friedel, 'Boosters, Intellectuals and the American City', in Oscar Handlin and John Burchard, eds, The Historian in the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).
51. Blaire A. Brownell, 'The Idea of the City in the American South', in Derek Fraser and Anthony Sutcliffe, eds, The Pursuit of Urban History (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), p. 146. On boosterism generally, see Frank Friedel, 'Boosters, Intellectuals and the American City', in Oscar Handlin and John Burchard, eds, The Historian in the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).
52. During the decade of the 1970s, St Louis suffered the greatest percentage population decline of any American city. On this and attempts to revive the city, see Andrew D. Glassberg, 'St Louis: Racial Transition and Economic Development', in H. V. Savitch and John Clayton Thomas, Big City Politics in Transition: Urban Affairs Annual Review, Vol. 38 (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1991), pp. 86-96.
53. See Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), chap. 2.
54. On US intergovernmental networks, see Samuel H. Beer, 'Federalism, Nationalism, and Democracy in America', American Political Science Review, 12 (1978), 9-21; Deil S. Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations (Belmont, Calif.: Brooks Cole, 1988).
55. On US intergovernmental networks, see Samuel H. Beer, 'Federalism, Nationalism, and Democracy in America', American Political Science Review, 12 (1978), 9-21; Deil S. Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations (Belmont, Calif.: Brooks Cole, 1988).
56. On this theme, see Benjamin I. Page, Who Gets What From Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
57. See Page, Who Gets What From Government; also, Harold Wolman and Fred Teitlebaum, 'Interest Groups and the Reagan Presidency', in Lester A. Salamon and Michael S. Lund, eds, The Reagan Presidency and the Governing of America (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1984).
58. See Page, Who Gets What From Government; also, Harold Wolman and Fred Teitlebaum, 'Interest Groups and the Reagan Presidency', in Lester A. Salamon and Michael S. Lund, eds, The Reagan Presidency and the Governing of America (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1984).
59. For a good summary of this literature, see the collection edited by Savitch and Thomas, Big City Politics in Transition.
60. This is a common theme in what is a large literature on the political economy of American cities. For a summary, see R. J. Johnston, Residential Segregation, the State and Constitutional Conflict in American Urban Areas (New York: Academic Press, 1984).
61. One of the first (and best) studies of the primacy of economics in American urban growth is Harvey Molotch, 'The City as a Growth Machine', American Journal of Sociology, 82 (1976), 309-30.
62. See references at fn. 19; also Barrington Moore Jr, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Harmondsworth, Middx.: Penguin, 1967), chap. 1.
63. Figures from Paul M. Hohenberg and Lynn Holen Lees, The Making of Urban Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 227.
64. For France, see Sydney Tarrow, Between Centre and Periphery (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); also Yves Mény and Vincent Wright, Centre-Periphery in Western Europe (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985).
65. For France, see Sydney Tarrow, Between Centre and Periphery (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977); also Yves Mény and Vincent Wright, Centre-Periphery in Western Europe (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985).
66. On Germany, see Simon Bulmer, 'Territorial Government in West Germany', in Gordon Smith, William E. Patterson and Peter H. Merkl, Developments in West German Politics (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 40-59.
67. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, p. 10.
68. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, pp. 13-16.
69. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, p. 17. See also James H. Sheehan, 'Liberalism and the City in Nineteenth Century Germany', Past and Present, 51 (1971), 116-37.
70. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, p. 17. See also James H. Sheehan, 'Liberalism and the City in Nineteenth Century Germany', Past and Present, 51 (1971), 116-37.
71. Bulmer, 'Territorial Government in West Germany'; see also, Charles Jeffrey and Peter Sauvigeor, German Federation Today (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), chap. 1.
72. Bulmer, 'Territorial Government in West Germany'; see also, Charles Jeffrey and Peter Sauvigeor, German Federation Today (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), chap. 1.
73. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, p. 128. For a comprehensive account on the role of government in the physical development of French cities, see E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe: Vol. 5, France and Belgium (New York: The Free Press, 1971), pp. 74-139.
74. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City, p. 128. For a comprehensive account on the role of government in the physical development of French cities, see E. A. Gutkind, Urban Development in Western Europe: Vol. 5, France and Belgium (New York: The Free Press, 1971), pp. 74-139.
75. On the historical evolution of the role of the prefect in French government, see Howard Machin, The Prefect in French Public Administration (London: Croom Helm, 1977).
76. See Tarrow, Between Center and Periphery, Part 3; For a general summary see Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism, chap. 2.
77. See Tarrow, Between Center and Periphery, Part 3; For a general summary see Ashford, British Dogmatism and French Pragmatism, chap. 2.
78. Tarrow, Between Center and Periphery, p. 162.
79. For a summary of how different countries have attempted local government reforms, see David McKay, ed., Planning and Politics in Western Europe (London: Macmillan, 1982); Page and Goldsmith, eds, Central and Local Relationships in Western Europe.
80. For a summary of how different countries have attempted local government reforms, see David McKay, ed., Planning and Politics in Western Europe (London: Macmillan, 1982); Page and Goldsmith, eds, Central and Local Relationships in Western Europe.
81. Interestingly, the cities of Southern Italy may be an exception to this general pattern. Certainly, Robert Putnam's study of civic traditions in Italy suggests that southern Italian regions, unlike the north, failed to find a communal solution to their 'Hobbesian dilemmas' during the medieval period. As a result, they failed to acquire a civic tradition and to provide either minimum standards of government or public goods. While Putnam's study does have a spatial dimension by region, it does not distinguish patterns of government within urban and metropolitan areas (Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993)).
82. Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 58.
83. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, chap. 6; North, Institutions, Institutional Change.
84. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, chap. 6; North, Institutions, Institutional Change.
85. Jerry Webman, Reviving the Industrial City: Urban Renewal in Birmingham and Lyons (London: Croom Helm, 1985).
86. Patrick Le Gale, 'Local Economic Policies, the State and City Councils: Coventry and Rennes', in King and Pierre, eds, Challenges to Local Government, p. 143.
87. This is the conclusion of a large and varied literature. For a summary, see Paul Peterson, City Limits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), chap. 11.
88. On Atlanta politics, see Clarence C. Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989). For an account of the economic imperatives at work in American downtown development, see Bernard J. Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
89. On Atlanta politics, see Clarence C. Stone, Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989). For an account of the economic imperatives at work in American downtown development, see Bernard J. Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
90. Harold L. Wolman, Coit Cook Ford III and Edward Hill, 'Evaluating the Success of Urban Success Stories,' Urban Studies, 31 (1994), 835-50.