Redefining political-military relations in Latin America: Issues of the New Democratic Era

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 419-440

  Norden, Deborah L ^a  

^a Health Services and Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030530165     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602200305     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. The commonly-used term "civil-military relations" refers primarily to the military's role in domestic politics, and its relationship to the political arena, rather than to more generalized relationships with civilians. Consequently, I prefer the term "political-military relations."
2. Robert Potash, The Army and Politics in Argentina (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980).
3. Alain Rouquie, The Military and the State in Latin America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
4. Constantine Danopolous, From Military to Civilian Rule. (London and New York: Routledge Press, 1992), 2.
5. Brian Loveman, The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception, the Armed Forces and Politics in Spanish America. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993).
6. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978);
7. and Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarianism. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
8. Danopolous, From Military to Civilian Rule.
9. Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal (Issue on "The Age of Democracy: Democratic Transition in the East and South"), no. 128 (May 1991): 269-284.
10. Felipe Agüero, "The Assertion of Civilian Supremacy in Post-Authoritarian Contexts: Spain in Comparative Perspective." (Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1991).
11. Deborah Norden, Military Rebellion in Argentina: Between Coups and Consolidation. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996).
12. These regimes are commonly referred to as "bureaucratic-authoritarian," a term coined by Guillermo O'Donnell in Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973). Bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes stand out in that they are ruled by the military institution (rather than by individual military leaders), they are modern and technocratic in character, they occur after prior political mobilization in the country, and they take power with the intent of governing, rather than merely transferring power to a more desirable civilian regime. Important early studies of these regimes include O'Donnell (above); Juan Linz and Albert Stepan, eds., Breakdown of Democratic Regimes ; and Albert Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. Albert Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 117-143.
13. These regimes are commonly referred to as "bureaucratic-authoritarian," a term coined by Guillermo O'Donnell in Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973). Bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes stand out in that they are ruled by the military institution (rather than by individual military leaders), they are modern and technocratic in character, they occur after prior political mobilization in the country, and they take power with the intent of governing, rather than merely transferring power to a more desirable civilian regime. Important early studies of these regimes include O'Donnell (above); Juan Linz and Albert Stepan, eds., Breakdown of Democratic Regimes ; and Albert Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. Albert Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 117-143.
14. These regimes are commonly referred to as "bureaucratic-authoritarian," a term coined by Guillermo O'Donnell in Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973). Bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes stand out in that they are ruled by the military institution (rather than by individual military leaders), they are modern and technocratic in character, they occur after prior political mobilization in the country, and they take power with the intent of governing, rather than merely transferring power to a more desirable civilian regime. Important early studies of these regimes include O'Donnell (above); Juan Linz and Albert Stepan, eds., Breakdown of Democratic Regimes ; and Albert Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. Albert Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 117-143.
15. Karen Remmer, Military Rule in Latin America (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 19.
16. Remmer, Military Rule, 35-40.
17. Genaro Arriagada Herrera,."The Legal and Institutional Framework of the Armed Forces in Chile," in Military Rule in Chile, ed. J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 117-143.
18. See Andrés Miguel Fontana, "Political Decision-Making by a Military Corporation: Argentina 1976-1983." (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1987), and María Susana Ricci and J. Samuel Fitch, "Ending Military Regimes in Argentina: 1966-73 and 1976-83," in The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America, ed. Louis W. Goodman, Johanna Mendelson and Juan Rial (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), 55-74.
19. See Andrés Miguel Fontana, "Political Decision-Making by a Military Corporation: Argentina 1976-1983." (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1987), and María Susana Ricci and J. Samuel Fitch, "Ending Military Regimes in Argentina: 1966-73 and 1976-83," in The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America, ed. Louis W. Goodman, Johanna Mendelson and Juan Rial (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), 55-74.
20. Paul Cammack, "Political Economy of Contemporary Military Regimes in Latin America: From Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism to Restructuring," in Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America, ed. Philip O'Brien and Paul Cammack (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985), 28.
21. See Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 45; and Paul Zagorski, Democracy vs. National Security: Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1992), 23-4.
22. See Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 45; and Paul Zagorski, Democracy vs. National Security: Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1992), 23-4.
23. O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism.
24. The relationship between legitimacy and effectivity is discussed in Linz and Stepan, Breakdown of Democratic Regimes.
25. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Regimes: Tentative Conclusions. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 27. The word "bland" is one translation of the Spanish word "blando." A more useful alternative might be "soft" or, more specifically, "soft-line."
26. Linz and Stepan, Breakdown of Democratic Regimes.
27. O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism.
28. Remmer, Military Rule.
29. Huntington, The Third Wave, 39.
30. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process and Facilitating Conditions," in Issues in Democratic Consolidation, ed. Scott Mainwarning, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), 69.
31. Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Introduction," in Issues in Democratic Consolidation, ed. Mainwarning, et al., 10-11.
32. Norden, Military Rebellion in Argentina.
33. Karl and Schmitter, "Modes of Transition," 275.
34. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
35. Agüero, "Assertion of Civilian Supremacy," 363.
36. Mainwaring, et al., eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation.
37. The option of completely dismantling the armed forces seems rather implausible in anything other than a revolutionary situation. A second condition would probably be the support of an internationally hegemonic power, available to guarantee the security of the newly unarmed nation.
38. Zagorski, Democracy vs. National Security, 55.
39. In much of Latin America, few civilians have in the past had any expertise in military affairs. However, that is certainly not an immutable state of affairs. In Argentina, where this lack was very much a concern in the immediate post-authoritarian period, some civilians have gradually been acquiring expertise in matters of defense.
40. J. Samuel Fitch, "Armies and Politics in Latin America: 1975-1985," in Armies and Politics in Latin America, ed. Abraham Lowenthal and J. S. Fitch (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 19. See also Alain Rouquie, The Military and the State in Latin America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Alfred Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. A. Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and David Pion-Berlin, "Latin American National Security Doctrines: Hard- and Softline Themes," Armed Forces & Society 15, 3 (Spring 1989): 411-429.
41. J. Samuel Fitch, "Armies and Politics in Latin America: 1975-1985," in Armies and Politics in Latin America, ed. Abraham Lowenthal and J. S. Fitch (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 19. See also Alain Rouquie, The Military and the State in Latin America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Alfred Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. A. Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and David Pion-Berlin, "Latin American National Security Doctrines: Hard- and Softline Themes," Armed Forces & Society 15, 3 (Spring 1989): 411-429.
42. J. Samuel Fitch, "Armies and Politics in Latin America: 1975-1985," in Armies and Politics in Latin America, ed. Abraham Lowenthal and J. S. Fitch (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 19. See also Alain Rouquie, The Military and the State in Latin America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Alfred Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. A. Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and David Pion-Berlin, "Latin American National Security Doctrines: Hard- and Softline Themes," Armed Forces & Society 15, 3 (Spring 1989): 411-429.
43. J. Samuel Fitch, "Armies and Politics in Latin America: 1975-1985," in Armies and Politics in Latin America, ed. Abraham Lowenthal and J. S. Fitch (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 19. See also Alain Rouquie, The Military and the State in Latin America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Alfred Stepan, "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Authoritarian Brazil: Origins, Policies, and Future, ed. A. Stepan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and David Pion-Berlin, "Latin American National Security Doctrines: Hard- and Softline Themes," Armed Forces & Society 15, 3 (Spring 1989): 411-429.
44. Louis Goodman, "Introduction," in The Military and Democracy, ed. Goodman et al., xiv.
45. Alfredo Molano, "Violence and Land Colonization," in Violence in Colombia, ed. Charles Bergquist, et al. (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1992), 212.
46. Deborah Norden, "Keeping the Peace, Outside and In: Argentina's United Nations Missions." Forthcoming in International Peacekeeping.