Civil-military relations and democracy: The case of the military-political elites' connection in Israel

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 401-417

  Etzioni Halevy, Eva ^a  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030529577     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602200304     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); S.E. Finer, The Man on Horseback (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: The Free Press, 1960).
2. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); S.E. Finer, The Man on Horseback (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: The Free Press, 1960).
3. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); S.E. Finer, The Man on Horseback (London: Pall Mall Press, 1962); Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: The Free Press, 1960).
4. Claude E. Welch Jr., "Military Disengagement from Politics," Armed Forces & Society 18, 3 (Spring 1992): 323-342.
5. Kenneth W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civil Supremacy over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19, 1 (Fall 1992): 7-26.
6. Daniella Ashkenazi, ed., The Military in the Service of Society and Democracy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 5.
7. Finer, Man on Horseback; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, and Amos Perlmutter, Political Roles and Military Rulers (London: Frank Cass, 1981).
8. Finer, Man on Horseback; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, and Amos Perlmutter, Political Roles and Military Rulers (London: Frank Cass, 1981).
9. Finer, Man on Horseback; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, and Amos Perlmutter, Political Roles and Military Rulers (London: Frank Cass, 1981).
10. Finer, Man on Horseback; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, and Amos Perlmutter, Political Roles and Military Rulers (London: Frank Cass, 1981).
11. A. R. Luckham, "A Comparative Typology of Civil-Military Relations," Government and Opposition, 6 (Winter, 1971): 5-35.
12. Christopher Clapham and George Philip, eds., The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes (London: Croom Helm, 1985).
13. See, e.g., Thomas R. Johnson, Robert O. Slater, and Pat McGowan, "Explaining African Military Coups d'Etat," American Political Science Review 78, (1984): 622-640.
14. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988), esp. p. 70, cited in Gil Shidlo, The Military and Politics in the Third World (Tel Aviv: Ramot, 1991), 143 (Hebrew).
15. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988), esp. p. 70, cited in Gil Shidlo, The Military and Politics in the Third World (Tel Aviv: Ramot, 1991), 143 (Hebrew).
16. Sam C. Sarkesian, "Military Professionalism and Civil-Military Relations in the West," International Political Science Review 2, 3 (1981): 283-297.
17. Moshe Lissak, "Paradoxes of Israeli Civil-Military Relations: An Introduction," The Journal of Strategic Studies 6, 3 (September 1983): 1-12.
18. Yoram Peri, "Civilian Control During a Protracted War," in Politics and Society in Israel, ed. E. Krausz (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1985).
19. Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia (Albany, NY: State University Press, 1989).
20. Rebecca L. Schiff, "Israel as an 'Uncivil' State: A Reconsideration of Civil Military Relations," Security Studies 1, 4 (Summer, 1992): 636-658.
21. See Eva Etzioni-Halevy, The Elite Connection (Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1993).
22. Raymond D. Gastil, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1988-1990 (New York: Freedom House, 1989).
23. Ross E. Buckhart and Michael S. Lewis-Beck, "Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis," American Political Science Review 88 (December 1994): 903-910.
24. The basis of the documentation (including my own research, as detailed below) is noted separately for each section.
25. This analysis is based on Dani Zamir, "Generals in Politics," The Jerusalem Quarterly 20 (Summer, 1981): 7-35; on Ya'ir Tzaban, "The IDF and Israeli Democracy," in Regime and Politics, ed. Benjamin Neuberger (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1990), (Hebrew); and on Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia, 211-213.
26. This analysis is based on Dani Zamir, "Generals in Politics," The Jerusalem Quarterly 20 (Summer, 1981): 7-35; on Ya'ir Tzaban, "The IDF and Israeli Democracy," in Regime and Politics, ed. Benjamin Neuberger (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1990), (Hebrew); and on Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia, 211-213.
27. This analysis is based on Dani Zamir, "Generals in Politics," The Jerusalem Quarterly 20 (Summer, 1981): 7-35; on Ya'ir Tzaban, "The IDF and Israeli Democracy," in Regime and Politics, ed. Benjamin Neuberger (Tel-Aviv: Am Oved, 1990), (Hebrew); and on Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia, 211-213.
28. By the law passed in 1976, the defense minister is in charge of defense by virtue of the authority vested in him by the government. The chief of staff heads the IDF, and is appointed by the government on the recommendation of the defense minister. These provisions leave a lacuna regarding the division of powers between the government, the minister, and the chief of staff.
29. This section is based on a content analysis of large numbers of statements made by high ranking military officers, as testified to in reports in the Israeli (Hebrew) press. These include, among many others, the following reports in Ha'aretz, Israel's elite newspaper: Yerah Tal, "Progress in the Negotiations Between Labour and Yahadut Hatora," Ha'aretz, 11 October 1993, A5; Aluf Ben, "Barak Looks Through the Window of Opportunities," Ha'aretz, 24 December 1993, B2; Ethan Rabin, "Vilnai," Ha'aretz, 17 May 1994, A5; Akiva Eldar, "Barak Will Lecture," Ha'aretz, 1 January 1995, A9. The analysis is also based on reports in another newspaper, Yedioth Ah 'ronot, including: Nahum Barnea, "The Palestinians and We," Yedioth Ah'ronoth, 15 May 1994, Holiday Supplement, 1-2.
30. This section is based on a content analysis of large numbers of statements made by high ranking military officers, as testified to in reports in the Israeli (Hebrew) press. These include, among many others, the following reports in Ha'aretz, Israel's elite newspaper: Yerah Tal, "Progress in the Negotiations Between Labour and Yahadut Hatora," Ha'aretz, 11 October 1993, A5; Aluf Ben, "Barak Looks Through the Window of Opportunities," Ha'aretz, 24 December 1993, B2; Ethan Rabin, "Vilnai," Ha'aretz, 17 May 1994, A5; Akiva Eldar, "Barak Will Lecture," Ha'aretz, 1 January 1995, A9. The analysis is also based on reports in another newspaper, Yedioth Ah 'ronot, including: Nahum Barnea, "The Palestinians and We," Yedioth Ah'ronoth, 15 May 1994, Holiday Supplement, 1-2.
31. This section is based on a content analysis of large numbers of statements made by high ranking military officers, as testified to in reports in the Israeli (Hebrew) press. These include, among many others, the following reports in Ha'aretz, Israel's elite newspaper: Yerah Tal, "Progress in the Negotiations Between Labour and Yahadut Hatora," Ha'aretz, 11 October 1993, A5; Aluf Ben, "Barak Looks Through the Window of Opportunities," Ha'aretz, 24 December 1993, B2; Ethan Rabin, "Vilnai," Ha'aretz, 17 May 1994, A5; Akiva Eldar, "Barak Will Lecture," Ha'aretz, 1 January 1995, A9. The analysis is also based on reports in another newspaper, Yedioth Ah 'ronot, including: Nahum Barnea, "The Palestinians and We," Yedioth Ah'ronoth, 15 May 1994, Holiday Supplement, 1-2.
32. This section is based on a content analysis of large numbers of statements made by high ranking military officers, as testified to in reports in the Israeli (Hebrew) press. These include, among many others, the following reports in Ha'aretz, Israel's elite newspaper: Yerah Tal, "Progress in the Negotiations Between Labour and Yahadut Hatora," Ha'aretz, 11 October 1993, A5; Aluf Ben, "Barak Looks Through the Window of Opportunities," Ha'aretz, 24 December 1993, B2; Ethan Rabin, "Vilnai," Ha'aretz, 17 May 1994, A5; Akiva Eldar, "Barak Will Lecture," Ha'aretz, 1 January 1995, A9. The analysis is also based on reports in another newspaper, Yedioth Ah 'ronot, including: Nahum Barnea, "The Palestinians and We," Yedioth Ah'ronoth, 15 May 1994, Holiday Supplement, 1-2.
33. This section is based on a content analysis of large numbers of statements made by high ranking military officers, as testified to in reports in the Israeli (Hebrew) press. These include, among many others, the following reports in Ha'aretz, Israel's elite newspaper: Yerah Tal, "Progress in the Negotiations Between Labour and Yahadut Hatora," Ha'aretz, 11 October 1993, A5; Aluf Ben, "Barak Looks Through the Window of Opportunities," Ha'aretz, 24 December 1993, B2; Ethan Rabin, "Vilnai," Ha'aretz, 17 May 1994, A5; Akiva Eldar, "Barak Will Lecture," Ha'aretz, 1 January 1995, A9. The analysis is also based on reports in another newspaper, Yedioth Ah 'ronot, including: Nahum Barnea, "The Palestinians and We," Yedioth Ah'ronoth, 15 May 1994, Holiday Supplement, 1-2.
34. Based on Peri, "Civilian Control During a Protracted War " and on Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia.
35. Based on Peri, "Civilian Control During a Protracted War " and on Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia.
36. Based on various sources, including research by Anat Kalka for her M.A. thesis, prepared under my supervision and submitted in 1994. This included detailed interviews with 29 (of 46) retired senior officers who had joined the political elite, and questionnaires sent to a control group of 41 retired officers (matched on variables such as rank) who did not go into politics.
37. Based on my own research on Israel's political elite: its member of parliament and government (including all retired officers who became members of these bodies) since the establishment of the state and up to the twelfth Knesset, whose term ran until 1992. The research data are derived from parliamentary publications and archive material.
38. This section is based on the research detailed in note 23.
39. See Horowitz and Lissak, Trouble in Utopia.