Friends, neighbors, and former enemies: The evolution of Zambia-Zimbabwe relations in a changing regional context

Africa Today

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 7-32

  Scarritt, James R ^a   Nkiwane, Solomon M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030529471     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Thomas M. Frank, Race and Nationalism: The Struggle for Power in Rhodesia-Nyasaland (New York: Fordham University Press, 1960).
2. United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa, and Food and Agriculture Organization, Report of the UN/ECA/FAO Economic Survey Mission on the Economic Development of Zambia (Ndola: Falcon Press, 1964), p. 11.
3. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
4. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
5. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
6. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
7. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
8. Michael Clough, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe," in Michael Clough, ed., Changing Realities in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), pp. 1-60; Jeffrey Davidow, A Peace in Southern Africa: The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia, 1979 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Martin Meredith, The Past is Another Country: Rhodesia 1890-1979 (London: Andre Deutsch, 1979); James R. Scarritt, "Zimbabwe: Revolutionary Violence Leading to Reform," in Jack A. Goldstone, Ted R. Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri, eds., Revolutions in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp. 235-71; Annette Seegers, "Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1988); and Stephen J. Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991).
9. Carol B. Thompson, Challenge to Imperialism (Boulder, Westview Press, 1985).
10. Robert C. Good, UDI: The International Politics of the Rhodesian Rebellion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973).
11. David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Chitepo Assassination (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985): Republic of Zambia, Report of the Special International Commission on the Assassination of Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1976); Masipula Sithole, Zimbabwe Struggles Within the Struggle (Salisbury: Rujeko Publishers, 1979).
12. David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Chitepo Assassination (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985): Republic of Zambia, Report of the Special International Commission on the Assassination of Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1976); Masipula Sithole, Zimbabwe Struggles Within the Struggle (Salisbury: Rujeko Publishers, 1979).
13. David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, The Chitepo Assassination (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985): Republic of Zambia, Report of the Special International Commission on the Assassination of Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1976); Masipula Sithole, Zimbabwe Struggles Within the Struggle (Salisbury: Rujeko Publishers, 1979).
14. ZANU and ZAPU formed the Patriotic Front in 1976 in response to pressure from the Frontline States to unite. When ZANU decided to contest the 1980 elections as a separate party rather than as part of the front, both parties added PF to their names.
15. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
16. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
17. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
18. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
19. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
20. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
21. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
22. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
23. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, "Interstate Relations Under South African Dominance," in Wilmot G. James, ed., The State of Apartheid (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987); Stephen Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy (London: British Academic Press, 1992); Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South Africa Regional Policy Since 1978," Journal of Southern African Studies 11 (1985), pp. 183-211; Robert Davies and Dan O'Meara, "The State of Analysis of the Southern African Region: Issues Raised by South African Strategy," Review of African Political Economy 29 (1984), pp. 64-76; Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Steve Kibble and Ray Bush, "Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 24 (June 1986), pp. 203-27; Robert M. Price, "Creating New Political Realities: Pretoria's Drive for Regional Hegemony," in Gerald Bender, James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 64-88; Robert M. Price, "Pretoria's Southern African Strategy," African Affairs no. 83 (1984), pp. 11-32; Robert I. Rotberg, "Introduction: South Africa in Its Region - Hegemony and Vulnerability," in Robert I. Rotberg et al., eds., South Africa and Its Neighbors (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
24. James R. Scarritt, "The Effects of South Africa on Zambian Politics and Society," in Edward J. Keller and Louis A. Picard, eds., South Africa in Southern Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989), pp. 179-99.
25. Karen Eriksen (pseud. for Carolyn Baylies), "Zambia: Class Formation and Detente," Review of African Political Economy 9 (1978), pp. 4-26; Timothy M. Shaw and Agrippah Mugomba, "The Political Economy of Regional Detente: Zambia and Southern Africa," Journal of African Studies 4 (1977), pp. 392-413.
26. Karen Eriksen (pseud. for Carolyn Baylies), "Zambia: Class Formation and Detente," Review of African Political Economy 9 (1978), pp. 4-26; Timothy M. Shaw and Agrippah Mugomba, "The Political Economy of Regional Detente: Zambia and Southern Africa," Journal of African Studies 4 (1977), pp. 392-413.
27. Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72.
28. Carol B. Thompson, Harvests Under Fire: Regional Cooperation in Food Security in Southern Africa (London: Zed Press, 1991); Carol B. Thompson, in association with Food Security Unit, SADC, Drought Management Strategies in Southern Africa: From Relief Through Rehabilitation to Vulnerability Reduction (Nairobi: UNICEF); and personal interview with Thompson.
29. Carol B. Thompson, Harvests Under Fire: Regional Cooperation in Food Security in Southern Africa (London: Zed Press, 1991); Carol B. Thompson, in association with Food Security Unit, SADC, Drought Management Strategies in Southern Africa: From Relief Through Rehabilitation to Vulnerability Reduction (Nairobi: UNICEF); and personal interview with Thompson.
30. Carol B. Thompson, "Zimbabwe in SADCC: A Question of Dominance?" in Colin Stoneman, ed., Zimbabwe's Prospects: Issues of Race, Class, State, and Capital in Southern Africa (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 238-56.
31. Interview in Lusaka, December 1993.
32. Whereas Zambia officially followed Kaunda's humanism and tended toward a one-man dictatorship, Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe was an avowed Marxist-Leninist state.
33. A typical example is echoed by a news item in one of the leading independent papers in Zimbabwe. See "Ties with Zambia Sour Again" in the Financial Gazette (22 December 1994), p. 1.
34. In this particular dispute the two countries have agreed to let the International Court of Justice (ICJ) be the final judge, as will be discussed later.
35. The Herald, Harare, Zimbabwe (16-17 December 1995), p. 8 and p. 6, respectively.
36. Available information is that the demand for Rhino horn comes from such places as China and the Middle East, especially the Yemen Republics and other Gulf states.
37. Interview with Zambian High Commission official in Harare, October 1993.
38. "Border folk can now cross to Zambia without passports," The Herald (21 December 1994), pp. 1, 6.
39. "Zimbabwe, Zambia in a Bid to Avert Trade Dispute," Sunday Times, Johannesburg, South Africa (11 December 1994), p. 1.
40. Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbors, pp. 210-12.
41. Ibid.
42. The fear of neocolonialism is real in political circles in Africa today.
43. See Solomon M. Nkiwane, Destabilization in Southern Africa: A Historical Perspective (Halifax: Dalhousie University, Monograph No. 13, 1988).
44. Thomas Ohlson and Stephen J. Stedman, "Security in Postapartheid Southern Africa," Security Dialogue 24, no. 4 (1993), pp. 415-28.
45. Marcia M. Burdette, "Zambia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Okajide Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 319-47; Marcia M. Burdette, Zambia: Between Two Worlds (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72; Ken Good, "Zimbabwe," in Shaw and Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy, pp. 348-71; Ken Good, "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (September 1987), pp. 505-40.
46. Marcia M. Burdette, "Zambia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Okajide Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 319-47; Marcia M. Burdette, Zambia: Between Two Worlds (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72; Ken Good, "Zimbabwe," in Shaw and Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy, pp. 348-71; Ken Good, "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (September 1987), pp. 505-40.
47. Marcia M. Burdette, "Zambia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Okajide Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 319-47; Marcia M. Burdette, Zambia: Between Two Worlds (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72; Ken Good, "Zimbabwe," in Shaw and Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy, pp. 348-71; Ken Good, "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (September 1987), pp. 505-40.
48. Marcia M. Burdette, "Zambia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Okajide Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 319-47; Marcia M. Burdette, Zambia: Between Two Worlds (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72; Ken Good, "Zimbabwe," in Shaw and Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy, pp. 348-71; Ken Good, "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (September 1987), pp. 505-40.
49. Marcia M. Burdette, "Zambia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Okajide Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 319-47; Marcia M. Burdette, Zambia: Between Two Worlds (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988); Chan, Kaunda and Southern Africa, pp. 151-72; Ken Good, "Zimbabwe," in Shaw and Aluko, eds., The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy, pp. 348-71; Ken Good, "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies 25 (September 1987), pp. 505-40.
50. SADCC (Southern African Development Coordination Conference) was established in Harare in 1980 principally to outflank and isolate apartheid South Africa. When, in April 1994, Nelson Mandela's African National Congress replaced the National Party in governing South Africa, SADCC's mission was seen as having been accomplished. Thus, SADC (Southern African Development Community) came into existence in 1991 as a fitting replacement for SADCC. For a comprehensive survey of SADCC, see Tom Ostergaard, SADCC: A Political and Economic Survey (Copenhagen: Danida, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, 1990).
51. Steen Folke, Niels Fold, and Thyge Enevoldsen, South-South Trade and Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993).
52. Thomas Ohlson and Stephen J. Stedman, "Security in Postapartheid Southern Africa," pp. 415-28; Colin Stoneman and Carol B. Thompson, "Southern Africa After Apartheid: Economic Repercussions of a Free South Africa," Africa Recovery Briefing Paper 4 (December 1991).
53. Thomas Ohlson and Stephen J. Stedman, "Security in Postapartheid Southern Africa," pp. 415-28; Colin Stoneman and Carol B. Thompson, "Southern Africa After Apartheid: Economic Repercussions of a Free South Africa," Africa Recovery Briefing Paper 4 (December 1991).
54. The Herald (16 June 1995), p. 13.
55. This new southern Africa was anticipated in the study by Solomon M. Nkiwane, Regional Security and Confidence-Building Processes: The Case of Southern Africa in the 1990s (New York: United Nations, 1993).
56. President Mandela seems to have been the central force behind the recent settlements in Lesotho and Angola. It was in Pretoria that all the Lesotho leaders last met and pledged to honor the peace agreement they made in the presence of Presidents Mandela, Mugabe, and Masire. The Lusaka Peace Accord on Angola was really up in the air until UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi met President Mandela toward the end of May 1995.