Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity, and gender strategies for schools

Teachers College Record

Volumn 98, Issue 2, 1996, Pages

  Connell, R W ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030527180     PISSN: 01614681     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/016146819609800203     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1991; S. O'Doherty (chair), Challenges and Opportunities: A Discussion Paper. Report on the Inquiry into Boys' Education (Sydney: New South Wales Government Advisory Committee on Education, Training and Tourism, 1994); Heinz Kindler, Maske(r)ade: Jungen-und männerarbeit für die praxis (Schwäbisch Gmünd und Tübingen: Neuling, 1993); and Nakamura, Akira, Watashi-no Danseigaku [My Men's Studies] (Tokyo: Kindaibugei-sha, 1994).
2. Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1991; S. O'Doherty (chair), Challenges and Opportunities: A Discussion Paper. Report on the Inquiry into Boys' Education (Sydney: New South Wales Government Advisory Committee on Education, Training and Tourism, 1994); Heinz Kindler, Maske(r)ade: Jungen-und männerarbeit für die praxis (Schwäbisch Gmünd und Tübingen: Neuling, 1993); and Nakamura, Akira, Watashi-no Danseigaku [My Men's Studies] (Tokyo: Kindaibugei-sha, 1994).
3. Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1991; S. O'Doherty (chair), Challenges and Opportunities: A Discussion Paper. Report on the Inquiry into Boys' Education (Sydney: New South Wales Government Advisory Committee on Education, Training and Tourism, 1994); Heinz Kindler, Maske(r)ade: Jungen-und männerarbeit für die praxis (Schwäbisch Gmünd und Tübingen: Neuling, 1993); and Nakamura, Akira, Watashi-no Danseigaku [My Men's Studies] (Tokyo: Kindaibugei-sha, 1994).
4. Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1991; S. O'Doherty (chair), Challenges and Opportunities: A Discussion Paper. Report on the Inquiry into Boys' Education (Sydney: New South Wales Government Advisory Committee on Education, Training and Tourism, 1994); Heinz Kindler, Maske(r)ade: Jungen-und männerarbeit für die praxis (Schwäbisch Gmünd und Tübingen: Neuling, 1993); and Nakamura, Akira, Watashi-no Danseigaku [My Men's Studies] (Tokyo: Kindaibugei-sha, 1994).
5. Patricia Sexton, The Feminized Male: Classrooms, White Collars, and the Decline of Manliness (New York: Random House, 1969); and David E. Austin, Velma B. Clark, and Gladys W. Fitchett, Reading Rights for Boys: Sex Role in Language Experience (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971).
6. Patricia Sexton, The Feminized Male: Classrooms, White Collars, and the Decline of Manliness (New York: Random House, 1969); and David E. Austin, Velma B. Clark, and Gladys W. Fitchett, Reading Rights for Boys: Sex Role in Language Experience (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971).
7. An excellent account of the often mystifying "men's movement" is Michael Schwalbe, Unlocking the Iron Cage: The Men's Movement, Gender Politics, and the American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); a rousing rendition of the idea of men as victims is Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
8. An excellent account of the often mystifying "men's movement" is Michael Schwalbe, Unlocking the Iron Cage: The Men's Movement, Gender Politics, and the American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); a rousing rendition of the idea of men as victims is Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
9. Samples of these ideas, alongside others, can be found in Boys in Schools: Addressing the Real Issues - Behaviour, Values and Relationships, ed. Rollo Browne and Richard Fletcher (Sydney: Finch, 1995).
10. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, How Schools Shortchange Girls (Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation and National Education Association, 1992); and "But the Girls Are Doing Brilliantly!" The Gen (Newsletter of the Gender Equity Network, Department of Employment Education and Training, Australia), August 1993, entire issue.
11. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, How Schools Shortchange Girls (Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation and National Education Association, 1992); and "But the Girls Are Doing Brilliantly!" The Gen (Newsletter of the Gender Equity Network, Department of Employment Education and Training, Australia), August 1993, entire issue.
12. This research is surveyed in R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994); and Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990). A major forum for current work is the U.S. journal Masculinities.
13. This research is surveyed in R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994); and Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990). A major forum for current work is the U.S. journal Masculinities.
14. This research is surveyed in R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, eds., Theorizing Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994); and Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago, 1990). A major forum for current work is the U.S. journal Masculinities.
15. An example of disdain for soldiering in Confucian culture is Hui-Chen Wang Liu, The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules (New York: Association for Asian Studies and J. J. Augustin, 1959). The classic documentation of ritualized homosexuality is Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).
16. An example of disdain for soldiering in Confucian culture is Hui-Chen Wang Liu, The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules (New York: Association for Asian Studies and J. J. Augustin, 1959). The classic documentation of ritualized homosexuality is Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).
17. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Michael A. Messner, "Gender Displays and Men's Power: The 'New Man' and the Mexican Immigrant Man," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 200-18; James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and Mike Donaldson, Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991).
18. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Michael A. Messner, "Gender Displays and Men's Power: The 'New Man' and the Mexican Immigrant Man," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 200-18; James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and Mike Donaldson, Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991).
19. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo and Michael A. Messner, "Gender Displays and Men's Power: The 'New Man' and the Mexican Immigrant Man," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 200-18; James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and Mike Donaldson, Time of Our Lives: Labour and Love in the Working Class (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991).
20. Jeff Hearn and David L. Collinson, "Theorizing Unities and Differences between Men and between Masculinities," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 97-118; and Connell, Masculinities, chap. 7.
21. Jeff Hearn and David L. Collinson, "Theorizing Unities and Differences between Men and between Masculinities," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 97-118; and Connell, Masculinities, chap. 7.
22. Michael S. Kimmel, "Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 119-41; and Ken Plummer, ed., Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience (London: Routledge, 1992).
23. Michael S. Kimmel, "Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 119-41; and Ken Plummer, ed., Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experience (London: Routledge, 1992).
24. Connell, "The Social Organization of Masculinity," ch. 3 in his Masculinities, pp. 67-92.
25. For thoughtful discussion of this privilege, and its consequences for men, see William J. Goode, "Why Men Resist," in Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, ed. Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom (New York: Longman, 1982), pp. 131-50.
26. Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations (London: Macmillan, 1991); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); and James W. Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993).
27. Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations (London: Macmillan, 1991); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); and James W. Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993).
28. Cynthia Cockburn, In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations (London: Macmillan, 1991); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); and James W. Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993).
29. Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, Sex, Violence & Power in Sports: Rethinking Masculinity (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press, 1994); and Jim McKay and Debbie Huber, "Anchoring Media Images of Technology and Sport," Women's Studies International Forum 15 (1992): 205-18.
30. Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, Sex, Violence & Power in Sports: Rethinking Masculinity (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press, 1994); and Jim McKay and Debbie Huber, "Anchoring Media Images of Technology and Sport," Women's Studies International Forum 15 (1992): 205-18.
31. Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker, "Power, Inequality and the Accomplishment of Gender: An Ethnomethodological View," in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, ed. Paula England (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1993), pp. 151-74; Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime; and Barrie Thorne, Gender Play: Girls and Boys at School (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
32. Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker, "Power, Inequality and the Accomplishment of Gender: An Ethnomethodological View," in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, ed. Paula England (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1993), pp. 151-74; Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime; and Barrie Thorne, Gender Play: Girls and Boys at School (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
33. Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker, "Power, Inequality and the Accomplishment of Gender: An Ethnomethodological View," in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, ed. Paula England (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1993), pp. 151-74; Messerschmidt, Masculinities and Crime; and Barrie Thorne, Gender Play: Girls and Boys at School (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
34. R. W. Connell, "Psychoanalysis on Masculinity," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 11-38; and Alan M. Klein, Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
35. R. W. Connell, "Psychoanalysis on Masculinity," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Brod and Kaufman, pp. 11-38; and Alan M. Klein, Little Big Men: Bodybuilding Subculture and Gender Construction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
36. Michael Roper, "Yesterday's Model: Product Fetishism and the British Company Man, 1945-85," in Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since 1800, ed. Michael Roper and John Tosh (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 190-211; and Robert A. Nye, Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). For a recent analysis of broad changes in masculinity see Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996).
37. Michael Roper, "Yesterday's Model: Product Fetishism and the British Company Man, 1945-85," in Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since 1800, ed. Michael Roper and John Tosh (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 190-211; and Robert A. Nye, Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). For a recent analysis of broad changes in masculinity see Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996).
38. Michael Roper, "Yesterday's Model: Product Fetishism and the British Company Man, 1945-85," in Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since 1800, ed. Michael Roper and John Tosh (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 190-211; and Robert A. Nye, Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). For a recent analysis of broad changes in masculinity see Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996).
39. Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen and Monica Rudberg, Psychological Gender and Modernity (Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1994).
40. Steve Craig, ed., Men, Masculinity and the Media (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992).
41. Ellen Jordan, "Fighting Boys and Fantasy Play: The Construction of Masculinity in the Early Years of School," Gender and Education 7 (1995): 69-86; and Anne Haas Dyson, "The Ninjas, the X-Men, and the Ladies: Playing with Power and Identity in an Urban Primary School," Teachers College Record 96 (1994): 219-39.
42. Ellen Jordan, "Fighting Boys and Fantasy Play: The Construction of Masculinity in the Early Years of School," Gender and Education 7 (1995): 69-86; and Anne Haas Dyson, "The Ninjas, the X-Men, and the Ladies: Playing with Power and Identity in an Urban Primary School," Teachers College Record 96 (1994): 219-39.
43. Theodore D. Kemper, Social Structure and Testosterone (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990). To make the final sentence precise, I should add that "masculinity" can also be an interpretation placed on a female body, through analogy with the interpretation of male bodies.
44. An excellent survey of this literature is Sara Delamont, Sex Roles and the School, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1990). Jean Anyon, "Intersections of Gender and Class: Accommodation and Resistance in Gender and Gender Development," in Gender, Class and Education, ed. Steven Walker and Len Barton (Barcombe, Lewes: Falmer, 1983), pp. 19-37, gives the classic account of the use of femininity as resistance. R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) provides a systematic critique of sex role theory.
45. An excellent survey of this literature is Sara Delamont, Sex Roles and the School, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1990). Jean Anyon, "Intersections of Gender and Class: Accommodation and Resistance in Gender and Gender Development," in Gender, Class and Education, ed. Steven Walker and Len Barton (Barcombe, Lewes: Falmer, 1983), pp. 19-37, gives the classic account of the use of femininity as resistance. R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) provides a systematic critique of sex role theory.
46. An excellent survey of this literature is Sara Delamont, Sex Roles and the School, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1990). Jean Anyon, "Intersections of Gender and Class: Accommodation and Resistance in Gender and Gender Development," in Gender, Class and Education, ed. Steven Walker and Len Barton (Barcombe, Lewes: Falmer, 1983), pp. 19-37, gives the classic account of the use of femininity as resistance. R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) provides a systematic critique of sex role theory.
47. Michael A. Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992); and Connell, Masculinities, chapter 4-7, pp. 89-181.
48. Michael A. Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992); and Connell, Masculinities, chapter 4-7, pp. 89-181.
49. Ronald King, All Things Bright and Beautiful? A Sociological Study of Infants' Classrooms (Chichester: Wiley, 1978).
50. Elisabeth Hansot and David Tyack, "Gender in Public Schools: Thinking Institutionally," Signs 13 (1988): 741-60. The concept of "gender regimes" is proposed in Sandra Kessler et al., "Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling," Sociology of Education 58 (1985): 34-48.
51. Elisabeth Hansot and David Tyack, "Gender in Public Schools: Thinking Institutionally," Signs 13 (1988): 741-60. The concept of "gender regimes" is proposed in Sandra Kessler et al., "Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling," Sociology of Education 58 (1985): 34-48.
52. Shirley Prendergast, "Boys, Bodies and Pedagogy: Constructing Emotions in School" (Paper delivered at Gender, Body and Love Seminar, Centre for Women's Research, University of Oslo, May 1996).
53. Máirtín Mac an Ghaill, The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994); and Blye Frank, "Straight/strait Jackets for Masculinity: Educating for 'Real' Men," Atlantis 18 (1993): 47-59.
54. Máirtín Mac an Ghaill, The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1994); and Blye Frank, "Straight/strait Jackets for Masculinity: Educating for 'Real' Men," Atlantis 18 (1993): 47-59.
55. Joan Draper, "We're Back with Gobbo: The Re-establishment of Gender Relations Following a School Merger," in Gender and Ethnicity in Schools: Ethnographic Accounts, ed. Peter Woods and Martyn Hammersley (London: Routledge/Open University, 1993), pp. 49-74.
56. R. W. Connell, Teachers' Work (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1985).
57. Thorne, Gender Play. Compare the incoherence of gender ideology in the junior high school studied by Carl A. Grant and Christine E. Sleeter, After the School Bell Rings. (Philadelphia: Falmer, 1986).
58. Thorne, Gender Play. Compare the incoherence of gender ideology in the junior high school studied by Carl A. Grant and Christine E. Sleeter, After the School Bell Rings. (Philadelphia: Falmer, 1986).
59. Christine Heward, Making a Man of Him: Parents and their Sons' Education at an English Public School 1929-50 (London: Routledge, 1988).
60. Robert Morrell, "Masculinity and the White Boys' Boarding Schools of Natal, 1880-1930," Perspectives in Education 15 (1993/1994): 27-52.
61. C. E. Sleeter and C. A. Grant, "Race, Class, Gender and Disability in Current Textbooks," in The Politics of the Textbook, ed. M. W. Apple and L. K. Christian-Smith (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 78-110.
62. Bonnie N. Trudell, Doing Sex Education: Gender Politics and Schooling (New York: Routledge, 1993).
63. Mac an Ghaill, Making of Men.
64. Grant and Sleeter, After the School Bell Rings.
65. R. W. Connell, Boys and Schools: A Guide to Issues, Concepts and Facts (Sydney: Equity Programs Unit, Department of School Education, New South Wales, 1995).
66. Robert Mealyea, "Reproducing Vocationalism in Secondary Schools: Marginalization in Practical Workshops," in Education, Inequality and Social Identity, ed. L. Angas (London: Falmer, 1993), pp. 160-95.
67. Wayne Martino, "Masculinity and Learning: Exploring Boys' Underachievement and Under-Representation in Subject English," Interpretations 27 (1994): 22-57.
68. D. White, A Summary of Suspensions in Four High Schools in the Hoxton Park Cluster (Sydney: Author, 1993).
69. R. W. Connell, "Cool Guys, Swots and Wimps: The Interplay of Masculinity and Education," Oxford Review of Education 15 (1989): 291-303.
70. Ann Ferguson, Boys Will Be Boys: Defiant Acts and the Social Construction of Black Masculinity (Draft Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 1994).
71. For an introduction to this work see Messner and Sabo, Sex, Violence & Power in Sports.
72. Douglas E. Foley, Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990).
73. Richard Gruneau and David Whitson, Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities and Cultural Politics (Toronto: Garamond, 1993); James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-class City (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978).
74. Richard Gruneau and David Whitson, Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities and Cultural Politics (Toronto: Garamond, 1993); James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-class City (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978).
75. Richard Gruneau and David Whitson, Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities and Cultural Politics (Toronto: Garamond, 1993); James C. Walker, Louts and Legends: Male Youth Culture in an Inner-City School (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988); and David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-class City (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978).
76. In New South Wales in 1993, for instance, elementary school boys made up 61 percent of participants in representative sport competitions, girls 39 percent; see Connell, Boys and Schools. A. Skelton, "On Becoming a Male Physical Education Teacher: The Informal Culture of Students and the Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity," Gender and Education 5 (1993): 289-303.
77. In New South Wales in 1993, for instance, elementary school boys made up 61 percent of participants in representative sport competitions, girls 39 percent; see Connell, Boys and Schools. A. Skelton, "On Becoming a Male Physical Education Teacher: The Informal Culture of Students and the Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity," Gender and Education 5 (1993): 289-303.
78. Paul Willis, Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1977); and Kessler et al., "Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling."
79. Paul Willis, Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1977); and Kessler et al., "Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling."
80. Mac an Ghaill, Making of Men.
81. Terry Garvey, "Streaming as a Masculinizing Practice in the 1950s and 1960s" (Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand History of Education Society, Perth, Western Australia, 1994).
82. Dorothy G. Holland and Margaret A. Eisenhart, Educated in Romance: Women, Achievement, and College Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
83. Foley, Learning Capitalist Culture.
84. Sandra Milligan and Karen Thomson, Listening to Girls (Australia: Ashenden and Associates, 1992); Sue Lees, Losing Out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (London: Hutchinson, 1986); Robert B. Everhart, Reading, Writing and Resistance: Adolescence and Labor in a Junior High School (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); and Julian Wood, "Groping Towards Sexism: Boys' Sex Talk," in Gender and Generation, ed. Angela McRobbie and Mica Nava (London: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 54-84.
85. Sandra Milligan and Karen Thomson, Listening to Girls (Australia: Ashenden and Associates, 1992); Sue Lees, Losing Out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (London: Hutchinson, 1986); Robert B. Everhart, Reading, Writing and Resistance: Adolescence and Labor in a Junior High School (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); and Julian Wood, "Groping Towards Sexism: Boys' Sex Talk," in Gender and Generation, ed. Angela McRobbie and Mica Nava (London: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 54-84.
86. Sandra Milligan and Karen Thomson, Listening to Girls (Australia: Ashenden and Associates, 1992); Sue Lees, Losing Out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (London: Hutchinson, 1986); Robert B. Everhart, Reading, Writing and Resistance: Adolescence and Labor in a Junior High School (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); and Julian Wood, "Groping Towards Sexism: Boys' Sex Talk," in Gender and Generation, ed. Angela McRobbie and Mica Nava (London: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 54-84.
87. Sandra Milligan and Karen Thomson, Listening to Girls (Australia: Ashenden and Associates, 1992); Sue Lees, Losing Out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (London: Hutchinson, 1986); Robert B. Everhart, Reading, Writing and Resistance: Adolescence and Labor in a Junior High School (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); and Julian Wood, "Groping Towards Sexism: Boys' Sex Talk," in Gender and Generation, ed. Angela McRobbie and Mica Nava (London: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 54-84.
88. Connell, Masculinities, chap. 4, "Live Fast and Die Young," pp. 93-119.
89. See the cases from ruling-class schools in R. W. Connell, D. J. Ashenden, S. Kessler, and G. W. Dowsett, Making the Difference: Schools, Families and Social Division (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1982). For the educational success of "Asian" students, see Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race: Asian-American Admissions and Racial Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); and for "Asian" masculinities in North America, Cliff Cheng, ed., Masculinities in Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, forthcoming).
90. See the cases from ruling-class schools in R. W. Connell, D. J. Ashenden, S. Kessler, and G. W. Dowsett, Making the Difference: Schools, Families and Social Division (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1982). For the educational success of "Asian" students, see Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race: Asian-American Admissions and Racial Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); and for "Asian" masculinities in North America, Cliff Cheng, ed., Masculinities in Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, forthcoming).
91. See the cases from ruling-class schools in R. W. Connell, D. J. Ashenden, S. Kessler, and G. W. Dowsett, Making the Difference: Schools, Families and Social Division (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1982). For the educational success of "Asian" students, see Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race: Asian-American Admissions and Racial Politics (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992); and for "Asian" masculinities in North America, Cliff Cheng, ed., Masculinities in Organizations (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, forthcoming).
92. Thorne, Gender Play.
93. Mac an Ghaill, Making of Men; and R. W. Connell, M. Davis, and G. W. Dowsett, "A Bastard of a Life: Homosexual Desire and Practice among Men in Working-Class Milieux," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 29 (1993): 112-35.
94. Mac an Ghaill, Making of Men; and R. W. Connell, M. Davis, and G. W. Dowsett, "A Bastard of a Life: Homosexual Desire and Practice among Men in Working-Class Milieux," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 29 (1993): 112-35.
95. Kindler, Maske(r)ade.
96. O'Doherty, Challenges and Opportunities.
97. John Dunn et al., Personal Development Program for Boys (Canberra: ACT Government, n.d. [c. 1992]).
98. Since this basic fact about gender relations is persistently denied by some in the "men's movement," I quote the most recent survey of global human development: "One of the most significant differences within the overall HDI [Human Development Index] score for any country is between males and females. Men generally fare better than women on almost every socio-economic indicator (except life expectancy since, for biological reasons, women tend to live longer than men). ... All countries treat women worse than men" (United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994 [New York: Oxford University Press, 1994], pp. 96-97).
99. Colin Kenworthy, " 'We Want to Resist Your Resistant Readings': Masculinity and Discourse in the English Classroom," Interpretations 27 (1994): 74-95.
100. E.g., Gwenda Sanderson, "Being 'Cool' and a Reader," in Boys in Schools, ed. Browne and Fletcher, pp. 152-67.
101. Iris M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
102. Maria Chiarolli, "Gender Issues and the Education of Boys," Catholic Ethos 7 (1992): 2-3.
103. For the idea of a gender-inclusive curriculum, see Lyn Yates, The Education of Girls: Policy, Research and the Question of Gender (Hawthorn: Australian Council for Educational Research, 1993). On sex education, see Mara Sapon-Shevin and Jesse Goodman, "Learning to Be the Opposite Sex: Sexuality Education and Sexual Scripting in Early Adolescence," in Sexuality and the Curriculum, ed. James T. Sears (New York: Teachers College Press, 1992), pp. 89-105.
104. For the idea of a gender-inclusive curriculum, see Lyn Yates, The Education of Girls: Policy, Research and the Question of Gender (Hawthorn: Australian Council for Educational Research, 1993). On sex education, see Mara Sapon-Shevin and Jesse Goodman, "Learning to Be the Opposite Sex: Sexuality Education and Sexual Scripting in Early Adolescence," in Sexuality and the Curriculum, ed. James T. Sears (New York: Teachers College Press, 1992), pp. 89-105.
105. Sue Askew and Carol Ross, Boys Don't Cry (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1988), p. 91.
106. David Denborough, Step by Step: Developing Respectful Ways of Working with Young Men to Reduce Violence (Sydney: Men Against Sexual Assault, 1994), entire issue.
107. Meredith Gould, "Teaching about Men and Masculinity," Teaching Sociology 12 (1985): 285-98; Diane Reay, "Working with Boys," Gender and Education 2 (1990): 269-82; and Rollo Browne, "Working with Boys and Masculinity," in Boys in Schools, ed. Browne and Fletcher, p. 88.
108. Meredith Gould, "Teaching about Men and Masculinity," Teaching Sociology 12 (1985): 285-98; Diane Reay, "Working with Boys," Gender and Education 2 (1990): 269-82; and Rollo Browne, "Working with Boys and Masculinity," in Boys in Schools, ed. Browne and Fletcher, p. 88.
109. Meredith Gould, "Teaching about Men and Masculinity," Teaching Sociology 12 (1985): 285-98; Diane Reay, "Working with Boys," Gender and Education 2 (1990): 269-82; and Rollo Browne, "Working with Boys and Masculinity," in Boys in Schools, ed. Browne and Fletcher, p. 88.
110. Kenworthy, "We Want to Resist Your Resistant Readings."
111. Reay, "Working with Boys."
112. Pam Nilan, "Making Up Men," Gender and Education 7 (1995): 175-87; Denborough, Step by Step; and Bronwyn Davies, Shards of Glass: Children Reading and Writing Beyond Gendered Identities (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993).
113. Pam Nilan, "Making Up Men," Gender and Education 7 (1995): 175-87; Denborough, Step by Step; and Bronwyn Davies, Shards of Glass: Children Reading and Writing Beyond Gendered Identities (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993).
114. Pam Nilan, "Making Up Men," Gender and Education 7 (1995): 175-87; Denborough, Step by Step; and Bronwyn Davies, Shards of Glass: Children Reading and Writing Beyond Gendered Identities (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993).
115. Segal, Slow Motion.
116. Lawrence Angus, "Women in a Male Domain: Gender and Organizational Culture in a Christian Brothers College," in Education, Inequality and Social Identity, ed. Lawrence Angus (London: Falmer, 1993), pp. 57-90.
117. Myra Novogrodsky, Michael Kaufman, Dick Holland, and Margaret Wells, "Retreat for the Future: An Anti-sexist Workshop for High Schoolers," Our Schools/Ourselves 3, 4 (1992): 67-87.
118. Eva Cox, "Boys and Girls and the Costs of Gendered Behaviour," Proceedings of the Promoting Gender Equity Conference (Canberra: Ministerial Council for Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs, 1995), p. 304.
119. Kindler, Maske(r)ade, pp. 114-17.
120. Michael Kaufman, Cracking the Armour: Power, Pain and the Lives of Men (Toronto: Viking, 1993).
121. William Sabella, "Introducing AIDS Education in Connecticut Schools," New England Journal of Public Policy 4 (1988): 335-41.
122. New South Wales Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, Submission to Parliamentary Enquiry on Boys' Education (Sydney: Federation of Parents and Citizens Associations, 1994).
123. Angus, "Women in a Male Domain."
124. Ito Kimio, Otokorashisa-no-yukue [Directions for Masculinities] (Tokyo: Shinyo-sha, 1993).