Is love a "basic" emotion?

Personal Relationships

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 81-96

  Shaver, Phillip R ^a   Morgan, Hillary J ^a   Wu, Shelley ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030526047     PISSN: 13504126     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00105.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 3-30). New York: Basic Books.
2. Averill, J. R. (1980). A constructivist view of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 305-339). New York: Academic.
3. Bell, S. (1902). A preliminary study of the emotion of love between the sexes. American Journal of Psychology, 13, 325-354.
4. Bloch, S., Orthous, P., & Santibanez, H. G. (1987). Effector patterns of basic emotions: A psychophysiological method for training actors. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 10, 1-19.
5. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
6. Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
7. Carlson, J. G., & Hatfield, E. (1992). Psychology of emotion. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
8. Chinese love lyrics (1964). Mt. Vernon, NY: Peter Pauper Press.
9. Darwin, C. (1872/1965). The expression of the emotions in man and other animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. de Rougemont, D. (1940/1983). Love in the Western world. New York: Schocken.
11. Ekman, P. (1984). Expressions and the nature of emotion. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-343). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200.
13. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 238-252.
14. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1982). What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior? In P. Ekman (Ed.), Emotion in the human face (pp. 39-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Fehr, B. (1988). Prototype analysis of the concepts of love and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 557-579.
16. Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984). Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486.
17. Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1991). Concept of love viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 425-438.
18. Frances, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
19. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Frijda, N. H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J., & van Goozen, S. (1991). The duration of affective phenomena or emotions, sentiments and passions. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International Review of Studies on Emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 187-225). New York: Wiley.
21. Fowler, B. H. (1994). Love lyrics of ancient Egypt. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
22. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Hatfield, E., Hsee, C. K., Costello, J., Schalenkamp, M., & Denney, C. (in press). The impact of vocal feedback on emotional experience and expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior.
24. Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Love, sex, and intimacy: Their psychology, biology, and history. New York: HarperCollins.
25. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
26. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 1-22.
27. Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum.
29. Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99, 561-565.
30. Izard, C. E., Dougherty, F. E., Bloxom, B. M., & Kotsch, W. E. (1974). The Differential Emotions Scale: A method of measuring the subjective experience of discrete emotions. Unpublished manuscript, Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology, Nashville, TN.
31. James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
32. Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology, 31, 149-155.
33. Kellerman, J., Lewis, J., & Laird, J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: The effect of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 145-161.
34. Laird, J. D. (1984). The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 909-917.
35. Lanzetta, J. T., & McHugo, G. T. (1986, October). The history and current status of the facial feedback hypothesis. Paper presented at the 26th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Montreal, Quebec.
36. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Morris, D. (1971). Intimate behavior. New York: Random House.
38. Murdoch, G. P., & White, D. (1969). Standard cross-cultural sample. Ethnology, 8, 329-369.
39. Oatley, K. (1992). The best laid schemes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Toward a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 1, 29-50.
41. Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
42. Panksepp, J. (1992). A critical role for "affective neuroscience" in resolving what is basic about basic emotions. Psychological Review, 99, 554-560.
43. Reeve, J. (1992). Understanding motivation and emotion. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
44. Rosch, E. H. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. H. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Roseman, I. J. (1994). Emotions and emotion families in the emotion system. In N. H. Frijda (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th meeting of the International Society for Research on Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. Rubin, Z. (1973). Liking and loving: An invitation to social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
47. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
48. Russell, J. A. (1983). Pancultural aspects of the human conceptual organization of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1281-1288.
49. Sappho. (6th C. BCE/1958). Sappho: A new translation (M. Barnard, trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
50. Scherer, K. R., & Ekman, P. (Eds.). (1984). Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. G. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 310-328.
52. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In D. Perlman & W. Jones (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 4, pp. 29-70). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
53. Shaver, P., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
54. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further explorations of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
55. Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 175-212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
56. Stone, L. (1988). Passionate attachments in the West in historical perspective. In W. Gaylin & E. Person (Eds.), Passionate attachments (pp. 15-26). New York: Free Press.
57. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
58. Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Wu, S., & Shaver, P. R. (1993, August). American and Chinese love conceptions: Variations on a universal theme. Poster presented at the 101st convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario.
60. Wu, S. (1992). A comparison of Chinese and American conceptions of love. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.