-
2
-
-
0011601602
-
-
working paper no. 16/1989, John F. Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien, Abteilung für Geschichte, Berlin
-
See Kathleen Neils Conzen, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture: Stearns County, Minnesota, 1855-1915," working paper no. 16/1989, John F. Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien, Abteilung für Geschichte, Berlin, 1988. A detailed discussion of inheritance and family conflict is provided in my dissertation: Stephen J. Gross, "Family, Property, Community: Class and Identity among German Americans in Rural Stearns County, Minnesota, 1860-1920" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1995).
-
(1988)
German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture: Stearns County, Minnesota, 1855-1915
-
-
Conzen, K.N.1
-
3
-
-
0011670731
-
-
Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota
-
See Kathleen Neils Conzen, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture: Stearns County, Minnesota, 1855-1915," working paper no. 16/1989, John F. Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien, Abteilung für Geschichte, Berlin, 1988. A detailed discussion of inheritance and family conflict is provided in my dissertation: Stephen J. Gross, "Family, Property, Community: Class and Identity among German Americans in Rural Stearns County, Minnesota, 1860-1920" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1995).
-
(1995)
Family, Property, Community: Class and Identity among German Americans in Rural Stearns County, Minnesota, 1860-1920
-
-
Gross, S.J.1
-
4
-
-
0003622185
-
-
Ithaca, NY
-
See, for example, Philip, J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, NY: 1970); Lutz Berkner, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth-Century Austrian Example," American Historical Review 77 (1972): 398-418; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge, 1990); idem, "Young Bees in an Empty Hive: Relations between Brothers-in-Law in a South German Village around 1800," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 171-86; and Alain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions, and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Haute Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 145-70.
-
(1970)
Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts
-
-
Philip, J.G.1
-
5
-
-
0001100197
-
The stem family and the developmental cycle of the peasant household: An eighteenth-century Austrian example
-
See, for example, Philip, J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, NY: 1970); Lutz Berkner, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth-Century Austrian Example," American Historical Review 77 (1972): 398-418; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge, 1990); idem, "Young Bees in an Empty Hive: Relations between Brothers-in-Law in a South German Village around 1800," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 171-86; and Alain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions, and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Haute Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 145-70.
-
(1972)
American Historical Review
, vol.77
, pp. 398-418
-
-
Berkner, L.1
-
6
-
-
0003511331
-
-
Cambridge
-
See, for example, Philip, J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, NY: 1970); Lutz Berkner, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth-Century Austrian Example," American Historical Review 77 (1972): 398-418; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge, 1990); idem, "Young Bees in an Empty Hive: Relations between Brothers-in-Law in a South German Village around 1800," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 171-86; and Alain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions, and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Haute Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 145-70.
-
(1990)
Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870
-
-
Sabean, D.W.1
-
7
-
-
0011535080
-
Young bees in an empty hive: Relations between brothers-in-law in a South German Village around 1800
-
ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean Cambridge
-
See, for example, Philip, J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, NY: 1970); Lutz Berkner, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth-Century Austrian Example," American Historical Review 77 (1972): 398-418; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge, 1990); idem, "Young Bees in an Empty Hive: Relations between Brothers-in-Law in a South German Village around 1800," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 171-86; and Alain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions, and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Haute Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 145-70.
-
(1984)
Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship
, pp. 171-186
-
-
Sabean, D.W.1
-
8
-
-
0001144917
-
Tensions, dissensions, and ruptures inside the family in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Haute provence
-
ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean Cambridge
-
See, for example, Philip, J. Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, NY: 1970); Lutz Berkner, "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth-Century Austrian Example," American Historical Review 77 (1972): 398-418; David Warren Sabean, Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870 (Cambridge, 1990); idem, "Young Bees in an Empty Hive: Relations between Brothers-in-Law in a South German Village around 1800," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 171-86; and Alain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions, and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-Century Haute Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, ed. Hans Medick and David Warren Sabean (Cambridge, 1984), 145-70.
-
(1984)
Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship
, pp. 145-170
-
-
Collomp, A.1
-
9
-
-
0004060409
-
-
Madison, WI
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1988)
A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915
-
-
Ostergren, R.C.1
-
10
-
-
85040847184
-
-
New York
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1985)
From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West
-
-
Gjerde, J.1
-
11
-
-
0003930967
-
-
Madison, WI
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1992)
Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970
-
-
Pederson, J.M.1
-
12
-
-
0003938362
-
-
Urbana, IL
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1993)
Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930
-
-
Loewen, R.K.1
-
13
-
-
0003524812
-
-
Lincoln, NE
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1990)
Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925
-
-
McQuillan, A.1
-
14
-
-
0003524799
-
-
Columbia, MO
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1976)
Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography
-
-
Gerlach, R.L.1
-
15
-
-
0011601258
-
-
Austin, TX
-
Robert C. Ostergren, A Community Transplanted: The Trans-Atlantic Experience of a Swedish Immigrant Settlement in the UpperMiddle West, 1835-1915 (Madison, WI, 1988); Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway, to the Upper Middle West (New York, 1985); Jane Marie Pederson, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison, WI, 1992); and Royden K. Loewen, Family, Church and Market: A Mennonite Community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 (Urbana, IL, 1993). Other works that examine ethnic differences in farming practices include Aidan McQuillan, Prevailing Over Time: Ethnic Adjustment on the Kansas Prairies, 1875-1925 (Lincoln, NE, 1990); Russell L. Gerlach, Immigrants in the Ozarks: A Study in Ethnic Geography (Columbia, MO, 1976); and Terry Jordan, German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas (Austin, TX, 1966).
-
(1966)
German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-Century Texas
-
-
Jordan, T.1
-
17
-
-
0019145504
-
Early Americans and their social environment
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1980)
Journal of Historical Geography
, vol.6
, pp. 115-131
-
-
Lemon, J.T.1
-
18
-
-
0019145504
-
Families and farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1978)
William and Mary Quarterly
, vol.35
, pp. 3-32
-
-
Henretta, J.A.1
-
19
-
-
0019145504
-
The transition to capitalism in America
-
ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz New York
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1991)
Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology
, pp. 218-239
-
-
Henretta, J.A.1
-
20
-
-
0019145504
-
-
Ithaca, NY
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1990)
The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860
-
-
Clark, C.1
-
21
-
-
0019145504
-
Cash is good to eat: Self-sufficiency and exchange in the rural economy of the United States
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1977)
Radical History Review
, vol.3
, pp. 42-71
-
-
Merrill, M.1
-
22
-
-
0019145504
-
-
Chicago
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1992)
From Market-places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850
-
-
Rothenberg, W.B.1
-
23
-
-
0019145504
-
Competency and competition: Economic culture in early America
-
Some of the more important works in this debate include James T. Lemon, "Early Americans and Their Social Environment," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 115-31; James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Pre-Industrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32; idem, "The Transition to Capitalism in America," in Transformation of Early American History: Society, Authority and Ideology, ed. James Henretta, Michael Kammen, and Stanley Katz (New York, 1991), 218-39; Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (Ithaca, NY, 1990); Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-71; Winifred Barr Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Moral Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (Chicago, 1992); and Daniel Vickers, "Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America," William and Mary Quarterly 47 (1990): 3-29.
-
(1990)
William and Mary Quarterly
, vol.47
, pp. 3-29
-
-
Vickers, D.1
-
24
-
-
0004096145
-
-
Charlottesville, VA
-
Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (Charlottesville, VA, 1992), 21; and Toby L. Ditz, Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750-1820 (Princeton, NJ, 1986). See, in addition, Kulikoff's earlier work, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1988): 120-44.
-
(1992)
The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism
, pp. 21
-
-
Kulikoff, A.1
-
25
-
-
0003808796
-
-
Princeton, NJ
-
Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (Charlottesville, VA, 1992), 21; and Toby L. Ditz, Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750-1820 (Princeton, NJ, 1986). See, in addition, Kulikoff's earlier work, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1988): 120-44.
-
(1986)
Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750-1820
-
-
Ditz, T.L.1
-
26
-
-
0001670068
-
The transition to capitalism in rural America
-
Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (Charlottesville, VA, 1992), 21; and Toby L. Ditz, Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750-1820 (Princeton, NJ, 1986). See, in addition, Kulikoff's earlier work, "The Transition to Capitalism in Rural America," William and Mary Quarterly 46 (1988): 120-44.
-
(1988)
William and Mary Quarterly
, vol.46
, pp. 120-144
-
-
Kulikoff1
-
28
-
-
79957175251
-
-
Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism," 143; Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Communities and the Structure of Agriculture," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 323-40; Jan L. Flora and John M. Stitz, "Ethnicity, Persistence and Capitalization of Agriculture in the Great Plains during the Settlement Period: Wheat Production and Risk Avoidance," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 341-60; and Mark Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950," Agricultural History 57 (1983): 1-13. See, in addition, Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Differences in Farm Family Land Transfers," Rural Sociology 45 (1980): 290-308.
-
The Transition to Capitalism
, pp. 143
-
-
Kulikoff1
-
29
-
-
0022196552
-
Ethnic communities and the structure of agriculture
-
Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism," 143; Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Communities and the Structure of Agriculture," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 323-40; Jan L. Flora and John M. Stitz, "Ethnicity, Persistence and Capitalization of Agriculture in the Great Plains during the Settlement Period: Wheat Production and Risk Avoidance," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 341-60; and Mark Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950," Agricultural History 57 (1983): 1-13. See, in addition, Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Differences in Farm Family Land Transfers," Rural Sociology 45 (1980): 290-308.
-
(1985)
Rural Sociology
, vol.50
, pp. 323-340
-
-
Salamon, S.1
-
30
-
-
0022218926
-
Ethnicity, persistence and capitalization of agriculture in the great plains during the settlement period: Wheat production and risk avoidance
-
Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism," 143; Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Communities and the Structure of Agriculture," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 323-40; Jan L. Flora and John M. Stitz, "Ethnicity, Persistence and Capitalization of Agriculture in the Great Plains during the Settlement Period: Wheat Production and Risk Avoidance," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 341-60; and Mark Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950," Agricultural History 57 (1983): 1-13. See, in addition, Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Differences in Farm Family Land Transfers," Rural Sociology 45 (1980): 290-308.
-
(1985)
Rural Sociology
, vol.50
, pp. 341-360
-
-
Flora, J.L.1
Stitz, J.M.2
-
31
-
-
0021057637
-
The farm family and the inheritance process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950
-
Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism," 143; Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Communities and the Structure of Agriculture," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 323-40; Jan L. Flora and John M. Stitz, "Ethnicity, Persistence and Capitalization of Agriculture in the Great Plains during the Settlement Period: Wheat Production and Risk Avoidance," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 341-60; and Mark Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950," Agricultural History 57 (1983): 1-13. See, in addition, Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Differences in Farm Family Land Transfers," Rural Sociology 45 (1980): 290-308.
-
(1983)
Agricultural History
, vol.57
, pp. 1-13
-
-
Friedberger, M.1
-
32
-
-
0019141942
-
Ethnic differences in farm family land transfers
-
Kulikoff, "The Transition to Capitalism," 143; Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Communities and the Structure of Agriculture," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 323-40; Jan L. Flora and John M. Stitz, "Ethnicity, Persistence and Capitalization of Agriculture in the Great Plains during the Settlement Period: Wheat Production and Risk Avoidance," Rural Sociology 50 (1985): 341-60; and Mark Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process: Evidence from the Corn Belt, 1870-1950," Agricultural History 57 (1983): 1-13. See, in addition, Sonya Salamon, "Ethnic Differences in Farm Family Land Transfers," Rural Sociology 45 (1980): 290-308.
-
(1980)
Rural Sociology
, vol.45
, pp. 290-308
-
-
Salamon, S.1
-
34
-
-
0004127871
-
-
New Haven, CT
-
John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, CT, 1986); Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70 (Urbana, IL, 1978). Frederick Jackson Turner, of course, found the frontier, because of the ready availability of cheap land, to be the great melting pot and the font of American democracy. That structural distinctions in rural settings would diminish in time is, of course, contrary to Turner's frontier thesis. My article, however, notes a tenacious egalitarianism in rural Stearns County extending well into this century. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961), 37-62. Merle Curti, in his classic work The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959) affirms Turner.
-
(1986)
Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie
-
-
Faragher, J.M.1
-
35
-
-
0003708244
-
-
New York
-
John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, CT, 1986); Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70 (Urbana, IL, 1978). Frederick Jackson Turner, of course, found the frontier, because of the ready availability of cheap land, to be the great melting pot and the font of American democracy. That structural distinctions in rural settings would diminish in time is, of course, contrary to Turner's frontier thesis. My article, however, notes a tenacious egalitarianism in rural Stearns County extending well into this century. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961), 37-62. Merle Curti, in his classic work The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959) affirms Turner.
-
(1984)
Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England
-
-
Barron, H.S.1
-
36
-
-
0003746391
-
-
Urbana, IL
-
John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, CT, 1986); Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70 (Urbana, IL, 1978). Frederick Jackson Turner, of course, found the frontier, because of the ready availability of cheap land, to be the great melting pot and the font of American democracy. That structural distinctions in rural settings would diminish in time is, of course, contrary to Turner's frontier thesis. My article, however, notes a tenacious egalitarianism in rural Stearns County extending well into this century. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961), 37-62. Merle Curti, in his classic work The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959) affirms Turner.
-
(1978)
The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70
-
-
Doyle, D.H.1
-
37
-
-
0004308638
-
The significance of the frontier in American history
-
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
-
John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, CT, 1986); Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70 (Urbana, IL, 1978). Frederick Jackson Turner, of course, found the frontier, because of the ready availability of cheap land, to be the great melting pot and the font of American democracy. That structural distinctions in rural settings would diminish in time is, of course, contrary to Turner's frontier thesis. My article, however, notes a tenacious egalitarianism in rural Stearns County extending well into this century. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961), 37-62. Merle Curti, in his classic work The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959) affirms Turner.
-
(1961)
Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner
, pp. 37-62
-
-
Turner, F.J.1
-
38
-
-
0004018902
-
-
Stanford, affirms Turner
-
John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, CT, 1986); Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Don Harrison Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community: Jacksonville, Illinois, 1825-70 (Urbana, IL, 1978). Frederick Jackson Turner, of course, found the frontier, because of the ready availability of cheap land, to be the great melting pot and the font of American democracy. That structural distinctions in rural settings would diminish in time is, of course, contrary to Turner's frontier thesis. My article, however, notes a tenacious egalitarianism in rural Stearns County extending well into this century. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," in Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961), 37-62. Merle Curti, in his classic work The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959) affirms Turner.
-
(1959)
The Making of An American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County
-
-
Curti, M.1
-
39
-
-
0001678288
-
History from the inside-out
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1981)
American Quarterly
, vol.33
, pp. 537-557
-
-
Faragher, J.M.1
-
40
-
-
0004073638
-
-
Lawrence, KS
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1988)
The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains
-
-
Riley, G.1
-
41
-
-
85069130057
-
-
Ithaca, NY
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1991)
Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York
-
-
Pederson1
-
42
-
-
0004155855
-
-
New Haven, CT
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1986)
Loosening the Bonds: Mid-atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850
-
-
Jensen, J.M.1
-
43
-
-
0003436128
-
-
Chapel Hill, NC
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1992)
Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940
-
-
Fink, D.1
-
44
-
-
0003856260
-
-
Chapel Hill, NC
-
See, among many, John Mack Faragher, "History from the Inside-Out," American Quarterly 33 (1981): 537-57; Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (Lawrence, KS, 1988); Pederson, Between Memory and Reality; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY, 1991); Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (New Haven, CT, 1986); Deborah Fink, Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880-1940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992); and Rachel Ann Rosenfeld, Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985).
-
(1985)
Farm Women: Work, Farm and Family in the United States
-
-
Rosenfeld, R.A.1
-
45
-
-
84962994123
-
-
Osterud, Bonds of Community, 202-27, argues that the value of work is socially constructed and that men and women tended to value work differently. According to Osterud, men's valuation of labor was based on the market and the extent to which the market commodified land, produce, and labor. Women, on the other hand, valued labor according to "its direct responsiveness to human needs and in the social relationships through which it was carried out" (224). My suggestion that inheritance offers a way of determining how labor was valued is not inconsistent with Osterud's argument nor does it necessarily imply the imposition of an objective measure of labor value. As noted by Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (New York, 1984), 112-45, women and men can manage inheritance differently. For a discussion of ethnicity and gender labor roles, see Mary Neth, "Gender and the Family Labor System: Defining Work in the Rural Midwest," Journal of Social History 27 (1994): 563-77.
-
Bonds of Community
, pp. 202-227
-
-
Osterud1
-
46
-
-
84962994123
-
-
New York
-
Osterud, Bonds of Community, 202-27, argues that the value of work is socially constructed and that men and women tended to value work differently. According to Osterud, men's valuation of labor was based on the market and the extent to which the market commodified land, produce, and labor. Women, on the other hand, valued labor according to "its direct responsiveness to human needs and in the social relationships through which it was carried out" (224). My suggestion that inheritance offers a way of determining how labor was valued is not inconsistent with Osterud's argument nor does it necessarily imply the imposition of an objective measure of labor value. As noted by Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (New York, 1984), 112-45, women and men can manage inheritance differently. For a discussion of ethnicity and gender labor roles, see Mary Neth, "Gender and the Family Labor System: Defining Work in the Rural Midwest," Journal of Social History 27 (1994): 563-77.
-
(1984)
The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860
, pp. 112-145
-
-
Lebsock, S.1
-
47
-
-
84962994123
-
Gender and the family labor system: Defining work in the rural midwest
-
Osterud, Bonds of Community, 202-27, argues that the value of work is socially constructed and that men and women tended to value work differently. According to Osterud, men's valuation of labor was based on the market and the extent to which the market commodified land, produce, and labor. Women, on the other hand, valued labor according to "its direct responsiveness to human needs and in the social relationships through which it was carried out" (224). My suggestion that inheritance offers a way of determining how labor was valued is not inconsistent with Osterud's argument nor does it necessarily imply the imposition of an objective measure of labor value. As noted by Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (New York, 1984), 112-45, women and men can manage inheritance differently. For a discussion of ethnicity and gender labor roles, see Mary Neth, "Gender and the Family Labor System: Defining Work in the Rural Midwest," Journal of Social History 27 (1994): 563-77.
-
(1994)
Journal of Social History
, vol.27
, pp. 563-577
-
-
Neth, M.1
-
48
-
-
0003936565
-
-
New Brunswick, NJ
-
Carole Shammas, Marylynn Salmon, and Michel Dahlin, Inheritance in America: From Colonial Times to the Present (New Brunswick, NJ, 1987), 43-51, anticipate this difficulty and argue that the treatment of minor children in wills can serve as a test of the extent to which parents treated children unfairly.
-
(1987)
Inheritance in America: From Colonial Times to the Present
, pp. 43-51
-
-
Shammas, C.1
Salmon, M.2
Dahlin, M.3
-
49
-
-
0011537579
-
Peasant pioneers: Generational succession among German farmers in Frontier Minnesota
-
ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, Chapel Hill, NC
-
Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Peasant Pioneers: Generational Succession among German Farmers in Frontier Minnesota," in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 259-92; idem, "Making Their Own America: Assimilation Theory and the German Peasant Pioneer," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series, No. 3. (New York, 1990); and idem, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture." See, in addition, the diocesan history authored by Vincent A. Yzermans, The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989, 2 vols. (St. Cloud, MN, 1989); and Colman J. Barry, Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956 (St. Paul, MN, 1956).
-
(1985)
The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America
, pp. 259-292
-
-
Conzen, K.N.1
-
50
-
-
33748968109
-
Making their own America: Assimilation theory and the German peasant pioneer
-
German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. New York
-
Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Peasant Pioneers: Generational Succession among German Farmers in Frontier Minnesota," in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 259-92; idem, "Making Their Own America: Assimilation Theory and the German Peasant Pioneer," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series, No. 3. (New York, 1990); and idem, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture." See, in addition, the diocesan history authored by Vincent A. Yzermans, The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989, 2 vols. (St. Cloud, MN, 1989); and Colman J. Barry, Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956 (St. Paul, MN, 1956).
-
(1990)
Annual Lecture Series
, vol.3
-
-
Conzen, K.N.1
-
51
-
-
0011601602
-
-
Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Peasant Pioneers: Generational Succession among German Farmers in Frontier Minnesota," in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 259-92; idem, "Making Their Own America: Assimilation Theory and the German Peasant Pioneer," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series, No. 3. (New York, 1990); and idem, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture." See, in addition, the diocesan history authored by Vincent A. Yzermans, The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989, 2 vols. (St. Cloud, MN, 1989); and Colman J. Barry, Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956 (St. Paul, MN, 1956).
-
German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture
-
-
Conzen, K.N.1
-
52
-
-
85069139516
-
-
2 vols. St. Cloud, MN
-
Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Peasant Pioneers: Generational Succession among German Farmers in Frontier Minnesota," in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 259-92; idem, "Making Their Own America: Assimilation Theory and the German Peasant Pioneer," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series, No. 3. (New York, 1990); and idem, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture." See, in addition, the diocesan history authored by Vincent A. Yzermans, The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989, 2 vols. (St. Cloud, MN, 1989); and Colman J. Barry, Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956 (St. Paul, MN, 1956).
-
(1989)
The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989
-
-
Yzermans, V.A.1
-
53
-
-
0011669052
-
-
St. Paul, MN
-
Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Peasant Pioneers: Generational Succession among German Farmers in Frontier Minnesota," in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation: Essays in the Social History of Rural America, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude, (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 259-92; idem, "Making Their Own America: Assimilation Theory and the German Peasant Pioneer," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C. Annual Lecture Series, No. 3. (New York, 1990); and idem, "German-Americans and Ethnic Political Culture." See, in addition, the diocesan history authored by Vincent A. Yzermans, The Spirit in Central Minnesota: A Centennial Narrative of the Church of Saint Cloud, 1889-1989, 2 vols. (St. Cloud, MN, 1989); and Colman J. Barry, Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956 (St. Paul, MN, 1956).
-
(1956)
Worship and Work: St John's Abbey and University, 1856-1956
-
-
Barry, C.J.1
-
54
-
-
0011657081
-
-
n.p.
-
This short description of settlement patterns is taken from a variety of sources, including local newspapers, plat maps, the two townships' original tract entry books, federal and state manuscript census reports, land deed records, transcribed oral histories (originally conducted by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s), as well as family histories compiled by local genealogists. A few local histories, including parish histories, were very useful. See Brice J. Howard, Sts. Peter and Paul's, Richmond - One Hundred Years (n.p., 1956); and idem, Jacobs Prairie - 100 Years (n.p., 1954). A brief history by a charter community member was an invaluable source in reconstituting settlement patterns: G. H. Bruning, "Zur Geschichte von Richmond," Stearns County Heritage Center, Richmond file. Bruning wrote this short history around the turn of the century, and it was later transcribed by Alexander Pallansch in 1939 for the Works Progress Administration, Stearns County Museum Project. John Decker and Robert Lommel, archivists at the Stearns County Heritage Center (henceforth SCHC) in St. Cloud, were of invaluable assistance.
-
(1956)
Sts. Peter and Paul's, Richmond - One Hundred Years
-
-
Howard, B.J.1
-
55
-
-
0011669053
-
-
n.p.
-
This short description of settlement patterns is taken from a variety of sources, including local newspapers, plat maps, the two townships' original tract entry books, federal and state manuscript census reports, land deed records, transcribed oral histories (originally conducted by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s), as well as family histories compiled by local genealogists. A few local histories, including parish histories, were very useful. See Brice J. Howard, Sts. Peter and Paul's, Richmond - One Hundred Years (n.p., 1956); and idem, Jacobs Prairie - 100 Years (n.p., 1954). A brief history by a charter community member was an invaluable source in reconstituting settlement patterns: G. H. Bruning, "Zur Geschichte von Richmond," Stearns County Heritage Center, Richmond file. Bruning wrote this short history around the turn of the century, and it was later transcribed by Alexander Pallansch in 1939 for the Works Progress Administration, Stearns County Museum Project. John Decker and Robert Lommel, archivists at the Stearns County Heritage Center (henceforth SCHC) in St. Cloud, were of invaluable assistance.
-
(1954)
Jacobs Prairie - 100 Years
-
-
Howard, B.J.1
-
56
-
-
0011658022
-
-
Stearns County Heritage Center, Richmond file
-
This short description of settlement patterns is taken from a variety of sources, including local newspapers, plat maps, the two townships' original tract entry books, federal and state manuscript census reports, land deed records, transcribed oral histories (originally conducted by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s), as well as family histories compiled by local genealogists. A few local histories, including parish histories, were very useful. See Brice J. Howard, Sts. Peter and Paul's, Richmond - One Hundred Years (n.p., 1956); and idem, Jacobs Prairie - 100 Years (n.p., 1954). A brief history by a charter community member was an invaluable source in reconstituting settlement patterns: G. H. Bruning, "Zur Geschichte von Richmond," Stearns County Heritage Center, Richmond file. Bruning wrote this short history around the turn of the century, and it was later transcribed by Alexander Pallansch in 1939 for the Works Progress Administration, Stearns County Museum Project. John Decker and Robert Lommel, archivists at the Stearns County Heritage Center (henceforth SCHC) in St. Cloud, were of invaluable assistance.
-
Zur Geschichte von Richmond
-
-
Bruning, G.H.1
-
57
-
-
0011536474
-
-
Cambridge, MA
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
(1964)
Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885
-
-
Walker, M.1
-
58
-
-
85069132032
-
German emigration to the United States
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration
-
-
Köllman, W.1
Marschalk, P.2
-
59
-
-
84963085594
-
-
Cambridge, MA
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
(1973)
Perspectives in American History
, vol.7
, pp. 499-554
-
-
Bailyn, B.1
-
60
-
-
4243968416
-
Deutsche einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und forschungsergebnisse
-
Klaus Bade, ed. Ostfildern, Germany
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
(1984)
Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland Seit der Mitte des 19.jahrhunderts
, pp. 350-377
-
-
Conzen, K.N.1
-
61
-
-
0004261010
-
-
Princeton, NJ
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
(1987)
The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri
-
-
Kamphoefner, W.1
-
62
-
-
0011601260
-
-
Baltimore
-
For works describing German immigration to the United States, see Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration: 1816-1885 (Cambridge, MA, 1964); Wolfgang Köllman and Peter Marschalk "German Emigration to the United States," in Dislocation and Emigration: The Social Background of American Immigration, ed. Bernard Bailyn, Perspectives in American History, vol. 7 (Cambridge, MA, 1973), 499-554; Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Deutsche Einwanderer im ländlichen Amerika: Problemfelder und Forschungsergebnisse," in Auswanderer, Wanderarbeiter, Gastarbeiter: Bevölkerung, Arbeitsmarkt und Wanderung in Deutschland seit der Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts, Klaus Bade, ed. (Ostfildern, Germany, 1984), 350-77; Walter Kamphoefner, The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (Baltimore, 1993).
-
(1993)
Palatines, Liberty and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America
-
-
Roeber, A.G.1
-
63
-
-
0004345481
-
-
Sabean, Property, Production, and Family, 15-7; Alan Mayhew, Rural Settlement and Farming in Germany (London, 1971), 130-5.
-
Property, Production, and Family
, pp. 15-17
-
-
Sabean1
-
65
-
-
0003097359
-
Inheritance, land tenure and peasant family structure: A German regional comparison
-
ed. Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk, and E. P. Thompson Cambridge
-
Lutz Berkner, "Inheritance, Land Tenure and Peasant Family Structure: A German Regional Comparison," Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200-1800, ed. Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk, and E. P. Thompson (Cambridge, 1976), 71-95.
-
(1976)
Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200-1800
, pp. 71-95
-
-
Berkner, L.1
-
66
-
-
84958444340
-
Formen der altersversorgung in bauernfamilien nord-und mitteleuropas
-
ed. Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder Frankfurt am Main, Germany
-
David Gaunt, "Formen der Altersversorgung in Bauernfamilien Nord-und Mitteleuropas," Historische Familienforschung, ed. Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1982), 154-91; Josef Ehmer, Sozialgeschichte des Alters (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1990), 9-38.
-
(1982)
Historische Familienforschung
, pp. 154-191
-
-
Gaunt, D.1
-
67
-
-
0004166035
-
-
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
-
David Gaunt, "Formen der Altersversorgung in Bauernfamilien Nord-und Mitteleuropas," Historische Familienforschung, ed. Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1982), 154-91; Josef Ehmer, Sozialgeschichte des Alters (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1990), 9-38.
-
(1990)
Sozialgeschichte des Alters
, pp. 9-38
-
-
Ehmer, J.1
-
68
-
-
0011594339
-
-
Kent, OH
-
Only about 16 percent of the township's land was taken by charter members through the provisions of the Homestead Act; the rest was preempted or purchased through land warrants and half-breed scrip. Original Plat Entry Books for Munson and Wakefield Townships, SCHC. For a discussion of U.S. land policy and the process of acquiring land through military bounty land warrants, see James Oberly, Sixty Million Acres: American Veterans and the Public Lands before the Civil War (Kent, OH, 1990).
-
(1990)
Sixty Million Acres: American Veterans and the Public Lands before the Civil War
-
-
Oberly, J.1
-
69
-
-
61149377490
-
-
See Conzen, "Making Their Own America," 24-5; and Gross, "Property, Family, Community," 105-9. Others have noted the essential role played by women in fulfilling the subsistence needs of the rural family. For a discussion of the literature, see Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism, 29-33.
-
Making their Own America
, pp. 24-25
-
-
Conzen1
-
70
-
-
85069134556
-
-
See Conzen, "Making Their Own America," 24-5; and Gross, "Property, Family, Community," 105-9. Others have noted the essential role played by women in fulfilling the subsistence needs of the rural family. For a discussion of the literature, see Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism, 29-33.
-
Property, Family, Community
, pp. 105-109
-
-
Gross1
-
71
-
-
0004096145
-
-
See Conzen, "Making Their Own America," 24-5; and Gross, "Property, Family, Community," 105-9. Others have noted the essential role played by women in fulfilling the subsistence needs of the rural family. For a discussion of the literature, see Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism, 29-33.
-
The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism
, pp. 29-33
-
-
Kulikoff1
-
72
-
-
0003780110
-
-
Ames, IA
-
In 1900, the wealthiest 10 percent of farmers in both townships controlled 26 percent of the rural taxable wealth. In the next ten years, the wealthier farmers gained control over more land, and by 1910, the richest 10 percent in rural Wakefield controlled 32 percent of the taxable wealth. The wealthiest quintile in Munson had managed to accumulate 28 percent of that township's rural property. In the ensuing decade, though, farm turnovers accelerated and restored the rural distribution of wealth to nineteenth-century levels. The wealthiest decile of property holders in rural Munson controlled 24 percent of that community's property in 1920. The wealthiest Wakefield farmers also lost ground in these years; the percentage went from 28 percent to 24 percent. Tax assessment records for 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1920, Munson and Wakefield Townships, Stearns County Assessor, Minnesota State Historical Society (henceforth MHS). These data can be compared to national figures, and according to data compiled from the agricultural census, the richest 5 percent of property holders in the rural Midwest in 1860 owned from 26 percent to 32 percent of the wealth. Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, IA, 1987), 88.
-
(1987)
To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North
, pp. 88
-
-
Atack, J.1
Bateman, F.2
-
73
-
-
85033657216
-
The decline in farm fertility and its relationship to nationality and religious background
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example,
-
(1950)
Rural Sociology
, vol.15
, pp. 42-49
-
-
Marshall, D.G.1
-
74
-
-
0004337785
-
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
From Peasants to Farmers
, pp. 209-213
-
-
Gjerde, J.1
-
75
-
-
0004060409
-
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
A Community Transplanted
, pp. 255-262
-
-
Ostergren1
-
76
-
-
0003501915
-
-
Albany, NY
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1987)
Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920
-
-
Stern, M.J.1
-
77
-
-
0019735107
-
Fertility, class and industrial capitalism: Erie county, New York, 1855-1915
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1981)
American Quarterly
, vol.33
, Issue.1
, pp. 63-92
-
-
Stern, M.J.1
Katz, M.2
-
78
-
-
84925894085
-
Marital fertility, ethnicity and occupation in urban families: An analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1975)
Journal of Social History
, vol.8
, pp. 69-93
-
-
Hareven, T.K.1
Vinovskis, M.2
-
79
-
-
84970240670
-
Delaying the fertility decline: German women in Saginaw county, Michigan, 1850-1880
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1989)
Journal of Family History
, vol.14
, pp. 157-170
-
-
Ross, G.A.1
-
80
-
-
84928507495
-
'Fewer children of greater spiritual quality': Religion and the decline of fertility in nineteenth-century America
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1988)
Social Science History
, vol.12
, pp. 49-70
-
-
Parkerson, D.H.1
Parkerson, J.A.2
-
81
-
-
0023078686
-
'Early' fertility decline in America: A problem in family history
-
The rate in 1880, standardized by mother's age, was 1.291; the 1920 own-child rate for farm women, also standardized, was 1.446. These figures were calculated from the manuscript forms of the federal census and, thus, reflect declining child mortality rates. Still, little evidence suggests any widespread effort to limit the size of families. These figures are very high, even in comparison to other rural ethnic groups in the Upper Midwest. See, for an early attempt to measure ethnic differences in fertility in this area, Douglas G. Marshall, "The Decline in Farm Fertility and its Relationship to Nationality and Religious Background," Rural Sociology 15 (1950), 42-9. These figures are also consistently higher than those from the Norwegian American communities studied by Jon Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 209-13. Compare also to Ostergren, A Community Transplanted, 255-62. Other scholars have noted high fertility among Germans and other immigrant groups. See, for example, Mark J. Stern, Society and Family Strategy: Erie County, New York 1850-1920 (Albany, NY, 1987); Mark J. Stern and Michael Katz, "Fertility, Class and Industrial Capitalism: Erie County, New York, 1855-1915," American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981): 63-92; Tamara K. Hareven and Maris Vinovskis, "Marital Fertility, Ethnicity and Occupation in Urban Families: An Analysis of South Boston and the South End in 1880," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 69-93; G. Alexander Ross, "Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880," Journal of Family History 14 (1989): 157-70; Donald H. Parkerson and Jo Ann Parkerson, "'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality' : Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 (1988): 49-70; and Daniel Scott Smith, "'Early' Fertility Decline in America: A Problem in Family History," Journal of Family History 12 (1990): 73-84.
-
(1990)
Journal of Family History
, vol.12
, pp. 73-84
-
-
Smith, D.S.1
-
82
-
-
84970668689
-
Wills, inheritance and the moral order in the 17th-century Agenais
-
Gregory Hanlon and Elspeth Carruthers, "Wills, Inheritance and the Moral Order in the 17th-Century Agenais," Journal of Family History 15 (1990): 149-61.
-
(1990)
Journal of Family History
, vol.15
, pp. 149-161
-
-
Hanlon, G.1
Carruthers, E.2
-
83
-
-
85069144068
-
-
note
-
This discussion is based on the Will Record books, Stearns County Probate Court, MHS, St. Paul.
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
0001472989
-
Religion and ethnicity in America
-
Timothy Smith, "Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical Review 83 (1978): 1155-85; Robert C. Ostergren, "The Immigrant Church as a Symbol of Community and Place in the Upper Midwest," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (1981): 225-38; John G. Rice, "The Role of Culture and Community in Frontier Prairie Farming," Journal of Historical Geography 3 (1977): 155-75; Loewen, Family, Church and Market; Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1992).
-
(1978)
American Historical Review
, vol.83
, pp. 1155-1185
-
-
Smith, T.1
-
85
-
-
0000689455
-
The immigrant church as a symbol of community and place in the Upper Midwest
-
Timothy Smith, "Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical Review 83 (1978): 1155-85; Robert C. Ostergren, "The Immigrant Church as a Symbol of Community and Place in the Upper Midwest," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (1981): 225-38; John G. Rice, "The Role of Culture and Community in Frontier Prairie Farming," Journal of Historical Geography 3 (1977): 155-75; Loewen, Family, Church and Market; Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1992).
-
(1981)
Great Plains Quarterly
, vol.1
, pp. 225-238
-
-
Ostergren, R.C.1
-
86
-
-
0001198113
-
The role of culture and community in Frontier prairie farming
-
Timothy Smith, "Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical Review 83 (1978): 1155-85; Robert C. Ostergren, "The Immigrant Church as a Symbol of Community and Place in the Upper Midwest," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (1981): 225-38; John G. Rice, "The Role of Culture and Community in Frontier Prairie Farming," Journal of Historical Geography 3 (1977): 155-75; Loewen, Family, Church and Market; Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1992).
-
(1977)
Journal of Historical Geography
, vol.3
, pp. 155-175
-
-
Rice, J.G.1
-
87
-
-
0011669765
-
-
Timothy Smith, "Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical Review 83 (1978): 1155-85; Robert C. Ostergren, "The Immigrant Church as a Symbol of Community and Place in the Upper Midwest," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (1981): 225-38; John G. Rice, "The Role of Culture and Community in Frontier Prairie Farming," Journal of Historical Geography 3 (1977): 155-75; Loewen, Family, Church and Market; Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1992).
-
Family, Church and Market
-
-
Loewen1
-
88
-
-
0011533047
-
-
Lawrence, KS
-
Timothy Smith, "Religion and Ethnicity in America," American Historical Review 83 (1978): 1155-85; Robert C. Ostergren, "The Immigrant Church as a Symbol of Community and Place in the Upper Midwest," Great Plains Quarterly 1 (1981): 225-38; John G. Rice, "The Role of Culture and Community in Frontier Prairie Farming," Journal of Historical Geography 3 (1977): 155-75; Loewen, Family, Church and Market; Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1992).
-
(1992)
Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868-1945
-
-
Coburn, C.K.1
-
89
-
-
61149377490
-
-
The increase in religious bequests was calculated from wills written by local residents and contained in the Will Record books, Stearns County Probate Court, MHS. Much of the following discussion is based on these records. Conzen, "Making Their Own America," 26-7, notes that rural parishes in the area were originally dominated by the laity and that priests were in short supply, often burdened by more than one parish and subject to easy removal if they violated community norms. For two examples of parish conflict, see Gross, "Family, Property, Community," 216-22, 248-55.
-
Making their Own America
, pp. 26-27
-
-
Conzen1
-
90
-
-
85069144904
-
-
The increase in religious bequests was calculated from wills written by local residents and contained in the Will Record books, Stearns County Probate Court, MHS. Much of the following discussion is based on these records. Conzen, "Making Their Own America," 26-7, notes that rural parishes in the area were originally dominated by the laity and that priests were in short supply, often burdened by more than one parish and subject to easy removal if they violated community norms. For two examples of parish conflict, see Gross, "Family, Property, Community," 216-22, 248-55.
-
Family, Property, Community
, pp. 216-222
-
-
Gross1
-
91
-
-
85069128198
-
Last will and testament of Charles Mack
-
Last Will and Testament of Charles Mack, Will Record Book C, 536-7.
-
Will Record Book C
, pp. 536-537
-
-
-
92
-
-
85069139603
-
Last will and testament of Fortunat Zaczkowski
-
Last Will and Testament of Fortunat Zaczkowski, Will Record Book G, 91.
-
Will Record Book G
, pp. 91
-
-
-
93
-
-
85069139636
-
Last will and testament of Anton Ramler
-
Last Will and Testament of Anton Ramler, Will Record Book D, 104-6.
-
Will Record Book D
, pp. 104-106
-
-
-
94
-
-
85069134356
-
-
note
-
Civil Case File 15365, Math. Biessener, et.al. v. Katie Gross, et.al., Stearns County District Court Records, MHS.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
85069128185
-
Last will and testament of Valentine Engelhard
-
Last Will and Testament of Valentine Engelhard, Will Record Book C, 122-3.
-
Will Record Book C
, pp. 122-123
-
-
-
96
-
-
85069131425
-
Last will and testament of Conrad Schaefer
-
Last Will and Testament of Conrad Schaefer, Will Record Book F, 366.
-
Will Record Book F
, pp. 366
-
-
-
97
-
-
85069140737
-
Last will and testament of John Herman Behnen
-
When, for instance, the Hanover-born farmer John Herman Behnen died in 1896, he owned slightly over 360 acres in land. In his will, he divided his land equally between a son and a daughter and specified in exact terms which real estate should go to each. A second son received no land but a cash payment of $1,100. In addition, the daughter, already married to a local farmer, received all of John Herman's personal property but was also expected to support her mother and "give her a room in the house and take care of her." Last Will and Testament of John Herman Behnen, Will Record Book D, 147-9. Henry Thyen, another farmer born in Hanover, split his land between one of his sons and his wife, Mary Helena. Her land, in turn, was to go to a second son upon her death. Mary Helena and the first son were also directed to pay a daughter a sum of $200 over the next five years. That daughter and Mary Helena were to divide all of Henry's personal property but that was contingent upon the payment of $40 to yet another daughter. Last Will and Testament of Henry Thyen, Will Record Book D, 121. One parent from the Eifel placed burdens similar to those imposed by North German parents. In this case, the heir was the youngest of four sons, and the father directed him in the will to pay $800 to the children of a deceased sister in exchange for the home place. Apparently, the three older brothers had already received some assistance in acquiring property. Last Will and Testament of Mathias Hemmisch, Will Record Book C, 483.
-
Will Record Book D
, pp. 147-149
-
-
-
98
-
-
85069135456
-
Last will and testament of Henry Thyen
-
When, for instance, the Hanover-born farmer John Herman Behnen died in 1896, he owned slightly over 360 acres in land. In his will, he divided his land equally between a son and a daughter and specified in exact terms which real estate should go to each. A second son received no land but a cash payment of $1,100. In addition, the daughter, already married to a local farmer, received all of John Herman's personal property but was also expected to support her mother and "give her a room in the house and take care of her." Last Will and Testament of John Herman Behnen, Will Record Book D, 147-9. Henry Thyen, another farmer born in Hanover, split his land between one of his sons and his wife, Mary Helena. Her land, in turn, was to go to a second son upon her death. Mary Helena and the first son were also directed to pay a daughter a sum of $200 over the next five years. That daughter and Mary Helena were to divide all of Henry's personal property but that was contingent upon the payment of $40 to yet another daughter. Last Will and Testament of Henry Thyen, Will Record Book D, 121. One parent from the Eifel placed burdens similar to those imposed by North German parents. In this case, the heir was the youngest of four sons, and the father directed him in the will to pay $800 to the children of a deceased sister in exchange for the home place. Apparently, the three older brothers had already received some assistance in acquiring property. Last Will and Testament of Mathias Hemmisch, Will Record Book C, 483.
-
Will Record Book D
, pp. 121
-
-
-
99
-
-
85069140481
-
Last will and testament of Mathias Hemmisch
-
When, for instance, the Hanover-born farmer John Herman Behnen died in 1896, he owned slightly over 360 acres in land. In his will, he divided his land equally between a son and a daughter and specified in exact terms which real estate should go to each. A second son received no land but a cash payment of $1,100. In addition, the daughter, already married to a local farmer, received all of John Herman's personal property but was also expected to support her mother and "give her a room in the house and take care of her." Last Will and Testament of John Herman Behnen, Will Record Book D, 147-9. Henry Thyen, another farmer born in Hanover, split his land between one of his sons and his wife, Mary Helena. Her land, in turn, was to go to a second son upon her death. Mary Helena and the first son were also directed to pay a daughter a sum of $200 over the next five years. That daughter and Mary Helena were to divide all of Henry's personal property but that was contingent upon the payment of $40 to yet another daughter. Last Will and Testament of Henry Thyen, Will Record Book D, 121. One parent from the Eifel placed burdens similar to those imposed by North German parents. In this case, the heir was the youngest of four sons, and the father directed him in the will to pay $800 to the children of a deceased sister in exchange for the home place. Apparently, the three older brothers had already received some assistance in acquiring property. Last Will and Testament of Mathias Hemmisch, Will Record Book C, 483.
-
Will Record Book C
, pp. 483
-
-
-
101
-
-
85069145204
-
Last will and testament of Veronica Miller
-
Last Will and Testament of Veronica Miller, Will Record Book H, 114.
-
Will Record Book H
, pp. 114
-
-
-
102
-
-
85069137789
-
Last will and testament of Mary Rothstein
-
Last Will and Testament of Mary Rothstein, Will Record Book H, 113.
-
Will Record Book H
, pp. 113
-
-
-
103
-
-
85069133244
-
Last will and testament of Agnes Garding
-
Last Will and Testament of Agnes Garding, Will Record Book H, 273.
-
Will Record Book H
, pp. 273
-
-
-
104
-
-
85069138266
-
Last will and testament of Frank Kuhn
-
Last Will and Testament of Frank Kuhn, Will Record Book H, 294.
-
Will Record Book H
, pp. 294
-
-
-
105
-
-
85069136061
-
Last will and testament of Maria Miller
-
Last Will and Testament of Maria Miller, Will Record Book G, 197.
-
Will Record Book G
, pp. 197
-
-
-
106
-
-
85069136624
-
Last will and testament of Maria Anna Gertken
-
Last Will and Testament of Maria Anna Gertken, Will Record Book G, 89. Daughters were not necessarily accepting of these sorts of arrangements. In 1902, Susanna Risch contested the will of her mother, Elizabeth Grein, after discovering that her inheritance amounted to only $5.00. Elizabeth had earlier lent money to Susanna's husband and requested in the will that his notes be forgiven. Civil Case File 12113, In the matter of the contest of the proposed Last Will and Testament of Elizabeth Grein, deceased, Stearns County District Court. In a similar incident, an irate daughter of John Rosen purportedly tore up her father's will when she discovered that each of her brothers had been given land - ranging from 74 to 100 acres - while she and her sisters were bequeathed only $400 each. St. Cloud Times, March 4, 1908.
-
Will Record Book G
, pp. 89
-
-
-
107
-
-
85069133497
-
Civil case file 12113
-
Stearns County District Court
-
Last Will and Testament of Maria Anna Gertken, Will Record Book G, 89. Daughters were not necessarily accepting of these sorts of arrangements. In 1902, Susanna Risch contested the will of her mother, Elizabeth Grein, after discovering that her inheritance amounted to only $5.00. Elizabeth had earlier lent money to Susanna's husband and requested in the will that his notes be forgiven. Civil Case File 12113, In the matter of the contest of the proposed Last Will and Testament of Elizabeth Grein, deceased, Stearns County District Court. In a similar incident, an irate daughter of John Rosen purportedly tore up her father's will when she discovered that each of her brothers had been given land - ranging from 74 to 100 acres - while she and her sisters were bequeathed only $400 each. St. Cloud Times, March 4, 1908.
-
The Matter of the Contest of the Proposed Last Will and Testament of Elizabeth Grein, Deceased
-
-
-
108
-
-
85069130505
-
-
March 4
-
Last Will and Testament of Maria Anna Gertken, Will Record Book G, 89. Daughters were not necessarily accepting of these sorts of arrangements. In 1902, Susanna Risch contested the will of her mother, Elizabeth Grein, after discovering that her inheritance amounted to only $5.00. Elizabeth had earlier lent money to Susanna's husband and requested in the will that his notes be forgiven. Civil Case File 12113, In the matter of the contest of the proposed Last Will and Testament of Elizabeth Grein, deceased, Stearns County District Court. In a similar incident, an irate daughter of John Rosen purportedly tore up her father's will when she discovered that each of her brothers had been given land - ranging from 74 to 100 acres - while she and her sisters were bequeathed only $400 each. St. Cloud Times, March 4, 1908.
-
(1908)
St. Cloud Times
-
-
-
109
-
-
85069134917
-
Last will and testament of John Kray
-
Last Will and Testament of John Kray, Will Record Book Y, 494.
-
Will Record Book Y
, pp. 494
-
-
-
110
-
-
85069134018
-
Last will and testament of Margaretha Bold
-
Last Will and Testament of Margaretha Bold, Will Record Book C, 546.
-
Will Record Book C
, pp. 546
-
-
-
111
-
-
85069142535
-
Last will and testament of Rudolf Anton Knese
-
Margaretha received one third of her father's estate, as well as all his "fixtures and furniture and ornaments." One brother, Lambert, was returned the $300 that he had given to his father to hold for him. The remainder was split equally between Margaretha, her four surviving natural siblings, and her adopted sister. The children of a deceased sister were to receive $50 less than the other heirs. Last Will and Testament of Rudolf Anton Knese, Will Record Book H, 268.
-
Will Record Book H
, pp. 268
-
-
-
112
-
-
0011534735
-
-
Shammas, Salmon, and Dahlin, Inheritance in America, 112-9. Sonya Salamon and Ann Mackey Keim, "Land Ownership and Women's Power in a Midwestern Farming Community," Journal of Marriage and the Family 41 (1979): 109-19, investigate a comparable, modern pattern in the rural Midwest. They argue that bilateral inheritance among German American farmers endowed farm women with significant power, which they chose to exert in a private, domestic arena only after their widowhood.
-
Inheritance in America
, pp. 112-119
-
-
Shammas1
Salmon2
Dahlin3
-
113
-
-
84938052608
-
Land ownership and women's power in a Midwestern farming community
-
Shammas, Salmon, and Dahlin, Inheritance in America, 112-9. Sonya Salamon and Ann Mackey Keim, "Land Ownership and Women's Power in a Midwestern Farming Community," Journal of Marriage and the Family 41 (1979): 109-19, investigate a comparable, modern pattern in the rural Midwest. They argue that bilateral inheritance among German American farmers endowed farm women with significant power, which they chose to exert in a private, domestic arena only after their widowhood.
-
(1979)
Journal of Marriage and the Family
, vol.41
, pp. 109-119
-
-
Salamon, S.1
Keim, A.M.2
-
114
-
-
85069144904
-
-
especially, chaps. 4, 5
-
For an extensive examination of these issues, see Gross, "Family, Property, Community," especially, chaps. 4, 5.
-
Family, Property, Community
-
-
Gross1
-
115
-
-
85069129831
-
-
note
-
The 1905 state census listed the number of years lived in the enumeration district and suggests that farm daughters were more likely than their brothers to move to the two villages. Of the 130 women in their twenties and thirties who had been born into the community, thirty-eight (29.2 percent) were living in the two villages. Only 17.8 percent of the native-born men in the same age range were living in town. Minnesota state manuscript census schedules for Munson and Wakefield Townships, 1905.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
0001840647
-
Spirits and the spirit of capitalism
-
ed. Ellen Badone Princeton, NJ
-
Jane Schneider, "Spirits and the Spirit of Capitalism," in Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, ed. Ellen Badone (Princeton, NJ, 1990), 24-53. See also Bob Scribner, "Cosmic Order and Daily Life: Sacred and Secular in Pre-Industrial German Society," in Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800, ed. Kaspar von Greyerz (Boston, 1984), 17-3 2. Ronald Kleitsch explores some of these themes in a more contemporary setting in "The Religious Social System of the German Catholics of the Sauk" (master's thesis, University of Minnesota, 1958).
-
(1990)
Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society
, pp. 24-53
-
-
Schneider, J.1
-
117
-
-
0011604798
-
Cosmic order and daily life: Sacred and secular in Pre-Industrial German Society
-
ed. Kaspar von Greyerz Boston
-
Jane Schneider, "Spirits and the Spirit of Capitalism," in Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, ed. Ellen Badone (Princeton, NJ, 1990), 24-53. See also Bob Scribner, "Cosmic Order and Daily Life: Sacred and Secular in Pre-Industrial German Society," in Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800, ed. Kaspar von Greyerz (Boston, 1984), 17-3 2. Ronald Kleitsch explores some of these themes in a more contemporary setting in "The Religious Social System of the German Catholics of the Sauk" (master's thesis, University of Minnesota, 1958).
-
(1984)
Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800
, pp. 17-32
-
-
Scribner, B.1
-
118
-
-
85033658538
-
-
master's thesis, University of Minnesota
-
Jane Schneider, "Spirits and the Spirit of Capitalism," in Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, ed. Ellen Badone (Princeton, NJ, 1990), 24-53. See also Bob Scribner, "Cosmic Order and Daily Life: Sacred and Secular in Pre-Industrial German Society," in Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800, ed. Kaspar von Greyerz (Boston, 1984), 17-3 2. Ronald Kleitsch explores some of these themes in a more contemporary setting in "The Religious Social System of the German Catholics of the Sauk" (master's thesis, University of Minnesota, 1958).
-
(1958)
The Religious Social System of the German Catholics of the Sauk
-
-
Kleitsch, R.1
-
119
-
-
0003765990
-
-
Princeton
-
For changes in Catholic religious life in Germany, see Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Princeton, 1984). Works on German Catholic immigrants include Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (Baltimore, 1975); idem, Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience, 1830-1900 (Notre Dame, IN, 1978); Philip Gleason, The Conservative Reformers: German American Catholics and the Social Order (Notre Dame, IN, 1968).
-
(1984)
Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany
-
-
Sperber, J.1
-
120
-
-
0003723166
-
-
Baltimore
-
For changes in Catholic religious life in Germany, see Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Princeton, 1984). Works on German Catholic immigrants include Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (Baltimore, 1975); idem, Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience, 1830-1900 (Notre Dame, IN, 1978); Philip Gleason, The Conservative Reformers: German American Catholics and the Social Order (Notre Dame, IN, 1968).
-
(1975)
The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865
-
-
Dolan, J.P.1
-
121
-
-
0011670733
-
-
Notre Dame, IN
-
For changes in Catholic religious life in Germany, see Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Princeton, 1984). Works on German Catholic immigrants include Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (Baltimore, 1975); idem, Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience, 1830-1900 (Notre Dame, IN, 1978); Philip Gleason, The Conservative Reformers: German American Catholics and the Social Order (Notre Dame, IN, 1968).
-
(1978)
Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience, 1830-1900
-
-
Dolan, J.P.1
-
122
-
-
0011669055
-
-
Notre Dame, IN
-
For changes in Catholic religious life in Germany, see Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Princeton, 1984). Works on German Catholic immigrants include Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (Baltimore, 1975); idem, Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience, 1830-1900 (Notre Dame, IN, 1978); Philip Gleason, The Conservative Reformers: German American Catholics and the Social Order (Notre Dame, IN, 1968).
-
(1968)
The Conservative Reformers: German American Catholics and the Social Order
-
-
Gleason, P.1
-
123
-
-
0001840647
-
-
Schneider, "Spirits and the Spirit of Capitalism," 31. See, in addition, David Warren Sabean, Power in the Blood: Popular Culture and Village Discourse in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1984), 1-36.
-
Spirits and the Spirit of Capitalism
, pp. 31
-
-
Schneider1
-
125
-
-
85069144255
-
-
note
-
A couple of local court cases testify to the ways in which conflict accompanied the inheritance process. In one, a mother sued her son after he attempted to sell land on which she held a mortgage. His receipt of the title to the land was dependent upon his honoring the terms of a maintenance agreement. Civil Case File 3236, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling, Louisa Neutzling, Wenzel Schwagel and Theresia Schwagel, and Civil Case File 2883, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling and Michael Jülich, Stearns County District Court. In another case, a father, who had earlier transferred the farm to his son, sued that son for unpaid wages. Civil Case File 2475, John Stezina, Sr. v. John Stezina, Jr., Stearns County District Court.
-
-
-
-
126
-
-
85069141475
-
-
note
-
A couple of local court cases testify to the ways in which conflict accompanied the inheritance process. In one, a mother sued her son after he attempted to sell land on which she held a mortgage. His receipt of the title to the land was dependent upon his honoring the terms of a maintenance agreement. Civil Case File 3236, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling, Louisa Neutzling, Wenzel Schwagel and Theresia Schwagel, and Civil Case File 2883, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling and Michael Jülich, Stearns County District Court. In another case, a father, who had earlier transferred the farm to his son, sued that son for unpaid wages. Civil Case File 2475, John Stezina, Sr. v. John Stezina, Jr., Stearns County District Court.
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
85069145238
-
-
note
-
A couple of local court cases testify to the ways in which conflict accompanied the inheritance process. In one, a mother sued her son after he attempted to sell land on which she held a mortgage. His receipt of the title to the land was dependent upon his honoring the terms of a maintenance agreement. Civil Case File 3236, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling, Louisa Neutzling, Wenzel Schwagel and Theresia Schwagel, and Civil Case File 2883, Catharine Neutzling v. Valentine Neutzling and Michael Jülich, Stearns County District Court. In another case, a father, who had earlier transferred the farm to his son, sued that son for unpaid wages. Civil Case File 2475, John Stezina, Sr. v. John Stezina, Jr., Stearns County District Court.
-
-
-
-
128
-
-
85069143499
-
-
This proportion is considerably less than that for the German Catholics in Friedberger's study of seven Iowa townships. In his German Catholic township, approximately two-thirds of the farmers who remained in the township long enough to transfer land either used wills or died intestate. Friedberger, "The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process," 7.
-
The Farm Family and the Inheritance Process
, pp. 7
-
-
Friedberger1
-
133
-
-
85069142857
-
-
note
-
The following discussion relies on a number of different sources. Data from the Grantor-Grantee books held at the Commonwealth Abstract Company, St. Cloud, which organizes land transactions by township, section, and tract, was compiled and then joined to various census materials: federal manuscript census schedules for Munson and Wakefield Townships, 1870, 1880, 1900,1910, and 1920; and Minnesota state manuscript census schedules for Munson and Wakefield Townships, 1885, 1895, and 1905. For some of the analyses, these data were linked to tax rolls for Munson and Wakefield Townships, 1880, 1900, and 1910, Stearns County Assessor.
-
-
-
-
134
-
-
0027068362
-
-
Berkeley, CA
-
This discussion raises the issue of whether differences in the birth order of inheriting sons reflect differences in patterns of socialization. For an Irish example, see Nancy Scheper Hughes, Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland (Berkeley, CA, 1979), 163-85, in which the author describes a systematic pattern of ridicule and abuse directed at the youngest son in farm families in contemporary western Ireland. The function of this behavior was to assure an heir and a caretaker for the parents. Recently, the topic of birth order and sibling relationships was the focus of an entire issue of Continuity and Change 7 (1992). For a discussion of the relationship of birth order and economic opportunity, see, in particular, John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "The Farm Family Economy in the American North, 1775-1875: An Exploration of Sibling Differences," Continuity and Change 7 (1992) 357-75.
-
(1979)
Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland
, pp. 163-185
-
-
Hughes, N.S.1
-
135
-
-
0027068362
-
-
This discussion raises the issue of whether differences in the birth order of inheriting sons reflect differences in patterns of socialization. For an Irish example, see Nancy Scheper Hughes, Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland (Berkeley, CA, 1979), 163-85, in which the author describes a systematic pattern of ridicule and abuse directed at the youngest son in farm families in contemporary western Ireland. The function of this behavior was to assure an heir and a caretaker for the parents. Recently, the topic of birth order and sibling relationships was the focus of an entire issue of Continuity and Change 7 (1992). For a discussion of the relationship of birth order and economic opportunity, see, in particular, John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "The Farm Family Economy in the American North, 1775-1875: An Exploration of Sibling Differences," Continuity and Change 7 (1992) 357-75.
-
(1992)
Continuity and Change
, vol.7
-
-
-
136
-
-
0027068362
-
The farm family economy in the American North, 1775-1875: An exploration of sibling differences
-
This discussion raises the issue of whether differences in the birth order of inheriting sons reflect differences in patterns of socialization. For an Irish example, see Nancy Scheper Hughes, Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland (Berkeley, CA, 1979), 163-85, in which the author describes a systematic pattern of ridicule and abuse directed at the youngest son in farm families in contemporary western Ireland. The function of this behavior was to assure an heir and a caretaker for the parents. Recently, the topic of birth order and sibling relationships was the focus of an entire issue of Continuity and Change 7 (1992). For a discussion of the relationship of birth order and economic opportunity, see, in particular, John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "The Farm Family Economy in the American North, 1775-1875: An Exploration of Sibling Differences," Continuity and Change 7 (1992) 357-75.
-
(1992)
Continuity and Change
, vol.7
, pp. 357-375
-
-
Adams, J.W.1
Kasakoff, A.B.2
-
137
-
-
85069142963
-
-
note
-
Over 17 percent of the children of the poorest one-third of property holders who managed to find land in the two townships received a portion of their land through final probate decrees. Only 8 percent of the children of the wealthiest one-third did so. Grantor-Grantee books, the Commonwealth Abstract Company, St. Cloud, Minnesota.
-
-
-
-
138
-
-
0003746391
-
-
This phenomenon runs against the grain of historical scholarship, which generally maintains a positive relationship between wealth and stability. For midwestern examples, see Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 144-45; Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 137-67; Richard S. Alcorn, "Leadership and Stability in Mid-Nineteenth Century America: A Case Study of an Illinois Town," Journal of American History 61 (1975): 685-702.
-
The Social Order of a Frontier Community
-
-
Doyle1
-
139
-
-
0011605740
-
-
This phenomenon runs against the grain of historical scholarship, which generally maintains a positive relationship between wealth and stability. For midwestern examples, see Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 144-45; Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 137-67; Richard S. Alcorn, "Leadership and Stability in Mid-Nineteenth Century America: A Case Study of an Illinois Town," Journal of American History 61 (1975): 685-702.
-
Sugar Creek
, pp. 144-145
-
-
Faragher1
-
140
-
-
0004337785
-
-
This phenomenon runs against the grain of historical scholarship, which generally maintains a positive relationship between wealth and stability. For midwestern examples, see Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 144-45; Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 137-67; Richard S. Alcorn, "Leadership and Stability in Mid-Nineteenth Century America: A Case Study of an Illinois Town," Journal of American History 61 (1975): 685-702.
-
From Peasants to Farmers
, pp. 137-167
-
-
Gjerde1
-
141
-
-
84925885853
-
Leadership and stability in mid-nineteenth century America: A case study of an Illinois town
-
This phenomenon runs against the grain of historical scholarship, which generally maintains a positive relationship between wealth and stability. For midwestern examples, see Doyle, The Social Order of a Frontier Community; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 144-45; Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers, 137-67; Richard S. Alcorn, "Leadership and Stability in Mid-Nineteenth Century America: A Case Study of an Illinois Town," Journal of American History 61 (1975): 685-702.
-
(1975)
Journal of American History
, vol.61
, pp. 685-702
-
-
Alcorn, R.S.1
-
142
-
-
85069139584
-
-
note
-
Assessment Rolls for Munson and Wakefield Townships, 1920, Stearns County Assessor, MHS.
-
-
-
|