-
1
-
-
0021024318
-
Comparative review of death sentences
-
Baldus, D., Pulaski, C., and Woodworth, G. (1983). Comparative review of death sentences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:661-753.
-
(1983)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.74
, pp. 661-753
-
-
Baldus, D.1
Pulaski, C.2
Woodworth, G.3
-
2
-
-
0030497185
-
Race, drug, and criminal sentencing: Hidden effects of the criminal law
-
Barnes, C., and Kingsnorth, R. (1996). Race, drug, and criminal sentencing: Hidden effects of the criminal law. Journal of Criminal Justice 24:39-55.
-
(1996)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.24
, pp. 39-55
-
-
Barnes, C.1
Kingsnorth, R.2
-
3
-
-
84965875361
-
The victimized white in a juvenile correctional system
-
Bartollas, C., and Sieverdes, C. (1981). The victimized white in a juvenile correctional system. Crime and Delinquency 27:534-43.
-
(1981)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.27
, pp. 534-543
-
-
Bartollas, C.1
Sieverdes, C.2
-
7
-
-
0011472730
-
Race and police shootings: An analysis of two cities
-
ed. J. Fyfe. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
-
Blumberg, M. (1981). Race and police shootings: An analysis of two cities. In Contemporary issues in law enforcement, ed. J. Fyfe. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
-
(1981)
Contemporary Issues in Law Enforcement
-
-
Blumberg, M.1
-
8
-
-
0039318313
-
Controlling police use of deadly force
-
eds. R. Dunham and G. Alpert. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
-
Blumberg, M. (1989). Controlling police use of deadly force. In Critical issues in policing, eds. R. Dunham and G. Alpert. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
-
(1989)
Critical Issues in Policing
-
-
Blumberg, M.1
-
9
-
-
0020424317
-
On the racial disproportionality of the United States prison population
-
Blumstein, A. (1982). On the racial disproportionality of the United States prison population. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73:1259-81.
-
(1982)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.73
, pp. 1259-1281
-
-
Blumstein, A.1
-
10
-
-
25844474937
-
Race and the death penalty in the United States
-
eds. M. Lynch and E. Patterson. New York: Harrow and Heston
-
Bohm, R. (1991). Race and the death penalty in the United States. In Race and criminal justice, eds. M. Lynch and E. Patterson. New York: Harrow and Heston.
-
(1991)
Race and Criminal Justice
-
-
Bohm, R.1
-
11
-
-
85055759824
-
Citizen interviews, organizational feedback, and police-community relations decisions
-
Bordua, D., and Tifft, L. (1971). Citizen interviews, organizational feedback, and police-community relations decisions. Law and Society Review 6:155-82.
-
(1971)
Law and Society Review
, vol.6
, pp. 155-182
-
-
Bordua, D.1
Tifft, L.2
-
12
-
-
84965904040
-
Arbitrariness and discrimination under post-Furman capital statutes
-
Bowers, W., and Pierce, G. (1980). Arbitrariness and discrimination under post-Furman capital statutes. Crime and Delinquency 26:563-635.
-
(1980)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.26
, pp. 563-635
-
-
Bowers, W.1
Pierce, G.2
-
13
-
-
39649085655
-
Counsel for the poor: The death sentence not for the worst crime but for the worst lawyer
-
Bright, S. (1994). Counsel for the poor: The death sentence not for the worst crime but for the worst lawyer. Yale Law Journal 103:1835-83.
-
(1994)
Yale Law Journal
, vol.103
, pp. 1835-1883
-
-
Bright, S.1
-
14
-
-
0003894743
-
-
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice
-
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1994). Prisoners in 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
-
(1994)
Prisoners in 1993
-
-
-
16
-
-
84965567099
-
Humanitarian reform and biracial sexual assault in a maximum security prison
-
Carroll, L. (1977). Humanitarian reform and biracial sexual assault in a maximum security prison. Urban Life 5:417-37.
-
(1977)
Urban Life
, vol.5
, pp. 417-437
-
-
Carroll, L.1
-
17
-
-
0003865372
-
-
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
-
Chambliss, W., and Seidman, R. (1971). Law, order, and power. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
-
(1971)
Law, Order, and Power
-
-
Chambliss, W.1
Seidman, R.2
-
18
-
-
0012804439
-
Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence
-
ed. D. Hawkins. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press
-
Chiricos, T., and Crawford, C. (1995). Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence. In Ethnicity, race and crime, ed. D. Hawkins. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
-
(1995)
Ethnicity, Race and Crime
-
-
Chiricos, T.1
Crawford, C.2
-
20
-
-
4243966994
-
California prison study finds wide racial disparities
-
February 13
-
Claiborne, W. (1996). California prison study finds wide racial disparities. Washington Post, February 13, A3.
-
(1996)
Washington Post
-
-
Claiborne, W.1
-
21
-
-
0028323409
-
Analytical and aggregation biases in analyses of imprisonment: Reconciling discrepancies in studies of racial disparity
-
Crutchfield, R., Bridges, G., and Pitchford, S. (1994). Analytical and aggregation biases in analyses of imprisonment: Reconciling discrepancies in studies of racial disparity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:166-82.
-
(1994)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.31
, pp. 166-182
-
-
Crutchfield, R.1
Bridges, G.2
Pitchford, S.3
-
22
-
-
0002706620
-
Sexual assaults in the Philadelphia prison system and sheriff's vans
-
Davis, A. (1968). Sexual assaults in the Philadelphia prison system and sheriff's vans. Transaction 6:8-16.
-
(1968)
Transaction
, vol.6
, pp. 8-16
-
-
Davis, A.1
-
23
-
-
84972766863
-
Violence and victimization within a state prison system
-
Fuller, D., and Orsagh, T. (1977). Violence and victimization within a state prison system. Criminal Justice Review 2:35-55.
-
(1977)
Criminal Justice Review
, vol.2
, pp. 35-55
-
-
Fuller, D.1
Orsagh, T.2
-
24
-
-
0003354747
-
Race and extreme police-citizen violence
-
eds. R. McNeely and C. Pope. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
-
Fyfe, J. (1981). Race and extreme police-citizen violence. In Race, crime, and criminal justice, eds. R. McNeely and C. Pope. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
-
(1981)
Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice
-
-
Fyfe, J.1
-
25
-
-
0019975043
-
Blind justice: Police shootings in Memphis
-
Fyfe, J. (1982). Blind justice: Police shootings in Memphis. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:707-22.
-
(1982)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.83
, pp. 707-722
-
-
Fyfe, J.1
-
27
-
-
0011411488
-
-
Washington, DC: General Accounting Office
-
General Accounting Office. (1990). Death penalty sentencing. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.
-
(1990)
Death Penalty Sentencing
-
-
-
28
-
-
84925912982
-
Race as a determinant of criminal sentences: A methodological critique and a case study
-
Gibson, J. (1978). Race as a determinant of criminal sentences: A methodological critique and a case study. Law and Society Review 12:455-78.
-
(1978)
Law and Society Review
, vol.12
, pp. 455-478
-
-
Gibson, J.1
-
29
-
-
0011469218
-
Racism, sexism, and ageism in the prison community
-
Goetting, A. (1985). Racism, sexism, and ageism in the prison community. Federal Probation 49:10-22.
-
(1985)
Federal Probation
, vol.49
, pp. 10-22
-
-
Goetting, A.1
-
30
-
-
84935498478
-
Patterns of death: An analysis of racial disparities in capital sentencing and homicide victimization
-
Gross, S., and Mauro, R. (1984). Patterns of death: An analysis of racial disparities in capital sentencing and homicide victimization. Stanford Law Review 37:127-53.
-
(1984)
Stanford Law Review
, vol.37
, pp. 127-153
-
-
Gross, S.1
Mauro, R.2
-
32
-
-
84925886458
-
Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing: An assessment of a sociological viewpoint
-
Hagan, J. (1974). Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing: An assessment of a sociological viewpoint. Law and Society Review 8:357-83.
-
(1974)
Law and Society Review
, vol.8
, pp. 357-383
-
-
Hagan, J.1
-
33
-
-
0003090791
-
Making sense of sentencing
-
ed. A. Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
-
Hagan, J., and Bumiller, K. (1983). Making sense of sentencing. In Research on sentencing, Vol. 2, ed. A. Blumstein. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
-
(1983)
Research on Sentencing
, vol.2
-
-
Hagan, J.1
Bumiller, K.2
-
34
-
-
0001430344
-
Social organization and criminal justice processing: An event history analysis
-
Hagan, J., and Zatz, M. (1985). Social organization and criminal justice processing: An event history analysis. Social Science Research 14:103-25.
-
(1985)
Social Science Research
, vol.14
, pp. 103-125
-
-
Hagan, J.1
Zatz, M.2
-
35
-
-
84935592528
-
Beyond anomalies: Rethinking the conflict perspective on race and criminal punishment
-
Hawkins, D. (1987). Beyond anomalies: Rethinking the conflict perspective on race and criminal punishment. Social Forces 65:719-45.
-
(1987)
Social Forces
, vol.65
, pp. 719-745
-
-
Hawkins, D.1
-
36
-
-
0017864711
-
Race and the decision to arrest: An analysis of warrants issued
-
Hepburn, J. (1978). Race and the decision to arrest: An analysis of warrants issued. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54:54-73.
-
(1978)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.54
, pp. 54-73
-
-
Hepburn, J.1
-
37
-
-
84925912386
-
Race and involvement in common law personal crimes
-
Hindelang, M. (1978). Race and involvement in common law personal crimes. American Sociological Review 43:93-109.
-
(1978)
American Sociological Review
, vol.43
, pp. 93-109
-
-
Hindelang, M.1
-
41
-
-
0141992175
-
Race relations and the prisoner subculture
-
eds. N. Morris and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
-
Jacobs, J. (1979). Race relations and the prisoner subculture. In Crime and justice, Vol. 1, eds. N. Morris and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
(1979)
Crime and Justice
, vol.1
-
-
Jacobs, J.1
-
42
-
-
84925912010
-
Integrating the keepers: A comparison of black and white prison guards in Illinois
-
Jacobs, J., and Kraft, L. (1978). Integrating the keepers: A comparison of Black and White prison guards in Illinois. Social Problems 25:304-18.
-
(1978)
Social Problems
, vol.25
, pp. 304-318
-
-
Jacobs, J.1
Kraft, L.2
-
43
-
-
0001327109
-
Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of the evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty
-
Kleck, G. (1981). Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of the evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty. American Sociological Review 46:783-805.
-
(1981)
American Sociological Review
, vol.46
, pp. 783-805
-
-
Kleck, G.1
-
44
-
-
84965729006
-
Race relations and the female inmate
-
Kruttschnitt, C. (1983). Race relations and the female inmate. Crime and Delinquency 29:577-92.
-
(1983)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.29
, pp. 577-592
-
-
Kruttschnitt, C.1
-
45
-
-
0019068836
-
The effect of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape
-
LaFree, G. (1980). The effect of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape. American Sociological Review 45:842-54.
-
(1980)
American Sociological Review
, vol.45
, pp. 842-854
-
-
LaFree, G.1
-
46
-
-
84925913266
-
Extra-legal factors in Chicago's criminal courts
-
Lizotte, A. (1978). Extra-legal factors in Chicago's criminal courts. Social Problems 25:564-80.
-
(1978)
Social Problems
, vol.25
, pp. 564-580
-
-
Lizotte, A.1
-
51
-
-
0011456784
-
Segregation and hidden discrimination in prisons: Reflections on a small study of cell assignments
-
eds. C. Hartjen and E. Rhine. Chicago: Nelson-Hall
-
McDonald, D., and Weisburd, D. (1992). Segregation and hidden discrimination in prisons: Reflections on a small study of cell assignments. In Correctional theory and practice, eds. C. Hartjen and E. Rhine. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
-
(1992)
Correctional Theory and Practice
-
-
McDonald, D.1
Weisburd, D.2
-
52
-
-
84925924198
-
Police shootings at minorities: The case of Los Angeles
-
Meyer, M. (1980). Police shootings at minorities: The case of Los Angeles. Annals 452:98-110.
-
(1980)
Annals
, vol.452
, pp. 98-110
-
-
Meyer, M.1
-
54
-
-
0011453791
-
-
Washington, DC: Police Foundation
-
Milton, C., Halleck, J., Lardner, J., and Albrecht, G. (1977). Police use of deadly force. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
-
(1977)
Police Use of Deadly Force
-
-
Milton, C.1
Halleck, J.2
Lardner, J.3
Albrecht, G.4
-
55
-
-
0011502285
-
-
Albany, NY: New York State Commission on Criminal Justice and the Use of Force
-
New York State Commission on Criminal Justice and the Use of Force. (1987). Report to the Governor, Vol. 1. Albany, NY: New York State Commission on Criminal Justice and the Use of Force.
-
(1987)
Report to the Governor
, vol.1
-
-
-
56
-
-
0021068450
-
Race of victim and location of crime: The decision to seek the death penalty in South Carolina
-
Paternoster, R. (1983). Race of victim and location of crime: The decision to seek the death penalty in South Carolina. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:754-85.
-
(1983)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.74
, pp. 754-785
-
-
Paternoster, R.1
-
59
-
-
0003520966
-
-
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
-
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. (1967). Task force report: The police. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
(1967)
Task Force Report: The Police
-
-
-
62
-
-
33750167248
-
Racial characteristics and the imposition of the death penalty
-
Radelet, M. (1981). Racial characteristics and the imposition of the death penalty. American Sociological Review 46:918-27.
-
(1981)
American Sociological Review
, vol.46
, pp. 918-927
-
-
Radelet, M.1
-
63
-
-
84925893147
-
-
Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas
-
Scacco, A. (1975). Rape in prison. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
-
(1975)
Rape in Prison
-
-
Scacco, A.1
-
64
-
-
0039892616
-
Reducing police gun use
-
ed. M. Punch. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
-
Sherman, L. (1983). Reducing police gun use. In Control in the police organization, ed. M. Punch. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
(1983)
Control in the Police Organization
-
-
Sherman, L.1
-
66
-
-
0000287921
-
The neighborhood context of police behavior
-
eds. A. Reiss and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
-
Smith, D. (1986). The neighborhood context of police behavior. In Crime and justice, Vol. 8, eds. A. Reiss and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
(1986)
Crime and Justice
, vol.8
-
-
Smith, D.1
-
68
-
-
84925932175
-
Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police arrest decisions
-
Smith, D., and Visher, C. (1981). Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police arrest decisions. Social Problems 29:167-77.
-
(1981)
Social Problems
, vol.29
, pp. 167-177
-
-
Smith, D.1
Visher, C.2
-
69
-
-
84935873072
-
Equity and discretionary justice: The influence of race on police arrest decisions
-
Smith, D., Visher, C., and Davidson, L. (1984). Equity and discretionary justice: The influence of race on police arrest decisions. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:234-49.
-
(1984)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.75
, pp. 234-249
-
-
Smith, D.1
Visher, C.2
Davidson, L.3
-
70
-
-
0002373530
-
The effect of race on sentencing
-
Spohn, C., Gruhl, J., and Welch, S. (1981). The effect of race on sentencing. Law and Society Review 16:71-88.
-
(1981)
Law and Society Review
, vol.16
, pp. 71-88
-
-
Spohn, C.1
Gruhl, J.2
Welch, S.3
-
71
-
-
35348898108
-
A theory of deference exchange in police-citizen encounters
-
Sykes, R., and Clarke, J. (1985). A theory of deference exchange in police-citizen encounters. American Journal of Sociology 81:584-600.
-
(1985)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.81
, pp. 584-600
-
-
Sykes, R.1
Clarke, J.2
-
72
-
-
0002489666
-
A garrison state in a "democratic" society
-
Takagi, P. (1974). A garrison state in a "democratic" society. Crime and Social Justice 5:27-33.
-
(1974)
Crime and Social Justice
, vol.5
, pp. 27-33
-
-
Takagi, P.1
-
73
-
-
4243930254
-
Studies find criminals getting longer sentences, race disparities remain
-
August 23
-
Thompson, T. (1991). Studies find criminals getting longer sentences, race disparities remain. Washington Post, August 23, A6.
-
(1991)
Washington Post
-
-
Thompson, T.1
-
76
-
-
49849093868
-
Black elite decision making: The case of trial judges
-
Uhlman, T. (1978). Black elite decision making: The case of trial judges. American Journal of Political Science 22:884-95.
-
(1978)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.22
, pp. 884-895
-
-
Uhlman, T.1
-
77
-
-
0003907389
-
-
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
-
U.S. Sentencing Commission. (1995). Cocaine and federal sentencing policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
(1995)
Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy
-
-
-
78
-
-
0011500222
-
Perception of the police in a black community
-
eds. J. Snibbe and H. Snibbe. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas
-
Wallach, I., and Jackson, C. (1973). Perception of the police in a black community. In The urban policeman in transition, eds. J. Snibbe and H. Snibbe. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
-
(1973)
The Urban Policeman in Transition
-
-
Wallach, I.1
Jackson, C.2
-
80
-
-
84951409517
-
Police killings in South Africa: Criminal trials, 1986-1992
-
Weitzer, R., and Beattie, C. (1994). Police killings in South Africa: Criminal trials, 1986-1992. Policing and Society 4:99-107.
-
(1994)
Policing and Society
, vol.4
, pp. 99-107
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
Beattie, C.2
-
83
-
-
0000472376
-
Race, judicial discretion, and the death penalty
-
Wolfgang, M., and Riedel, M. (1973). Race, judicial discretion, and the death penalty. Annals 407:119-33.
-
(1973)
Annals
, vol.407
, pp. 119-133
-
-
Wolfgang, M.1
Riedel, M.2
-
84
-
-
0023093153
-
The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing
-
Zatz, M. (1987). The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 24:69-92.
-
(1987)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.24
, pp. 69-92
-
-
Zatz, M.1
|