Media framing of movement protest: The case of American Indian protest

Social Science Journal

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 241-255

  Baylor, Tim ^a  

^a WESTERN MARYLAND COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030524790     PISSN: 03623319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0362-3319(96)90021-X     Document Type: Article

References (47)

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2. Roper Organization. An Extended View of Public Attitudes Toward Television and Other Mass Media. 1971;Television Information Office, New York.
3. Gamson W. The 1987 Distinguished Lecture: A Constructionist Approach To Mass Media and Public Opinion. Symbolic Interaction. 11:1988;161-174.
4. Goffman E. Frame Analysis. 1974;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
5. This view is more typical of conservative critiques of the media. See Bozell L.B. III, Baker B.H. And That's the Way it Isn't: A Reference Guide to Media Bias. 1990;Media Research Center, Alexandria, VA.
6. Molotch H. Media and Movements. Zald M.N., McCarthy J.D. The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics. 1979;71 Winthrop Publishers, Inc. Cambridge, MA.
7. Fine T.S. The Impact of Issue Framing on Public Opinion Toward Affirmative Action Programs. The Social Science Journal. 29:1992;323-334.
8. Gamson W., Modigliani A. Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach. American Journal of Sociology. 95:1989;1-37.
9. Molotch. Media and Movements. Zald M.N., McCarthy J.D. The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics. 1979;71 Winthrop Publishers, Inc. Cambridge, MA.
10. Altheide D.L. Creating Reality: How TV News Distorts Events. 1976;55-58 Sage Publishers, Beverly Hills.
11. Lee M.A., Solomon N. Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media. 1990;176-188 Carol Publishing Group, New York.
12. Paletz D.L., Entman R.M. Media, Power, Politics. 1981;10-12 The Free Press, New York.
13. Parenti M. The Politics of the Mass Media. 1986;42-52. New York.
14. Sigal L.V. Reporters and Officials. 1973;119-126 D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, MA.
15. Ninety-six percent of television stations have no Washington correspondents of their own. Nor do they depend on stringers. Instead, they depend on wire services.
16. Bagdikian B.H. Congress and the Media: Partners in Propaganda. Columbia Journalism Review. 12:1974;3-10 The AP wire service alone is present in 6,000 of the countries' radio and TV stations.
17. Lee, Solomon. Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media. 1990;23 Carol Publishing Group, New York.
18. Olien C.N., Tichenoir P. Media Coverage and Social Movements. Donohue G., Salmon C.T. Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change. 1989;151 Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
19. Dayan D., Katz E. Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. 1992;13 Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, These actions are often called "media events" since they are primarily staged for the media. This understanding of a "media event" must be distinguished from other competing definitions. Dayan and Katz for instance use the term in a more Durkheimian fashion. They suggest that "media events" are "Shared experiences, uniting viewers with one another and with their societies," such as a Presidential inauguration.
20. Churchill W., Vander Wall J. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther party and the American Indian Movement. 1988;155 South End Press, Boston.
21. See Gans H. Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. 1979;176-179 Pantheon Books, New York. for a discussion of the factors that produce the similarity between newd stories the media covers.
22. The construction of frames required me to content analyze the TV news segments. For a discussion of content analysis and the construction of "code categories" (frames), see Babbie E. The Practice of Social Research. 7th ed. 1995;311-320 Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.
23. See Dredge B. Faith, Hope or Charity: A Look at Church Sermons and Social Class. Sociological Inquiry. 56:1986;523-534 My colleague had previously done work in content analysis.
24. For a discussion of this stereotype and others in American film see Bataille G., Silet C. The Entertaining Anachronism: Indians in American Film. Miller R.M. The Kaleidoscopic Lens: How Hollywood Views Ethnic Groups. 1980;Jerome S. Ozer, Englewood, NJ.
25. Berkhofer R.F. See also The White Man's Indian. 1978;. New York.
26. Kaufmann D.L. The Indian as Media Hand-Me-Down. Colorado Quarterly. Spring 1975;489-504. for a review of Indian stereotypes in American society from the colonial period to the present.
27. Trail of Broken Treaties: "B.I.A., I'm Not Your Indian Anymore" 2nd ed. 1974;Mohawk Nation, Rooseveltown, NY, A copy of the Twenty Points proposal can be found in Akwesasne Notes.
28. Social Control of an Insurgent Social Movement: A Case Study of the American Indian Movement. MA Thesis. 1989;45-47 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The percentage of news coverage cited for the three periods includes both non-AIM and the amount of news coverage varied among the three periods. However, I have demonstrated elsewhere that AIM backed protest took place more often than non-AIM protests from 1971 until 1975.
29. See Feaver G. An Indian Melodrama. Encounter. 44:May 1975;29 The survey was a national cross-section of 1,472 households. Fifty-one percent of those questioned supported the occupation, 21% were against it, and 28% were unsure.
30. Hickey N. Was The Truth Buried at Wounded Knee? TV Guide. December 1 1973;8.
31. Matthiessen P. In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. 1983;533 Viking Press, New York.
32. National Lawyers Guild. . Chicago Counterintelligence: A Documentary Look at America's Secret Police. Vol. 1:1980;71 Twelve hours after Trudell burned an American flag on the steps of the FBI building in Washington, DC, his wife, four children and mother-in-law burned to death in a house fire. Trudell thinks this is more than a coincidence.
33. Downs A. Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue-Attention Cycle. Public Interest. 28:1972;38-50.
34. Baylor T. Social Control of an Insurgent Social Movement: A Case Study of the American Indian Movement. MA Thesis. 1989;70-106 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
35. Churchill, Vander. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party abd the American Indian Movement. 1988;261-349. Boston.
36. Akwesasne Notes. 5:(no. 1):Early Winter 1973;30.
37. Akwesasne Notes. 5:(no. 1):Early Winter 1973;34.
38. Ortiz R.D. The Great Sioux Nation, Sitting in Judgement on America. 1977;American indian Treaty Council Information Center and Moon Books, San Francisco.
39. Johansen B., Maestas R. Wasi'chu: The Continuing Indian Wars. 1979;83 Monthly Review Press, New York.
40. Cagin S., Dray P. We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi. 1988;Macmillan, New York.
41. Seale Bobby. Hampton H., Fayer S., Flynn S. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement From the 1950's through the 1980's. 1990;Bantam Books, New York.
42. Carter H. III. The Wave Beneath the Froth. Fisher P.L., Lowenstein R.L. Race and the News Media. 1967;54-57 Frederick A. Praeger, New York.
43. Bennett L.W. News: the Politics of Illusion. 1983;3 Longman Press, New York.
44. Weisman J.D. About That Ambush at Wounded Knee. Columbia Journalism Review. 14:1975;29.
45. Postmon N., Powers S. How To Watch TV News. 1992;112-113 Penguin Books, New York.
46. Hickey N. Was The Truth Buried at Wounded Knee? TV Guide. December 15 1973;43-47.
47. Cohen F.G. The Indian Patrol in Minneapolis: Social Control and Social Change in an Urban Context. Ph.D. dissertation. 1973;47 The University of Minnesota.