South Africa's arms industry: A new era of democratic accountability?

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 599-618

  Robinson, Tyler ^b   Boutwell, Jeffrey ^a  

^a AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030523984     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602200406     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. In 1963, UN Security Council Resolution 181 requested that all nations voluntarily refrain from selling arms to South Africa. In 1977, UN Resolution 418 subsequently stiffened this measure into a mandatory embargo. In 1984, UN Resolution 558 called for an additional voluntary ban on importing military equipment produced by South Africa.
2. Michael T. Klare, "The Thriving Black Market for Weapons," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, April 1988.
3. Klare, "The Thriving Black Market for Weapons," 6.
4. The African National Congress (ANC) and South West People's Organization (SWAPO) were the outlawed liberation movements to free South Africa and South African-occupied Namibia, respectively.
5. Klare, "The Thriving Black Market for Weapons," 20.
6. See F.W. Villiers, Roger Fardine, and Mitchell Reiss, "Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb," Foreign Affairs 72, 5 (November/December 1993): 98-109.
7. Villiers, Fardine, and Reiss, "Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb," 108.
8. See "South Africa Shines as Policy Beacon," Defense News, June 12-18, 1995, 1.
9. Jane's Armour and Artillery, 1994-95 (London, New York: Jane's, 1994).
10. "South Africa's Arsenal," Military Technology, 28, 11 (November 1994): 10.
11. See Jane's Land-Based Air Defence Systems, 1994-95, and "South Africa's Arsenal," 17-20 and 30-33.
12. Greg Mills, "Small Arms Control - Some Early Thoughts," African Defence Review 15(1994): 42.
13. Mills, "Small Arms Control,"45.
14. Mills, "Small Arms Control," 44.
15. "New Evidence but No Action," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 15-21 July 1994. See also Herbert Howe, "The South African Defence Force and Political Reform," The Journal of Modern African Studies 32, 1 (March 1994): 29-51.
16. "New Evidence but No Action," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 15-21 July 1994. See also Herbert Howe, "The South African Defence Force and Political Reform," The Journal of Modern African Studies 32, 1 (March 1994): 29-51.
17. Mills, "Small Arms Control," 45.
18. Personal communication from Glenn Oosthuysen of the Small Arms Project, South Africa Institute of International Affairs, 2 August 1995.
19. For more on the SDU's, see Shaun McCarthy, "South Africa's Self-Defence Units," Jane's Intelligence Review (November 1994): 520-21.
20. Meverett Koetz, head of the Peace Secretariat in Wilts-Vaal, was quoted in the Weekly Mail and Guardian as saying that "With the rate of unemployment so high, the SDU's are fighting over weapons, so as to have something to live by. . . . Most of them have realized politics is not the issue." See Weekly Mail & Guardian, "SDU Gangsters behind Crime Wave," 20-26 May 1994.
21. Mills, "Small Arms Control," 48.
22. Howe, "The South African Defence Force," 40.
23. See Jacklyn Cock, "The Dynamics of Transforming South Africa's Defense Forces," in South Africa: The Political Economy of Transformation, ed. S. Stedman (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993).
24. See Gavin Cawthra, "The Role of the South African National Defense Force: Worrying Developments Echo the Past," International Security Digest, June 1995 (London: Centre for Defence Studies, King's College).
25. "South Africa Defense Force to be Reduced by 60,000," Military and Arms Transfer News, 95/12, 8 September 1995.
26. International Security Digest, March 1995 (London: Centre for Defence Studies, King's College).
27. See "Investing in the Bibles and Bullets Business," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 16 September 1994, and " SA Groups Still Help UNITA, Claims General," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 30 September 1994.
28. See "Investing in the Bibles and Bullets Business," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 16 September 1994, and " SA Groups Still Help UNITA, Claims General," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 30 September 1994.
29. Cheryl Carolus, "The Real Struggle," Africa Report 39, 4 (July/August 1994), 40.
30. Jane's Defence Weekly, 3 September 1994, 5.
31. Martin Navias, "The Future of South Africa's Arms Trade and Defence Industries," Jane's Intelligence Review (November 1994), 523.
32. See "$2.9b Defence Budget Marks End to Decline," Jane's Defence Weekly, 25 March 1995, 5.
33. Susan Willett, "South Africa - Arms Trade Dilemma," International Security Digest, November 1994 (London: Centre for Defence Studies, King's College).
34. Jane's Defence Weekly, 10 June 1995.
35. Susan Willett, "Open Arms for the Prodigal Son: The Future of South Africa's Arms Trade Policies," (London: British American Security Information Council, 1994), 5.
36. See "The Alice in Wonderland memo," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 2-8 December 1994.
37. "US Batters Armscor in Bombs-for-Oil Court Case," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 12-18 August 1994.
38. Frank Smyth, "Deadly Opportunities," Multinational Monitor (May 1994), 13.
39. The government did acknowledge, however, that more than $50 million in weapons were sold to Rwanda in the three-year period prior to February 1993. See Agence France-Presse International News, 16 August 1995 (as reported by Military and Arms Transfer News, Issue 95/12, 8 September 1995).
40. The government did acknowledge, however, that more than $50 million in weapons were sold to Rwanda in the three-year period prior to February 1993. See Agence France-Presse International News, 16 August 1995 (as reported by Military and Arms Transfer News, Issue 95/12, 8 September 1995).
41. Sources include both Human Rights Watch and Joel Boutroue, an official with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. See "Rwandan Conflict Predicted, As Arms Flow," Arms Trade News, July 1995, and " SA's Arms-dealing Underworld," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 2 June 1995.
42. Sources include both Human Rights Watch and Joel Boutroue, an official with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. See "Rwandan Conflict Predicted, As Arms Flow," Arms Trade News, July 1995, and " SA's Arms-dealing Underworld," Weekly Mail & Guardian, 2 June 1995.
43. In addition to more conventional weaponry, South Africa is seen to be well-positioned to become a prominent exporter of laser-guided, air-launched weapons and unmanned aerial vehicles, according to U.S. officials. See "News Briefs: South Africa Markets Bombs to Pakistan," Arms Trade News, July 1995.
44. See "New Problems for Military Merchants," Weekly Mail and Guardian, 23 June 1995.
45. Jacklyn Cock, "Rocks, Snakes, and South Africa's Arms Industry," Mayibuye, 20, February 1993.
46. Jane's Defence Weekly (3 December 1994): 10.
47. Military Technology 28, 9 (September 1994): 91.
48. For more on Russian-South African collaboration, see Kobus de Villiers, "The South African Crossing of the Iron Curtain," Military Technology, 28, 11 (November 1994): 50.
49. "New Tensions Over Yemen Weapons Deal," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 30 September-6 October 1994.
50. "Unita not Yemen Was the Target," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 7-13 October 1994.
51. The Commission was headed by Judge Edwin Cameron, and its report also made recommendations on the need for revising South Africa's arms export policies and basing them on the criteria of "South Africa's commitment to democracy, human rights, and international peace and security." See "Revealed: South Africa's Arms Blacklist," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 28 July 1995.
52. "Secrecy Hinders Armscor Inquiry," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 18-24 November 1994.
53. See Nelson Mandela, "South Africa's Future Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs 72, 5 (November/December 1993): 86-97.
54. Jane's Defence Weekly (3 December 1994), 10.
55. See "Revealed: South Africa's Anns Blacklist," The Weekly Mail & Guardian, 28 July 1995.
56. Jane's Defence Weekly (22 October 1994), 1.
57. In the wake of its troubles with the U.S. "denial order," the South African firm Kentron announced plans to collaborate with the UK company GEC to produce the ZT-6 anti-tank missile for the Rooivalk helicopter, thus becoming eligible for future British helicopter procurement contracts; see Flight International, August 3,1995.