Interstate cooperation and territorial representation in intermestic politics

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 53-71

  Gress, Franz ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030521189     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029840     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. 1 Dale Krane, "American Federalism, State Governments and Public Policy: Weaving Together Loose Theoretical Threads," PS: Political Science & Politics 26 (June 1993): 187.
2. 2 Charlie Jeffery and Peter Savigear, eds. German Federalism Today (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1991), p. 9.
3. 3 John Kincaid, "The New Coercive Federalism: Places versus Persons," The American Federal System: Federal Balance in Comparative Perspective, eds. Franz Gress, Detlef Fechtner, and Matthias Hannes (Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 1994), pp. 25-54.
4. 4 Daniel J. Elazar, "From Statism To Federalism: A Paradigm Shift," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 25 (Spring 1995): 5-18.
5. 5 Cf. Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds. Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
6. 5 Cf. Hans J. Michelmann and Panayotis Soldatos, eds. Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds. Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. 6 Daniel J. Elazar, "Introduction," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984): 1-4.
8. 7 James N. Rosenau, "Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics," Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, eds. James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 3.
9. 8 Christian Tomuschat, "Der Verfassungsstaat im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen," Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer 36 (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1978), p. 23.
10. 9 Luis Li, "State Sovereignty and Nuclear Free Zones," California Law Review 79 (1991): 1168-1203. A similar problem existed in Germany with local authorities passing Atomwaffenfreie Zone Resolutions. Cf. in the Land of Hesse, in 1958, several local governments organized a referendum on atomic weapons, a move which was declared illegal by the Federal Constitutional Court for reasons of lack of jurisdiction and as an offense to the principle of federal comity, BVerfGE 8 (1958): 122-144
11. 9 Luis Li, "State Sovereignty and Nuclear Free Zones," California Law Review 79 (1991): 1168-1203. A similar problem existed in Germany with local authorities passing Atomwaffenfreie Zone Resolutions. Cf. in the Land of Hesse, in 1958, several local governments organized a referendum on atomic weapons, a move which was declared illegal by the Federal Constitutional Court for reasons of lack of jurisdiction and as an offense to the principle of federal comity, BVerfGE 8 (1958): 122-144
12. 10 Cf. Horst Christoph Heberlein, Kommunale Auβenpolitik als Rechtsproblem (Köln: W. Kohlhammer/Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, 1989) and Earl H. Fry, Lee H. Radebaugh, and Panayotis Soldatos, eds. The New International Cities Era: The Global Activities of North American Municipal Governments (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University, 1989).
13. 10 Cf. Horst Christoph Heberlein, Kommunale Auβenpolitik als Rechtsproblem (Köln: W. Kohlhammer/Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, 1989) and Earl H. Fry, Lee H. Radebaugh, and Panayotis Soldatos, eds. The New International Cities Era: The Global Activities of North American Municipal Governments (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University, 1989).
14. 11 Ivo D. Duchacek, "Perforated Sovereignties: Towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations" Federalism and International Relations. eds. Michelmann and Soldatos, pp. 1-33.
15. 12 Baylees Manning, "The Congress, The Executive, and Intermestic Affairs: Three Proposals," Foreign Affairs 55 (1977): 309.
16. 13 Richard P. Nathan, "Federalism-The Great "Composition," The New American Political System, ed. Anthony King, 2nd ver. (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1990), pp. 232-233.
17. 14 For a discussion of the different approaches to European integration, cf. John Pinder, European Community: The Building of a Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) and Michael Kreile, ed. Die Integration Europas, special edition, Politische Vierteljahresschrift 23 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992).
18. 14 For a discussion of the different approaches to European integration, cf. John Pinder, European Community: The Building of a Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) and Michael Kreile, ed. Die Integration Europas, special edition, Politische Vierteljahresschrift 23 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1992).
19. 15 The lack of any such considerations is especially problematic in some of the intergovernmentalist approaches. Cf. Andrew Moravcsik," Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach," Economic and Political Integration in Europe: International Dynamics and Global Context, eds. Simon Bulmer and Andrew Scott (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 29-80. For the federal tradition, see Murray Forsyth, Union of States: The Theory and Practice of Confederation (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981); Carl J. Friedrich, Federalism: Trends in Theory and Practice (New York: Praeger, 1968).
20. 15 The lack of any such considerations is especially problematic in some of the intergovernmentalist approaches. Cf. Andrew Moravcsik," Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach," Economic and Political Integration in Europe: International Dynamics and Global Context, eds. Simon Bulmer and Andrew Scott (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 29-80. For the federal tradition, see Murray Forsyth, Union of States: The Theory and Practice of Confederation (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981); Carl J. Friedrich, Federalism: Trends in Theory and Practice (New York: Praeger, 1968).
21. 15 The lack of any such considerations is especially problematic in some of the intergovernmentalist approaches. Cf. Andrew Moravcsik," Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach," Economic and Political Integration in Europe: International Dynamics and Global Context, eds. Simon Bulmer and Andrew Scott (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 29-80. For the federal tradition, see Murray Forsyth, Union of States: The Theory and Practice of Confederation (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1981); Carl J. Friedrich, Federalism: Trends in Theory and Practice (New York: Praeger, 1968).
22. 16 Daniel J. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 1987), p. 34.
23. 17 Peter Russell, "The Politics of Mega-Constitutional Change: Lessons from Canada," Evaluating Federal Systems, ed. Bertus de Villiers (Cape Town/Dordrecht, SA: Juta/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994), pp. 30-40.
24. 18 Wolfgang Wessels, "Staat und (westeuropäische) Integration. Die Fusionsthese," Die Integration Europas, ed. Kreile, pp. 36-61.
25. 19 Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, "Transgovernmental Relations and International Organizations," World Politics 27 (October 1974): 43.
26. 20 Hans-Georg Wehling, "The Bundesrat," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 53-64; Suzanne S. Schüttemeyer and Roland Sturm, "Wozu Zweite Kammern? Zur Repräsentation und Funktionalität Zweiter Kammern in Westlichen Demokratien," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 23 (August 1992): 517-536.
27. 20 Hans-Georg Wehling, "The Bundesrat," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 53-64; Suzanne S. Schüttemeyer and Roland Sturm, "Wozu Zweite Kammern? Zur Repräsentation und Funktionalität Zweiter Kammern in Westlichen Demokratien," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 23 (August 1992): 517-536.
28. 21 Article 50, Basic Law.
29. 22 Konrad Reuter, Praxishandbuch Bundesrat. Verfassungsrechtliche Grundlagen, Kommentar zur Geschäftsordnung, Praxis des Bundesrates (Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, 1991), p. 195.
30. 23 Alberta M. Sbragia, "Thinking about the European Future: The Uses of Comparison," Euro-Politics, ed. Alberta M. Sbragia (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1992), p. 288.
31. 24 469 U.S. 546, 552 (1985).
32. 25 Joseph F. Zimmerman, Contemporary American Federalism: The Growth of National Power (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992), p. 79. The 104th Congress is obviously more responsive to these concerns, (e.g., the passing of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of March 1995).
33. 26 United States v. Alfonso Lopez, 63 LW 4343, 4348 (1995).
34. 27 David B. Walker, The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching Toward Washington (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1995), p. 323; Carl Tubbesing, "Fed up With the Feds," State Legislatures 21 (April 1995): 10-15.
35. 27 David B. Walker, The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching Toward Washington (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1995), p. 323; Carl Tubbesing, "Fed up With the Feds," State Legislatures 21 (April 1995): 10-15.
36. 28 Thad L. Beyle, "The Governor as Innovator in the Federal System," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 18 (Summer 1988): 146.
37. 29 Conrad Weiler, "Foreign-Trade Agreements: A New Federal Partner?" Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24 (Summer 1994): 113-133.
38. 30 Fritz W. Scharpf, "Die Politikverflechtungsfalle: Europäische Integration und Deutscher Föderalismus im Vergleich," Politische Vierteljahresschrift 26 (December 1985): 323-356.
39. 31 Cf. Arthur B. Gunlicks, "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24 (Spring 1994): 81-98; Michael Burgess and Franz Greß, "The Quest for a Federal Future: German Unity and European Union," Comparative Federalism and Federation, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), pp. 168-186.
40. 31 Cf. Arthur B. Gunlicks, "German Federalism After Unification: The Legal/Constitutional Response," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24 (Spring 1994): 81-98; Michael Burgess and Franz Greß, "The Quest for a Federal Future: German Unity and European Union," Comparative Federalism and Federation, eds. Michael Burgess and Alain-G. Gagnon (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), pp. 168-186.
41. 32 Earl H. Fry, "State and Local Governments in the International Arena," Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science 509 (May 1990): 127.
42. 33 Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). In 1993, thirty states are running thirtysix offices in Europe; see Jerry Levine and Fabienne Vandenbrande, "American State Offices in Europe: Activities and Connections," Intergovernmental Perspective 20 (Fall/Winter 1993/1994): 43-46. The export promotion and investment seeking by state development agencies exploded in the 1970s. Only fifteen states had such agencies in the early 1970s, but all states had established at least one by the early 1980s, with an average budget of $20 million in 1988. Cf. Frances H. Oneal, "U.S. State Government Responses to EC-1992," The 1992 Project and the Future of Integration in Europe, eds. Dale L. Smith and James Lee Ray (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 165.
43. 33 Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). In 1993, thirty states are running thirtysix offices in Europe; see Jerry Levine and Fabienne Vandenbrande, "American State Offices in Europe: Activities and Connections," Intergovernmental Perspective 20 (Fall/Winter 1993/1994): 43-46. The export promotion and investment seeking by state development agencies exploded in the 1970s. Only fifteen states had such agencies in the early 1970s, but all states had established at least one by the early 1980s, with an average budget of $20 million in 1988. Cf. Frances H. Oneal, "U.S. State Government Responses to EC-1992," The 1992 Project and the Future of Integration in Europe, eds. Dale L. Smith and James Lee Ray (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 165.
44. 33 Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988). In 1993, thirty states are running thirtysix offices in Europe; see Jerry Levine and Fabienne Vandenbrande, "American State Offices in Europe: Activities and Connections," Intergovernmental Perspective 20 (Fall/Winter 1993/1994): 43-46. The export promotion and investment seeking by state development agencies exploded in the 1970s. Only fifteen states had such agencies in the early 1970s, but all states had established at least one by the early 1980s, with an average budget of $20 million in 1988. Cf. Frances H. Oneal, "U.S. State Government Responses to EC-1992," The 1992 Project and the Future of Integration in Europe, eds. Dale L. Smith and James Lee Ray (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 165.
45. 34 Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State, p. 5.
46. 35 David Osborne, Laboratories of Democracy: A New Breed of Governor Creates Models for National Growth (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1990), p. 283. See also Gordon L. Clark, "U.S. Regional Transformation in the Context of International Economic Competition," Deindustrialization and regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of the United States, eds. Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 199-220.
47. 35 David Osborne, Laboratories of Democracy: A New Breed of Governor Creates Models for National Growth (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1990), p. 283. See also Gordon L. Clark, "U.S. Regional Transformation in the Context of International Economic Competition," Deindustrialization and regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of the United States, eds. Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 199-220.
48. 36 Oneal, "U.S. State Government Responses to EC-1992," The 1992 Project and the Future of Integration in Europe, eds. Smith and Ray, p. 170.
49. 37 Cf. the reports by Brandon Roberts, Competition Across the Atlantic: The States Face EC '92 and Investment Across the Atlantic: New Competition and Challenges for States (Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1991 and 1992).
50. 38 Alan W. Sullivan, "Canadian Federal-Provincial Relations in an International Setting," Rockefeller Institute Bulletin 11 (1993): 71-76.
51. 39 Keohane and Nye, "Transgovernmental Relations," 44.
52. 40 Cf. Ortwin Renn and Rachel Finson, The Great Lakes Clean-up Program: A Role Model for International Cooperation? (Florence, Italy: European University Institute Working Paper No. 91/7, January 1991), p 10.
53. 41 For domestic interstate cooperation, note the recent creation of the Environment Council of the States (ECOS) within the framework of the Council of State Governments as the national association of state environmental agencies in December 1993.
54. 42 R. Steven Brown, "Emerging Models for Environmental Management," The Book of the States (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 1994), pp 539-546. A successful example is the transgovernmental policy coordination concerned with the Great Lakes. In seventy years, it developed from simple water management to the installation of a cross-border regime focussed on the purpose to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lake Basin Ecosystem.
55. 43 Helen M. Ingram, "State Government Officials' Role in U.S./Mexico Transboundary Resource Issues," Natural Resources Journal 28 (Summer 1988): 438.
56. 44 See the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC), which now not only administers the International Maquiladora Program of 1983, initiated under the La Paz Agreement, but also has increased its activities in supporting the general trend toward greater binational cooperation for environmental protection in the U.S.-Mexican border region. Among these activities are a proposal to design and construct an ecoindustrial park, facility on the border, to establish a state-to-state environmental program. Communication from Joseph B. Youngblood, TNRCC.
57. 45 Doug Farquhar, NAFTA and its Effect on State Environmental Policies (Denver: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1995), p. 5f.
58. 46 Stephen P. Mumme, "Regional Power in National Diplomacy: The U.S. Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984): 115-135.
59. 47 John Kincaid, "Developments in Federal-State Relations, 1992-93," Book of the States: 1994/95 (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 1994), p. 585; Weiler, "Foreign-Trade Agreements" 125 and Paul M. Orbuch and Thomas O. Singer, "International Trade, the Environment, and the States: An Evolving State-Federal Relationship" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 1995).
60. 47 John Kincaid, "Developments in Federal-State Relations, 1992-93," Book of the States: 1994/95 (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 1994), p. 585; Weiler, "Foreign-Trade Agreements" 125 and Paul M. Orbuch and Thomas O. Singer, "International Trade, the Environment, and the States: An Evolving State-Federal Relationship" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 1995).
61. 47 John Kincaid, "Developments in Federal-State Relations, 1992-93," Book of the States: 1994/95 (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 1994), p. 585; Weiler, "Foreign-Trade Agreements" 125 and Paul M. Orbuch and Thomas O. Singer, "International Trade, the Environment, and the States: An Evolving State-Federal Relationship" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, August 1995).
62. 48 Weiler, "Foreign-Trade Agreements," 129.
63. 49 Benjamin J. Jones, "The Effects of Free Trade Agreements on State Sovereignty," Book of the States: 1994/95, pp. 616-621.
64. 50 Conrad Weiler, "GATT, NAFTA, and State and Local Powers," Intergovernmental Perspective 20 (Fall/Winter 1993/1994): 38-41.
65. 51 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, "State and Local Governments in International Affairs," Intergovernmental Perspective 20 (Fall/Winter 1993/1994): 33-37.
66. 52 State of Virginia v. State of Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503, 519 (1893).
67. 53 Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920).
68. 54 Laurence H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law (Mineola, NY: The Foundation Press, 1988), p. 227.
69. 55 United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203, 233 (1942), quoted in John Kincaid, "The American Governors in International Affairs," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984): 95-114.
70. 55 United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203, 233 (1942), quoted in John Kincaid, "The American Governors in International Affairs," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 14 (Fall 1984): 95-114.
71. 56 Klaus Otto Nass, "The Foreign and European Policy of the German Länder," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 165-184; Renate Hellwig, "Die Rolle der Bundesländer in der Europa-Politik," Europa Archiv 42 (October 1987): 297-302.
72. 56 Klaus Otto Nass, "The Foreign and European Policy of the German Länder," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 165-184; Renate Hellwig, "Die Rolle der Bundesländer in der Europa-Politik," Europa Archiv 42 (October 1987): 297-302.
73. 57 Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bund und Ländern in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union v. 12.3.1993, Bundesgesetzblatt I., p. 313
74. and Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bundesregierung und Deutschem Bundestag in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union v. 12.3.93, Bundesgesetzblatt I., p. 311,
75. and Vereinbarung zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Regierungen der Länder über die Zusammenarbeit in Angelegenheiten der Europäischen Union v. 29.10.1993, Handbuch des Bundesrates 1994/95 (München: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1994), pp. 168-177;
76. cf. also Michael Borchmann, "Die Aktivitäten der deutschen Länder," Die Politik der dritten Ebene, ed. Udo Bullmann (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1994), pp. 110-118
77. and Georg-Berndt Oschatz, "Diskussionsbeitrag," Der Staatenverbund der Europäischen Union: Beiträge und Diskussionen des Symposiums am 21/22 Januar in Heidelberg, eds. Peter Hommelhoff and Paul Kirchhof (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1994), pp. 99-101.
78. 58 In the ratification process of the Maastricht Treaty in December 1992, Article 50 of the Basic Law was amended: "The Länder shall participate through the Bundesrat in the legislative process and administration of the Federation and in matters concerning the European Union." For a comprehensive discussion, see Georg-Berndt Oschatz and Horst Risse, "Die Bundesregierung an der Kette der Länder?" Die Öffentliche Verwaltung 48 (June 1995): 437-452.
79. 59 Ulrich Everling, "Zurück zum Staatenverein?" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 15 October 1992, p. 7; Deutscher Bundestag, 12. Wahlperiode, 126. Sitzung, 2 December 1992, p. 10849, and expertise by J. Isensee at the hearing of the Joint Constitutional Commission, 22 May 1992 , p. 10.
80. 60 Franz Gress, ed. Europa-Ende des Föderalismus? (Wiesbaden: Hessischer Landtag, 1993); Roland Johne, Landesparlamentarismus im Zeichen der europäischen Integration: Beteiligungschancen und Handlungsdefizite der Landtage in der Europapolitik der Länder (Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 1994).
81. 60 Franz Gress, ed. Europa-Ende des Föderalismus? (Wiesbaden: Hessischer Landtag, 1993); Roland Johne, Landesparlamentarismus im Zeichen der europäischen Integration: Beteiligungschancen und Handlungsdefizite der Landtage in der Europapolitik der Länder (Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 1994).
82. 61 Assembly of European Regions, "Resolution of the Assembly of European Regions regarding the outcome of the meeting of the European Council in Maastricht on 9th and 10th December 1991," Regions of Europe 5 (1st semester 1992): 13.
83. 62 Transgovernmental coalition-building "takes place when subunits build coalitions with like-minded agencies from other governments against elements of their own administrative structures. At that point, the unity of the state as a foreign-policy actor breaks down," Keohane and Nye, "Transgovernmental Relations," 44.
84. 63 Loi d'orientation No. 92-125 of 6 February 1992 on the territorial administration of the French Republic, Title IV "About Decentralized Cooperation." The government of the Saarland has already started to make use of the new empowerment to strengthen its ties with the French border region, Lothringen. Cf. Christian J. Autexier, Rechtsgutachten zum Themenkomplex 'Gemeinsame Lothringisch-Saarländische Administrative Einrichtungen und Verfahren' (Saarbrücken: Centre d'Etudes Juridiques Françaises/Universität des Saarlandes, 1993).
85. 64 Cf. Committee of Regions, Stellungnahme zu der Revision des Vertrages über die Europäische Union Statement about the revision of the treaty on the European Union (Brussels: 20/21 April 1995).
86. 65 Europaministerkonferenz, Positionspapier der Europaminister und-senatoren der Länder zur Regierungskonferenz 1996, Report May 1995.
87. 66 66 Allan Cochrane, "Beyond the Nation State? Building Euro-Regions," Die Politik der dritten Ebene: Regionen im Europa der Union, ed. Udo Bullmann (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1994), pp 393-406.
88. 67 James Wesley Scott, "Transborder Cooperation, Regional Initiatives, and Sovereignty Conflicts in Western Europe: The Case of the Upper Rhine Valley," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Spring 1989): 139-156; Christian Engel, Regionen in der EG: Rechtliche Vielfalt und integrationspolitische Rollensuche; Gutachten im Auftrag der Staats-und Senatskanzleien der Länder (Bonn: Europa Union, 1993).
89. 67 James Wesley Scott, "Transborder Cooperation, Regional Initiatives, and Sovereignty Conflicts in Western Europe: The Case of the Upper Rhine Valley," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Spring 1989): 139-156; Christian Engel, Regionen in der EG: Rechtliche Vielfalt und integrationspolitische Rollensuche; Gutachten im Auftrag der Staats-und Senatskanzleien der Länder (Bonn: Europa Union, 1993).
90. 68 The Euro-Region Maas-Rhine includes a Dutch province, two Belgian provinces, and five German counties concentrating on the establishment of joint physical planning strategy, which will generate executive projects with cross-border significance. Cf. Liesbeth Lemmens, "The Establishment of Regions in the European Integration Process," Regions of Europe 5 (1st semester, 1992): 25-29.
91. 69 R. Cappellin, "Interregional Cooperation in Europe: An Introduction," Regional Networks, Border Regions and European Integration, eds. R. Cappellin and P.W.J. Batey (London: Pion, 1993), p. 3.
92. 70 The four motors themselves define their cooperation in policy fields like training, education, culture, economics, and social affairs as a "specific contribution to European integration and the realization of a Europe of the Regions." Cf. Staatsministerium Baden Württemberg, Report on the Arbeitsgemeinschaft "Vier Motoren für Europa," 20 July 1992. See also the case study by Silvia Raich, Grenzüberschreitende und interregionale Zusammenarbeit in einem 'Europa der Regionen: Dargestellt anhand der Fallbeispiele Groβregion Saar-Lor-Lux, EUREGIO und 'Vier Motoren für Europa'-Ein Beitrag zum Europäischen Integrationsprozeβ (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995).
93. 70 The four motors themselves define their cooperation in policy fields like training, education, culture, economics, and social affairs as a "specific contribution to European integration and the realization of a Europe of the Regions." Cf. Staatsministerium Baden Württemberg, Report on the Arbeitsgemeinschaft "Vier Motoren für Europa," 20 July 1992. See also the case study by Silvia Raich, Grenzüberschreitende und interregionale Zusammenarbeit in einem 'Europa der Regionen: Dargestellt anhand der Fallbeispiele Groβregion Saar-Lor-Lux, EUREGIO und 'Vier Motoren für Europa'-Ein Beitrag zum Europäischen Integrationsprozeβ (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995).
94. 71 Rudolf Hrbek and Sabine Weyand, Betrifft: Das Europa der Reginen (München: C. H. Beck, 1994), p. 77.
95. 72 Susana Borras-Alomar, Thomas Christiansen, and Andres Rodriquez-Pose, "Towards a 'Europe of the Regions'? Visions and Reality from a Critical Perspective," Regional Politics & Policy 4 (Summer 1994): 21.
96. 73 Dag Ryen, "The Dilemma of Regional Re-emergence," Spectrum: The Journal of State Government 67 (Summer 1994): 24.
97. 74 Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott, NAFTA: An Assessment, rev. ed. (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1993), p. 157.
98. 75 Farquhar, NAFTA and its Effect, p. 5.
99. 76 Hermann Lübbe, Abschied vom Superstaat: Vereinigte Staaten von Europa wird es nicht geben (Berlin: Siedler, 1994); Hermann Lübbe, "Föderalismus und Regionalismus in der Europäischen Union," Reform der Europäischen Union: Materialien zur Revision des Maastrichter Vertrages 1996, ed. Werner Weidenfeld (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 1995), pp. 111-126.
100. 76 Hermann Lübbe, Abschied vom Superstaat: Vereinigte Staaten von Europa wird es nicht geben (Berlin: Siedler, 1994); Hermann Lübbe, "Föderalismus und Regionalismus in der Europäischen Union," Reform der Europäischen Union: Materialien zur Revision des Maastrichter Vertrages 1996, ed. Werner Weidenfeld (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 1995), pp. 111-126.
101. 77 Sbragia, Euro-Politics, p. 260. The author gives an account of the debate up to the Maastricht Treaty.
102. 78 Ernst Benda, "Die USA, Deutschland und Maastricht: Erfahrungen mit und Prognosen über Föderalismus und Subsidiarität," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, pp. 135-155.
103. 79 Richard Motti, Federal-State Relations in U.S. Environmental Law: Implications for the European Community, (Florence, Italy: European University Institute working paper No. 90/2, May 1990).
104. 80 Rudof Hrbek, ed. Die Anwendung des Subsidiaritätsprinzips in der Europäischen Union-Erfahrungen und Perspektiven (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995).
105. 81 Werner Maihofer, "Föderatiwerfassung und Kompetenzverteilung einer Europäischen Union," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, p. 71. Similarly, the director of the Bundesrat who refers to the notion of subsidiarity and the interinstitutional rules (Verfahrensgrundsätze für die Subsidiaritätsprüfung) agreed upon by the federal government as "Einfallstor für Opportunitätserwägungen aller Art" (access gate for opportunistic considerations of all sorts). Cf. Georg-Berndt Oschatz, "Diskussionsbeitrag" Der Staatenverbund der Europäischen Union: Beiträge und Diskussionen des Symposiums am 21/22 Januar 1994 in Heidelberg, ed. Peter Hommelhoff and Paul Kirchhof (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1994), p. 100.
106. 81 Werner Maihofer, "Föderatiwerfassung und Kompetenzverteilung einer Europäischen Union," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, p. 71. Similarly, the director of the Bundesrat who refers to the notion of subsidiarity and the interinstitutional rules (Verfahrensgrundsätze für die Subsidiaritätsprüfung) agreed upon by the federal government as "Einfallstor für Opportunitätserwägungen aller Art" (access gate for opportunistic considerations of all sorts). Cf. Georg-Berndt Oschatz, "Diskussionsbeitrag" Der Staatenverbund der Europäischen Union: Beiträge und Diskussionen des Symposiums am 21/22 Januar 1994 in Heidelberg, ed. Peter Hommelhoff and Paul Kirchhof (Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1994), p. 100.
107. 82 Ernst Benda, "Die USA, Deutschland und Maastricht: Erfahrungen mit und Prognosen über Föderalismus und Subsidiarität," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, pp. 135-155.
108. 83 Fritz W. Scharpf, "Autonomieschonend und gemeinschaftsverträglich. Zur Logik einer europäischen Mehrebenen-Politik," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, p. 95.
109. 84 Europäische Strukturkommission, "Europa '96-Reformprogramm für die Eurpäische Union," Reform der Europäischen Union, ed. Weidenfeld, p. 34.
110. 85 Bertus de Villiers, Bundestreue: The Soul of an Intergovernmental Partnership (Johannesburg: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Occasional Papers, 1995).
111. 86 Elazar, Exploring Federalism, p. 5
112. 87 2 BvG 1/89, 22 March 1995. So far as television is a cultural affair and not a commodity, the Länder have the exclusive jurisdiction due to their "Kulturhoheit."
113. 88 Deborah Jones Merritt, "The Guarantee Clause and State Autonomy: Federalism for a Third Century," Columbia Law Review 88 (January 1988): 1-78. The "values of federalism" have been discussed in a very similar way by Gunter Kisker, "Ideologische und theoretische Grundlagen der bundesstaatlichen Ordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland-Zur Rechtfertigung des Föderalismus," Probleme des Föderalismus: Referate auf dem Symposium "Föderalismus in der SFR Jugoslawien und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland-ein Vergleich, "Ernst Benda et al. (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1985), pp. 23-38.
114. 88 Deborah Jones Merritt, "The Guarantee Clause and State Autonomy: Federalism for a Third Century," Columbia Law Review 88 (January 1988): 1-78. The "values of federalism" have been discussed in a very similar way by Gunter Kisker, "Ideologische und theoretische Grundlagen der bundesstaatlichen Ordnung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland-Zur Rechtfertigung des Föderalismus," Probleme des Föderalismus: Referate auf dem Symposium "Föderalismus in der SFR Jugoslawien und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland-ein Vergleich, "Ernst Benda et al. (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1985), pp. 23-38.
115. 89 Detlef Fechtner and Matthias Hannes, "Lessons from American Federalism': Länder und Regionen in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft," Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 24 (February 1993): 133-152.