From repression to facilitation: The effects of Israeli policies on Palestinian mobilization in the West Bank, 1967-1987

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-21

  Frisch, Hillel ^a,b  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^b Harry S Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030521020     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559608427330     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. For an analytic analysis of Israeli state-building, see Ian Lustick, 'Israeli State-Building in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: Theory and Practice', Int. Organization 41/1 (Winter 1987) pp.151-71.
2. Ruth Margolies Beitler, 'The Intifada: Palestinian Adaptation to Israeli Counterinsurgency Tactics', Terrorism and Political Violence 7/2 (Summer 1995) pp.49-73.
3. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1978) pp.98-9
4. Ibid. pp.54-5.
5. Amnon Cohen, Political Parties in the West Bank Under the Jordanian Regime 1948-1967 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1982). On communists, pp.30-1; on the Muslim Brotherhood, pp.151-2.
6. Mark Irving Lichbach, 'Deterrence of Escalation in Repression and Dissent'. Jnl of Conflict Resolution 31 (June 1983) pp.277-88.
7. Ibid. p.62.
8. Sholomo Gazit, Ha-Makel Ve-Hagezer (Tel Aviv: Shrafim 1985) p.179.
9. Jordanian expenditures were computed from Latest Information On National Accounts, No.19 (Geneva: OCDE, 1986) p.30; Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1986, Vol.XI, p.344; Monthly Statistical Bulletin 24/2 (Feb. 1987, Amman: Central Bank of Jordan) p.43; Jordan-1987 (London: Economic Intelligence Unit 1987) p.4; Military admin. expenditures were reported in The Annual Comptroller's Report 36 (For the year of 1985 and fiscal year 1984) Vol.10, p.1-204.
10. Jordanian expenditures were computed from Latest Information On National Accounts, No.19 (Geneva: OCDE, 1986) p.30; Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1986, Vol.XI, p.344; Monthly Statistical Bulletin 24/2 (Feb. 1987, Amman: Central Bank of Jordan) p.43; Jordan-1987 (London: Economic Intelligence Unit 1987) p.4; Military admin. expenditures were reported in The Annual Comptroller's Report 36 (For the year of 1985 and fiscal year 1984) Vol.10, p.1-204.
11. Jordanian expenditures were computed from Latest Information On National Accounts, No.19 (Geneva: OCDE, 1986) p.30; Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1986, Vol.XI, p.344; Monthly Statistical Bulletin 24/2 (Feb. 1987, Amman: Central Bank of Jordan) p.43; Jordan-1987 (London: Economic Intelligence Unit 1987) p.4; Military admin. expenditures were reported in The Annual Comptroller's Report 36 (For the year of 1985 and fiscal year 1984) Vol.10, p.1-204.
12. Jordanian expenditures were computed from Latest Information On National Accounts, No.19 (Geneva: OCDE, 1986) p.30; Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1986, Vol.XI, p.344; Monthly Statistical Bulletin 24/2 (Feb. 1987, Amman: Central Bank of Jordan) p.43; Jordan-1987 (London: Economic Intelligence Unit 1987) p.4; Military admin. expenditures were reported in The Annual Comptroller's Report 36 (For the year of 1985 and fiscal year 1984) Vol.10, p.1-204.
13. Jordanian expenditures were computed from Latest Information On National Accounts, No.19 (Geneva: OCDE, 1986) p.30; Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1986, Vol.XI, p.344; Monthly Statistical Bulletin 24/2 (Feb. 1987, Amman: Central Bank of Jordan) p.43; Jordan-1987 (London: Economic Intelligence Unit 1987) p.4; Military admin. expenditures were reported in The Annual Comptroller's Report 36 (For the year of 1985 and fiscal year 1984) Vol.10, p.1-204.
14. Michael P. Mazur, Economic Growth and Development in Jordan (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979) pp.108-9.
15. Al-Jumhuriyya al-'Arabiyya al-Suriyya - Ihsa'at 1986 (Damascus: Al-Jumhuriyya al-'Arabiyya al-Suriyya, Riyasat Majlis al-Wuzara', al-Maktab al-Markazi lil-Ihsa', June 1986) pp.82-3, 108.
16. Ibid.
17. Statistical Abstract of Israel-1971 (No.21) p.637; ibid. 1985 (No.36) pp.728-9.
18. Statistical Abstract of Israel-1971 (No.21) p.637; ibid. 1985 (No.36) pp.728-9.
19. Data computed from Judea, Samaria and Gaza: An Eighteen Year Survey (1967-1985) (Israel: Coordinator of Government Operations in Judea, Samaria and Gaza nd), p.24; Statistical Abstract of Israel-1985, ibid.
20. Data computed from Judea, Samaria and Gaza: An Eighteen Year Survey (1967-1985) (Israel: Coordinator of Government Operations in Judea, Samaria and Gaza nd), p.24; Statistical Abstract of Israel-1985, ibid.
21. See Ann Lesch, 'The Israeli Deportation of Palestinians from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1967-1978', Jnl of Palestine Studies [hereafter JPS] 8/2 (Winter 1979) pp.101-36.
22. Menachem Milson, 'How to Make Peace with the Palestinians', Commentary, May 1981, p.31.
23. Idem, 'How Not to Occupy the West Bank', ibid. April 1986, p.18.
24. Ibid. p.19.
25. Interestingly, the village leagues received the support of the Al-Fajr daily, the PLO mouthpiece in the territories. This support was withdrawn on 24 Nov. 1978.
26. Salim Tamari, 'Israel's Search for a Native Pillar', in Naseer Aruri (ed.) Occupation over Palestine (London: Zed 1984) p.98.
27. Ahiya Yitzhaki, 'Milson's Year on the West Bank', Middle East Review (Winter 1985) pp.41-3.
28. Middle East Contemporary Survey 1981-82 (London: Holmes & Meier 1983) p.359.
29. For an extensive analysis of the Shabiba movement, see Hillel Frisch, 'Palestinian Institution-Building in the Territories 1967-1985', Unpub. PhD thesis, Hebrew U. of Jerusalem, Feb. 1989, pp.225-67 (In Hebrew).
30. Emma Playfair, Administrative Detention in the Occupied West Bank Occas. Paper No.1 (Ramallah: Law in the Service of Man 1986) pp.3-5.
31. Beitler (note 2) p.66.
32. For a detailed discussion of this phenomenon see my 'The Palestinian Movement: The Middle Command', Middle Eastern Studies 29/2 (April 1993) pp.254-74.
33. Ann Lesch, JPS 8/2 (Winter 1979) p.109.
34. Avraham Diskin, 'Trends in Intensity Variation of Palestinian Military Activity, 1967-1978', Canadian Jnl of Political Science 16/2 (June/July 1983) p.344. Diskin shows that up to 1978 the Pearson coefficient between guerrilla operations and deportations was +.82 (P=.01). I argue that there was no correlation between political mobilization, which became more important as guerrilla activity declined, and deportations.
35. Annual Report - 1974 the Israel Police Force (Tel Aviv 1975) p.50; Annual Report - 1976: the Israel Police Force, p.24.
36. Annual Report - 1974 the Israel Police Force (Tel Aviv 1975) p.50; Annual Report - 1976: the Israel Police Force, p.24.
37. Interview with 'Awni Badr, University Graduate Centre, Hebron, Al-Fajr, 18 Nov. 1978.
38. Hamada Far'anah, 'Ahdaf al-Ta'lim al-Jami'i fi al-Dafifa al-Gharbiyya wa Quta' Ghazza', Samid al-Iqtisadi, 7/58 (Nov.-Dec. 1985) p.69.
39. Amnesty International Report on Restriction Orders in Israel and the Occupied Territories', (19 Oct. 1982), in The Bitter Year: Arabs under Israeli Occupation in 1982 (Washington DC: American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee 1983) App.1
40. Ibid. p.212
41. MERIP Report, No.150 (Jan.-Feb. 1988) p.23.
42. Amnesty International Report 1983 (London: Amnesty Int. 1983) p.314.
43. Ibid.
44. Playfair (note 24) p.6.
45. Amnesty International Yearbook 1986, p.312.
46. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1987 - Report Submited to the Committee on Foreign Relations - US Senate by the Department of State (note 24) (Washington DC: US GPO) p.193.
47. Playfair (note 24) pp.3-4.
48. Ha'aretz, 21 May 1985.
49. Al-Fajr, 23 Aug. 1989.
50. Jerusalem Post and Ha'aretz, 11 Sept. 1988.
51. Ghassan 'Abdallah, Al-Mub'adun al-Filatiniyyun, Haziran 1967-1985 (Acre: Dar al-Aswar 1986) p.114.
52. Guardian, 8 Jan. 1988.
53. 'Auda Shahadah and Basma Abu Sawi, 'Qira'at Ihsa'iyya fi Zil al-Intifada', in Al-Intifada Mubadara Sha'biyya (Jerusalem: n.p. 1990), pp.86-91; Al-Nahar, 15 Dec. 1990.
54. 'Auda Shahadah and Basma Abu Sawi, 'Qira'at Ihsa'iyya fi Zil al-Intifada', in Al-Intifada Mubadara Sha'biyya (Jerusalem: n.p. 1990), pp.86-91; Al-Nahar, 15 Dec. 1990.
55. Uri Davis in Middle East International, March 1976, p.23.
56. Punishing the Innocent: Housing Demolitions as Collective Punishment on the West Bank (London: CAABU 1986), as the book was reviewed in Al-Ufuk, 19 Nov. 1987.
57. Punishing the Innocent: Housing Demolitions as Collective Punishment on the West Bank (London: CAABU 1986), as the book was reviewed in Al-Ufuk, 19 Nov. 1987.
58. Middle East Report, Jan.-Feb. 1988, p.23
59. Between 1972 and 1983, the municipal budget data appeared annually in one of the Quarterly of Judea and Samaria and Gaza District series and since then annually or semiannually in the Statistics af Juden, Samaria and Gaza Area.
60. Gazit (note 8) p.180.
61. Hana Nasr, 'Jami'a 'Arabiyya fi Filastin: Dirasa Awaliyya', Shu'un Filastiniyya, No.55 (March 1976) p.144.
62. Shu'un Filastiniyya, No.76 (June 1977), p.225.
63. For a comprehensive overview of the use of these funds by the Jordanian-Palestinian Joint Committee, see Dr Fu'ad Basisu, 'Al-Tharwa al-Naftiyya w'al Muhasahama al-Qawmiyya fi Da'm al-Sumud al-Filastini fi al-Aradi al-Muhtalla', Samid al-Iqtisadi 7/56 (July/Aug. 1985) pp.8-23.
64. See Ghazi al-Khalili 'Ra'i: Ba'da al-Intikhabat, Ma Huwa al Mawqif?' Shu'un Filastiniyya, No.57 (May 1976) p.26; for accusations leveled at Bassam al-Shak'a, the nationalist mayor of Nablus, see Amnon Cohen, 'The Changing Patterns of West Bank Polities', Jerusalem Qtly (Fall 1977) p.72.
65. See Ghazi al-Khalili 'Ra'i: Ba'da al-Intikhabat, Ma Huwa al Mawqif?' Shu'un Filastiniyya, No.57 (May 1976) p.26; for accusations leveled at Bassam al-Shak'a, the nationalist mayor of Nablus, see Amnon Cohen, 'The Changing Patterns of West Bank Polities', Jerusalem Qtly (Fall 1977) p.72.
66. Ibrahim Daqqaq, 'Back to Square One: A Study in the Reemergence of the Palestinian Identity in the West Bank 1967-1980', in Alexander Schlosch (ed.) Palestinians across both Sides of the Green Line (London: Ithaca Press 1983) pp.78-80. Daqqaq is a well-known leftist in the West Bank.
67. Yitzhaki (note 21) pp.41-3.
68. Meron Benvenisti, US Government Funded Projects in the West Bank and Gaza (1977-1983) (Palestinian Sector), Working Paper No.13, The West Bank Data Project, 1984, pp.10-11.
69. Dr Leopold Yehuda Laufer, US Aid to the West Bank and Gaza: Policy Dilemmas (Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Inst. for Int. Relations - Policy Studies) No.12, May 1985.
70. See remarks by Hebron mayor Fahd Qawasmi in ibid. p.15. Qawasmi was also a member of the NGC at the time.
71. Ibid. pp.28-9, 31-5.
72. Daqqaq (note 56) p.70.
73. Ibid., pp.72-3.
74. Davar, 13 March 1980.
75. Thus, e.g., two Shabiba Youth Committees for Social Work were established in the Islamic Youth Associations in Jerusalem in Feb. 1982. See al-Fajr, 13 Feb. 1982. These associations were funded by the General Administration of Endowments.
76. Munir 'Abd Allah 'Ulhman, Bayan Nashatat al-Awqaf fil-Difa al-Gharbiyya Hilal Sit al-Sanawat 1977-1982 (Jerusalem: Da'irat al-Awqaf al-Islamiyya al-'Amma 1985) p.131.
77. Computed from Basisu (note 54) p.18; Walid Salim, Al-'Ahd, No.24, p.1.
78. Computed from Basisu (note 54) p.18; Walid Salim, Al-'Ahd, No.24, p.1.
79. Muhammad Fara'nah, 'Ahdaf al-Tal'im al-'Ali al-Jami'i Fi al-Difa al-Gharbiyya wa Quta Ghaza', Samid al-Iqtisadi 7/58 (Nov.-Dec. 1985) p.69.
80. Milson (note 16).
81. This was the latest of four accords in the crystallization of the Palestinian Authority. The first, the Declaration of Principles signed between Chairman of the PLO Yasir 'Arafat and PM Rabin on the White House lawn on 13 Sept. 1993, conceived the Palestinian Authority (PA). The second was the Cairo Agreement, concluded in April 1994, through which the PA secured both geographical and functional jursidiction over most of Gaza and the small town of Jericho in the West Bank. A further agreement in Aug. 1994 made the PA responsible for five areas of jurisdiction in the West Bank formerly administered by Israel's civilian administration in all the West Bank. Finally, the Oslo B accords stipulated the further transfer of powers within five West Bank towns and sequestered the West Bank into three geographical areas of rule.
82. Nimrod Rapaheli, 'Military Government in the Occupied Territories: An Israeli View', Middle East Jsl 23/2 (Spring 1969) pp.182-3.
83. Interview with Brig.Gen. David Farhi, Former Assistant Coordinator of Judea, Samaria, and Gaza, Oct. 1994.
84. Al-Quds, 9 July 1990.
85. Gazit (note 8) p.340.
86. Meron Benvenisti and Shlomo Khayat, The West Bank and Gaza Atlas (Jerusalem: The West Bank Data Project 1988) p.32.
87. Ibid. p.76.
88. Ibid.