Perceiving women as catalysts

Africa Today

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 235-250

  Ekechi, Felix K ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030517096     PISSN: 00019887     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Audrey Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances: Some Uniformities of Female Militancy," Africa, vol. 59, no. 3 (1989), p. 323.
2. Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya (New York: Vantage Books. 1965 [1938]), pp. 107-108.
3. Chris Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia 1883-1910 (London: Ravens Educational and Development Services, 1986), p. 137.
4. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 300; and Kemene Okonjo, "The Dual-Sex Political System in Operation: Igbo Women and Community Politics in Midwestern Nigeria," in N. Hofkin and E. Bay, eds., Women in Africa, Studies in Social and Economic Change (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), pp. 45-58.
5. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 300; and Kemene Okonjo, "The Dual-Sex Political System in Operation: Igbo Women and Community Politics in Midwestern Nigeria," in N. Hofkin and E. Bay, eds., Women in Africa, Studies in Social and Economic Change (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), pp. 45-58.
6. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 300.
7. Ibid.; Nina Emma Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of International Studies, 1982): A. E. Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929 (New York: Humanities Press, 1972); and F. K. Ekechi, "The Cassava Palaver: The Gender Problem in African Economic Development," Proceedings (Twelfth Annual Third World Conference), vol. 1 (1986), pp. 130-144.
8. Ibid.; Nina Emma Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of International Studies, 1982): A. E. Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929 (New York: Humanities Press, 1972); and F. K. Ekechi, "The Cassava Palaver: The Gender Problem in African Economic Development," Proceedings (Twelfth Annual Third World Conference), vol. 1 (1986), pp. 130-144.
9. Ibid.; Nina Emma Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of International Studies, 1982): A. E. Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929 (New York: Humanities Press, 1972); and F. K. Ekechi, "The Cassava Palaver: The Gender Problem in African Economic Development," Proceedings (Twelfth Annual Third World Conference), vol. 1 (1986), pp. 130-144.
10. Ibid.; Nina Emma Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized: Women's Political Activity in Southern Nigeria, 1900-1965 (Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of International Studies, 1982): A. E. Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria 1891-1929 (New York: Humanities Press, 1972); and F. K. Ekechi, "The Cassava Palaver: The Gender Problem in African Economic Development," Proceedings (Twelfth Annual Third World Conference), vol. 1 (1986), pp. 130-144.
11. See Jean Davison, Voices from Mutira: Change in the Lives of Rural Gikuyu Women, 1910-1995, 2d ed. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996). Also, Rebeka Kalindile and Marjorie Mbilinyi, I've Been a Man! (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press, 1991).
12. See Jean Davison, Voices from Mutira: Change in the Lives of Rural Gikuyu Women, 1910-1995, 2d ed. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996). Also, Rebeka Kalindile and Marjorie Mbilinyi, I've Been a Man! (Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Press, 1991).
13. Quoted in Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II, p. 137.
14. Ibid., p. 160.
15. Harold Marcus, The Life and Times of Menilek II: Ethiopia 1844-1913 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), pp. 115-116.
16. Ibid., pp. 160-170.
17. Quoted in Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II, p. 77: also see Marcus, Life and Times of Menilek II, p. 126.
18. Quoted in Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II, p. 77: also see Marcus, Life and Times of Menilek II, p. 126.
19. Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II, p. 77.
20. Ibid., p. 89.
21. Ibid., p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 92.
23. Ibid., p. 90. See Marcus, Life and Times of Menilek, p. 130.
24. Ibid., p. 90. See Marcus, Life and Times of Menilek, p. 130.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., p. 136.
27. Ibid., p. 160.
28. Ibid., p. 142.
29. Ibid., pp. 136-142.
30. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 300.
31. Carl G. Rosberg and John Nottingham, The Myth of "Mau Mau": Nationalism in Kenya (New York: New American Library, 1970), p. 37.
32. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 301.
33. Kipande was a card that bore the fingerprints of adult males.
34. Quoted in Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 302.
35. E. Mayor, "Report on Forced Labor in Kenya," Church Missionary Society (CMS), vol. 72 (1821), p. 89.
36. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 305.
37. Harry Thuku, An Autobiography (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 33.
38. Ibid., p. 313; see also Rosberg and Nottingham, Myth of "Mau Mau," p. 51.
39. Ibid., p. 313; see also Rosberg and Nottingham, Myth of "Mau Mau," p. 51.
40. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," pp. 313, 315.
41. Rosberg and Nottingham, Myth of "Mau Mau," p. 55.
42. Ibid., pp. 51-52.
43. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," pp. 318-319.
44. Ibid., p. 316.
45. Rosberg and Nottingham, Myth of "Mau Mau," pp. 51-52.
46. Ibid., p. 52.
47. Quoted in ibid., pp. 53-54.
48. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 316.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid., p. 317.
51. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 166. See also J. Van Allen, '"Sitting on a Man': Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women," in Audrey Wipper, ed., The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future, special issue of the Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2 (1972), pp. 165-181; and A. E. Afigbo, "Revolution and Reaction in Eastern Nigeria, 1900-1929," Journal of Historical Sociology of Nigeria, vol. 3, no. 3 (1966), pp. 539-557.
52. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 166. See also J. Van Allen, '"Sitting on a Man': Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women," in Audrey Wipper, ed., The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future, special issue of the Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2 (1972), pp. 165-181; and A. E. Afigbo, "Revolution and Reaction in Eastern Nigeria, 1900-1929," Journal of Historical Sociology of Nigeria, vol. 3, no. 3 (1966), pp. 539-557.
53. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 166. See also J. Van Allen, '"Sitting on a Man': Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women," in Audrey Wipper, ed., The Roles of African Women: Past, Present and Future, special issue of the Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2 (1972), pp. 165-181; and A. E. Afigbo, "Revolution and Reaction in Eastern Nigeria, 1900-1929," Journal of Historical Sociology of Nigeria, vol. 3, no. 3 (1966), pp. 539-557.
54. Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell, Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa: A Review of Missionary Work and Adventure 1829-1858 (London: Frank Cass, 1970 [1863]), pp. 483-484.
55. Ibid., p. 485.
56. F. K. Ekechi, Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry in Igboland, 1857-1914 (London: Frank Cass, 1972). pp. 23-24.
57. CMS: file CA3/037, John C.Taylor's journal, 23 November 1864.
58. Ibid., also entries for 11-19 December 1864.
59. See John P. Jordan, Bishop Shanahan of Southern Nigeria (Dublin: Clonmore and Reynolds, 1949).
60. Ibid., pp. 112-113.
61. Based on fieldwork by author in Owerri, September 1975.
62. Jordan, Bishop Shanahan of Nigeria: and Ekechi, Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry, p. 223.
63. Jordan, Bishop Shanahan of Nigeria: and Ekechi, Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry, p. 223.
64. See F. K. Ekechi, Tradition and Transformation in Eastern Nigeria: A Sociopolitical History of Owerri and its Hinterland, 1902-1947 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989), pp. 76-77.
65. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 325; Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 91; and Sylvia Leith-Ross. African Women: A Study of the Ibo of Nigeria (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), pp. 21-22.
66. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 325; Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 91; and Sylvia Leith-Ross. African Women: A Study of the Ibo of Nigeria (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), pp. 21-22.
67. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 325; Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 91; and Sylvia Leith-Ross. African Women: A Study of the Ibo of Nigeria (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), pp. 21-22.
68. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 239.
69. Quoted in Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, pp. 76, 87 (note 1).
70. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 237.
71. Ibid.; and Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 77.
72. Ibid.; and Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 77.
73. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 237.
74. Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 97.
75. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 243.
76. Nigerian National Archives, Enugu (NNAE): CSE 1/36/90, "Progress Report on the Women's Revolt" from Resident, Owerri Province, 27 December 1929.
77. Leith-Ross, African Women, p. 38. But see Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 90.
78. Leith-Ross, African Women, p. 38. But see Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 90.
79. NNAE: CSE 1/36/90, "Progress Report," 27 December 1929.
80. Ibid., Memo of 31 December 1929.
81. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 241; and Ekechi. Tradition and Transformation, p. 168.
82. Afigbo, Warrant Chiefs, p. 241; and Ekechi. Tradition and Transformation, p. 168.
83. See Report of a Commission of Enquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December 29, 1930 (Lagos: Government Printer, 1930).
84. Wipper, "Kikuyu Women and the Harry Thuku Disturbances," p. 325. Even when women were eventually taxed, essentially only the educated, working-class women paid tax.
85. Ekechi, Tradition and Transformation, p. 168.
86. Quoted in ibid., p. 199.
87. Afigho, Warrant Chiefs, p. 245.
88. Quoted in Mba, Nigerian Women Mobilized, p. 96.
89. For details on the return of the democratic process, see Ekechi, Tradition and Transformation, pp. 168-182, 199-204.