Race and gender in the U.S. military

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 7-27

  Armor, David J ^a,b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030505145     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602300101     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Juan Williams, "Race and War in the Persian Gulf," The Washington Post, 20 January 1991: B2; Arch Puddington, "Black Leaders vs. Desert Storm," Commentary 91, 5 (May 1991): 28-34.
2. Juan Williams, "Race and War in the Persian Gulf," The Washington Post, 20 January 1991: B2; Arch Puddington, "Black Leaders vs. Desert Storm," Commentary 91, 5 (May 1991): 28-34.
3. Statement in written testimony before the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives on 4 March 1991.
4. David R. Segal, Recruiting for Uncle Sam (Lawrence, KS: University Press, 1989), Chapter 2.
5. Puddington, "Black Leaders," 30.
6. Segal, Recruiting, 37.
7. See Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (MRA&L), Profile of American Youth (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, March 1982).
8. Mady Wechsler Segal, "Women's Roles in the U.S. Armed Forces: An Evaluation of Evidence and Arguments for Policy Decisions," in Conscripts and Volunteers, ed. Robert K. Fullinwider (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1983).
9. See Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (P&R), Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 1990 (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1991), 22; and Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), "News Release on FY 1995 Recruiting Efforts," No. 604-95, 14 November 1995.
10. Data are from Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (P&R), Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Years 1990 to 1994 (Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1991 to 1995), and a DoD press release for FY95. All years in the text refer to fiscal years, which end on 30 September.
11. The law technically closed only combat aircraft and combat ships, but the Army has interpreted these statutes to mean that ground combat positions are also closed to women.
12. Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, Subject: Policy on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces, 28 April 1993.
13. See note 11; also Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, Subject: Direct Combat Definition and Assignment Rule, 13 January 1994, and Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), News Release, "Secretary of Defense Perry Approves Plans to Open New Jobs for Women in the Military," 29 July 1994.
14. Charles C. Moskos, Soldiers and Sociology (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Research Institute, 1983), 16-32.
15. See note 8.
16. Data from original analyses of the Department of Defense Youth Attitude Tracking Study surveys 1988 to 1993, provided by the Defense Manpower Data Center.
17. For example, in the 1991 survey, 30 percent of black youth said the Persian Gulf War would make them less likely to enlist, compared to 9 percent of white youth.
18. Alexandra K. Wigdor and Bert F. Green, Jr., Performance Assessment for the Workplace, vol. I (Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1991), Chapter 8.
19. Data provided by the Defense Manpower Data Center, Arlington, VA.
20. David J. Armor and Charles R. Roll, Jr., "Military Manpower Quality: Past, Present, and Future," in Modeling Cost and Performance for Military Enlistment, eds. Bert F. Green, Jr. and Anne S. Mavor (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994).
21. Aspin, "Memorandum," 1994.
22. A similar sort of rationale has been developed for excluding homosexuals from military service, although this policy is still being challenged in the federal courts.