Bosnia and the Revival of US Hegemony

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 218, 1996, Pages 3-25

  Petras, James ^a   Vieux, Steve ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030503128     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (142)

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2. Melvyn Leffler, 'National Security and Foreign Policy', in Melvyn Leffler and David Painter, eds, Origins of the Cold War: An International History, London 1991; Gabriel Kolko and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945- 1954, New York 1972.
3. Melvyn Leffler, 'National Security and Foreign Policy', in Melvyn Leffler and David Painter, eds, Origins of the Cold War: An International History, London 1991; Gabriel Kolko and Joyce Kolko, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954, New York 1972.
4. United States Congress: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, The Peace Process in the Former Yugoslavia, 104th Congress, First Session, 17 October and 1 December 1995, p. 5.
5. Kolko and Kolko, The Limits of Power, Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, Stanford 1992.
6. Kolko and Kolko, The Limits of Power, Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, Stanford 1992.
7. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, pp. 164-74.
8. United States Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, June 1995, pp. 92, 94.
9. Ibid., pp. 38, 63.
10. Louise Van Tartwijk-Novey, The United States and the European Community, Lanham, Maryland 1992, pp. 106-7.
11. Raymond J. Ahearn, 'US Access to the EC-92 Market: Opportunities, Concerns and Policy Challenges', in Glennon J. Harrison, ed., Europe and the US, Armonk, NY 1994.
12. C. Randal Henning, 'European Monetary Union and the United States', Foreign Policy, no. 102, Winter 1995-96, p. 94.
13. James Steinberg, 'The Response of International Institutions to the Yugoslavia Conflict: Implications and Lessons', in F. Stephen Larrabee, ed., The Volatile Powder Keg, Washington, DC 1994, pp. 267-8.
14. Cited in David Garnham, 'The United States and the European Community', Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, vol. 14, no. 2 (1992), p. 57.
15. Charles P. Kindleberger, 'Europe in the World Economy', in Mario Baldassari and Robert Mundell, eds, Building the New Europe, vol. 1, London 1993, p. 628; Simon Bulmer and William Paterson, 'Germany in the European Union: Gentle Giant or Emergent Leader', International Relations, no. 72, 1996, pp. 14-20.
16. Charles P. Kindleberger, 'Europe in the World Economy', in Mario Baldassari and Robert Mundell, eds, Building the New Europe, vol. 1, London 1993, p. 628; Simon Bulmer and William Paterson, 'Germany in the European Union: Gentle Giant or Emergent Leader', International Relations, no. 72, 1996, pp. 14-20.
17. James Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, New York 1995, p. 44; James Petras, 'East Germany: Conquest, Pillage and Disintegration', Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 22, no. 3 (1992).
18. James Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, New York 1995, p. 44; James Petras, 'East Germany: Conquest, Pillage and Disintegration', Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 22, no. 3 (1992).
19. Mihjailo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, Montreal 1994, p. 190; Steinberg, 'The Response of International Institutions', p. 256.
20. Mihjailo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, Montreal 1994, p. 190; Steinberg, 'The Response of International Institutions', p. 256.
21. Stanley Sloan, 'US-West European Relations and Europe's Future', in Harrison, ed., Europe and the US.
22. David Calleo, Beyond American Hegemony, New York 1987, pp. 32-3.
23. Henning , 'European Monetary Union and the United States'.
24. It has been claimed that this hostility led to the organization of speculative attacks on European currencies in autumn 1992 by Wall Street analysts and currency traders. See Mark Nelson, 'Transatlantic Travails', Foreign Policy, no. 92, Fall 1993, pp. 81-2.
25. Ibid., p. 82.
26. Ibid., p. 83.
27. Excerpts from DPG reprinted in Patrick Tyler, 'US Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop', New York Times, 8 March 1992, p. 14.
28. Steven Kull, 'What the Public Knows that Washington Doesn't', Foreign Policy, no. 101, Winter 1995-96.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. James Petras and Morris Morley, Empire or Republic?, New York 1995.
32. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, Washington, DC 1995, p. 15; see also Catherine Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, New York 1995, pp. 61-5.
33. Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, Washington, DC 1995, p. 15; see also Catherine Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, New York 1995, pp. 61-5.
34. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 46-7
35. Ibid., pp. 67-8, 82, 96; Michel Chossudovsky, 'Dismantling Former Yugoslavia: Recolonizing Bosnia', Economic and Political Weekly, vol. xxi, no. 9, 2 March 1996.
36. Ibid., pp. 67-8, 82, 96; Michel Chossudovsky, 'Dismantling Former Yugoslavia: Recolonizing Bosnia', Economic and Political Weekly, vol. xxi, no. 9, 2 March 1996.
37. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 51.
38. Chossudovsky, 'Dismantling Former Yugoslavia', pp. 521-2.
39. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 92, 96; Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, New York 1994, p. 34.
40. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 92, 96; Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, New York 1994, p. 34.
41. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 249; Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 121.
42. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 249; Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 121.
43. Chossudovsky, 'Dismantling Former Yugoslavia', p. 521.
44. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 39-40, 69-70, 74-81.
45. The British government abandoned its publicly stated opposition to diplomatic recognition of Croatia and Slovenia under German pressure on 16 December 1991, in exchange for German support for the British right to 'opt-out' from European monetary union and the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty. See John Sweeney, 'How Bosnia Paid Price of Major's Maastricht Opt-Out Coup', The Observer, 17 September 1995.
46. Vladimir Dedijer, The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, Buffalo 1992.
47. United Nations, Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780. Annex Summaries and Conclusions, 1994. Published in us Congress, Commission of Cooperation and Security in Europe, 104th Congress, First Session, 4 April 1995, pp. 87-9.
48. United Nations, Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780. Annex Summaries and Conclusions, 1994. Published in us Congress, Commission of Cooperation and Security in Europe, 104th Congress, First Session, 4 April 1995, pp. 87-9.
49. Ivana Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', War Report, May 1995, p. 27.
50. Ibid., p. 28; Human Rights Watch, Playing the Communal Card, New York 1995, pp. 117-121; Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide, Shaftesbury, Dorset 1993 , pp. 90-101, 109-19.
51. Ibid., p. 28; Human Rights Watch, Playing the Communal Card, New York 1995, pp. 117-121; Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide, Shaftesbury, Dorset 1993 , pp. 90-101, 109-19.
52. Ibid., p. 28; Human Rights Watch, Playing the Communal Card, New York 1995, pp. 117-121; Roy Gutman, A Witness to Genocide, Shaftesbury, Dorset 1993 , pp. 90-101, 109-19.
53. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, p. 152; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 172-3.
54. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, p. 152; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 172-3.
55. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, pp. 201-2; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 185-6; Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-1994, New York 1995, pp. 185-7.
56. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, pp. 201-2; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 185-6; Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-1994, New York 1995, pp. 185-7.
57. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, pp. 201-2; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 185-6; Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, 1992-1994, New York 1995, pp. 185-7.
58. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 223; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, p. 182.
59. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 223; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, p. 182.
60. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, pp. 95-6; Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, New York 1994, p. 231; Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, New York 1995, p. 200; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 310.
61. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, pp. 95-6; Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, New York 1994, p. 231; Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, New York 1995, p. 200; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 310.
62. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, pp. 95-6; Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, New York 1994, p. 231; Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, New York 1995, p. 200; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 310.
63. Samary, Yugoslavia Dismembered, pp. 95-6; Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, New York 1994, p. 231; Christopher Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, New York 1995, p. 200; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 310.
64. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, p. 133;
65. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, pp. 77, 121, 123.
66. Robert Donia and John Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed, New York 1994, pp. 251-3; Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, p. 201; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
67. Robert Donia and John Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed, New York 1994, pp. 251-3; Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, p. 201; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
68. Robert Donia and John Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Tradition Betrayed, New York 1994, pp. 251-3; Bennett, Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse, p. 201; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
69. Donia and Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, p. 256; Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 230; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
70. Donia and Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, p. 256; Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 230; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
71. Donia and Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, p. 256; Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 230; Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
72. Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
73. David Owen, Balkan Odyssey, New York 1995, pp. 329, 353.
74. Zarko Puhovski, 'Cleansing "Krajina"', War Report, October 1995.
75. Milorad Pupovac, 'A Minority Dispersed and Unprotected', War Report, October 1995, pp. 14-15.
76. Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia, p. 221.
77. Ibid., p. 231.
78. Nizich, 'Crime and Punishment', p. 28.
79. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, pp. 93-4; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 356-7.
80. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, pp. 93-4; Woodward, Balkan Tragedy, pp. 356-7.
81. Peter Brock, 'Dateline Yugoslavia: The Partisan Press', Foreign Policy, Winter 1993-94.
82. For an exception, see Robert Fisk, 'Croats Burn and Kill with a Vengeance', The Independent, 4 September 1995.
83. Brock, 'Dateline Yugoslavia', p. 152.
84. Ibid.
85. Lenard Cohen, Broken Bonds, Boulder, Co. 1995, p. 243; David Binder, 'US Policy- makers on Bosnia Admit Errors in Opposing Partition in 1992', New York Times, 29 August 1993, p. 10.
86. Lenard Cohen, Broken Bonds, Boulder, Co. 1995, p. 243; David Binder, 'US Policy-makers on Bosnia Admit Errors in Opposing Partition in 1992', New York Times, 29 August 1993, p. 10.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Cohen, Broken Bonds, p. 268.
90. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 1-2.
91. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, pp. 136-7; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 214-15; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 89-91.
92. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, pp. 136-7; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 214-15; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 89-91.
93. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, pp. 136-7; Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, pp. 214-15; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 89-91.
94. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 91.
95. Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History, pp. 247-8.
96. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 91-2.
97. Elaine Sciolino, 'Christopher Leery of Bosnia Accord', New York Times, 22 January 1993, pp. A-1, A-7.
98. Elaine Sciolino, 'US Declines to Back Peace Plan as the Balkan Talks Shift to UN', New York Times, 2 February 1993, p. A-9.
99. Afsane Bassir Pour and Alain Frachon, 'Le Nouveau gouvernement américain demande temps pour arrêter sa position', Le Monde, 3 February 1993, p. 3.
100. Thomas Friedman, 'US Will Not Push Bosnia to Accept Bosnia Peace Plan', New York Times, 4 February 1993, A-1, A-11.
101. Bassir Pour and Frachon, 'Le Nouveau gouvernement', p. 5.
102. R.W. Apple, 'Mediator is Upset at US Reluctance over Bosnia Talks', New York Times, 3 February 1993, A-1, A-3.
103. Le Monde, 2 February 1993, p. 1; Alain Debove, 'MM. Vance et Owen comptent sur le Conseil de securité pour imposer leur plan de paix', Le Monde, 2 February 1993, p. 4.
104. Le Monde, 2 February 1993, p. 1; Alain Debove, 'MM. Vance et Owen comptent sur le Conseil de securité pour imposer leur plan de paix', Le Monde, 2 February 1993, p. 4.
105. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 100-102.
106. Ibid., p. 117; O'Ballasice, Civil War in Bosnia, p. 145.
107. Ibid., p. 117; O'Ballasice, Civil War in Bosnia, p. 145.
108. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 159.
109. Ibid., p. 161.
110. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, p. 164; Donia and Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, p. 262.
111. O'Ballance, Civil War in Bosnia, p. 164; Donia and Fine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, p. 262.
112. Bassir Pour, 'Le président bosniaque a signé le plan de paix pour la Bosnie-Herzégovine', Le Monde, 27 March 1993, p. 3; Julia Preston, 'Bosnia Plan Signed By All But Serbs', Washington Post, 26 March 1993, pp. A-1, A-29; Snezana Trifunovska, ed., Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to its Dissolution, Dordrecht 1994, pp. 870, 871-2.
113. Bassir Pour, 'Le président bosniaque a signé le plan de paix pour la Bosnie-Herzégovine', Le Monde, 27 March 1993, p. 3; Julia Preston, 'Bosnia Plan Signed By All But Serbs', Washington Post, 26 March 1993, pp. A-1, A-29; Snezana Trifunovska, ed., Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to its Dissolution, Dordrecht 1994, pp. 870, 871-2.
114. Bassir Pour, 'Le président bosniaque a signé le plan de paix pour la Bosnie-Herzégovine', Le Monde, 27 March 1993, p. 3; Julia Preston, 'Bosnia Plan Signed By All But Serbs', Washington Post, 26 March 1993, pp. A-1, A-29; Snezana Trifunovska, ed., Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to its Dissolution, Dordrecht 1994, pp. 870, 871-2.
115. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 212; Le Monde, 22 August 1993, p. 3.
116. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 212; Le Monde, 22 August 1993, p. 3.
117. Alain Frachon, 'Malaise au department d'Etat', Le Monde, 25 August 1993, p. 3.
118. Alain Frachon, 'Les Etats-Unis paraissent peu presses de venir en aide aux Musulmans', Le Monde, 10 September 1993, p. 4; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 220.
119. Alain Frachon, 'Les Etats-Unis paraissent peu presses de venir en aide aux Musulmans', Le Monde, 10 September 1993, p. 4; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 220.
120. Chuck Sudetic, 'Bosnian Parliament Votes 65 to o to Reject the UN Peace Proposal', New York Times, 29 August 1993, p. 10; Cohen, Broken Bonds, p. 295; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 220.
121. Chuck Sudetic, 'Bosnian Parliament Votes 65 to o to Reject the UN Peace Proposal', New York Times, 29 August 1993, p. 10; Cohen, Broken Bonds, p. 295; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 220.
122. Chuck Sudetic, 'Bosnian Parliament Votes 65 to o to Reject the UN Peace Proposal', New York Times, 29 August 1993, p. 10; Cohen, Broken Bonds, p. 295; Owen, Balkan Odyssey, p. 220.
123. F. Stephen Larabee, 'La politique américaine et la crise yougoslave', Politique Etrangere, vol. 59, no. 4, Winter 1994-95, P- 1045.
124. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 296-7.
125. Cohen, Broken Bonds, pp. 310-18.
126. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 304-5; Jean-Baptiste Naudet, 'Le sort des armes se retourne à Bihac', Le Monde, November 3 1994, p. 3.
127. Owen, Balkan Odyssey, pp. 304-5; Jean-Baptiste Naudet, 'Le sort des armes se retourne à Bihac', Le Monde, November 3 1994, p. 3.
128. Ibid.
129. Afsane Bassir Pour 'Les Etats-Unis ne peuvent plus espérer faire adopter leur résolution sur les livraisons d'armes à la Bosnie', Le Monde, 5 November 1994, p. 3.
130. Philippe Lemaître, 'Les Européens font bloc pour critiquer la décision américaine à propos de l'embargo sur les armes', Le Monde, 16 November 1994, p. 8.
131. Cohen, Broken Bonds, p. 319.
132. Anthony Borden and Drago Hedl, 'How the Bosnians Were Broken', War Report, no. 39, February-March 1996, pp. 31-9.
133. Roy Gutman, 'Signed, Sealed, Undelivered', War Report, November-December 1995, pp. 5-9; US Congress, The Peace Process, p. 51.
134. Roy Gutman, 'Signed, Sealed, Undelivered', War Report, November-December 1995, pp. 5-9; US Congress, The Peace Process, p. 51.
135. Borden and Hedl, 'How the Bosnians Were Broken', pp. 31-9.
136. Ibid., p. 34.
137. Gutman, 'Signed, Sealed, Undelivered', p. 5.
138. US Senate, The Peace Process, p. 28.
139. New York Times, 7 December 1995, p. A-30.
140. Ibid., p. A-21.
141. Susan Sontag, 'A Lament for Bosnia', The Nation, vol. 261, 25 December 1995.
142. Chossudovsky, 'Dismantling Former Yugoslavia', p. 524.