Clan and superclan: Loyalty, identity and community in law and practice

American Journal of International Law

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 359-383

  Franck, Thomas M ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030503106     PISSN: 00029300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2204063     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. An excellent example of this dialogue between liberal nationalist and transnational regime theorists is found in Foreign Affairs. Michael Lind, In defense of Liberal Nationalism, FOREIGN AFF., May/June 1994, at 87; and Gidon Gottlieb, Nations Without States, id. at 100.
2. An excellent example of this dialogue between liberal nationalist and transnational regime theorists is found in Foreign Affairs. Michael Lind, In defense of Liberal Nationalism, FOREIGN AFF., May/June 1994, at 87; and Gidon Gottlieb, Nations Without States, id. at 100.
3. For a discussion of "ethnie," see ANTHONY D. SMITH, THE ETHNIC ORIGINS OF NATIONS (1986). See also next at note 7 infra.
4. G. W. F. HEGEL, LECTURES ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF WORLD HISTORY 134 (H. B. Nisbet trans., 1975).
5. ERNEST GELLNER, NATIONS AND NATIONALISM 49 (1983).
6. Id.
7. E. J. HORSBAWN, NATIONS AND NATIONALISM SINCE 1780, AT 3 (2d ed. 1990).
8. See JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, NATIONS BEFORE NATIONALISM 4, 284 (1982).
9. Id. at 8-9.
10. GELLNER, supra note 4, at 48.
11. See Nathaniel Berman, Economics Consequences, Nationalist Passions: Keynes, Crisis, Culture and Policy, 10 AM. U. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y 619 (1995).
12. JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, A Revision of the Treaty, reprinted in 3 THE COLLECTED WRITINGS OF JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES 1, 8 (D. Moggridge ed., 1972).
13. Western Sahara, 1975 ICJ REP. 12, 32-33, 67-67, paras. 57, 161 (Advisory Opinion of Oct. 16).
14. See, e.g., Nathaniel Berman, "But the alternative Is Despair": European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of Internationa Law, 106 HARV. L. REV. 1792 (1993); Nathaniel Berman, Modrnism, Nationalism, and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction, 4 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 351 (1992); Nathaniel Berman, A Perilous Ambivalence: Nationalist Desire, Legal Autonomy, and the Limits of the Interwar Framework, 33 HARV. INT'L L.J. 353 (1992).
15. See, e.g., Nathaniel Berman, "But the alternative Is Despair": European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of Internationa Law, 106 HARV. L. REV. 1792 (1993); Nathaniel Berman, Modrnism, Nationalism, and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction, 4 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 351 (1992); Nathaniel Berman, A Perilous Ambivalence: Nationalist Desire, Legal Autonomy, and the Limits of the Interwar Framework, 33 HARV. INT'L L.J. 353 (1992).
16. See, e.g., Nathaniel Berman, "But the alternative Is Despair": European Nationalism and the Modernist Renewal of Internationa Law, 106 HARV. L. REV. 1792 (1993); Nathaniel Berman, Modrnism, Nationalism, and the Rhetoric of Reconstruction, 4 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 351 (1992); Nathaniel Berman, A Perilous Ambivalence: Nationalist Desire, Legal Autonomy, and the Limits of the Interwar Framework, 33 HARV. INT'L L.J. 353 (1992).
17. G. W. F. HEGEL, PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT 231 (T. M. Knox trans., 1942) (1821).
18. Suzanne Citron, A propos de Clovis, LE MONDE, Feb. 28, 1996, at 8.
19. JOHN LOCKE, Second treatise, ch. IX, in Two Treatise of GOVERNMENT (Peter Laslett ed., 2d ed. 1960) (1690).
20. Id., para. 124.
21. ARISTOTLE, POLITICS, BOOKS III & IV, bk. III, pt. 6 (Richard Robinson trans., Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1995).
22. HEGEL, supra note 14, at 211-12.
23. John A. Hall, Nationalism: Classified and Explained, DAEDALUS, Summer 1993, at 1, 4.
24. CLARENCE K. STREIT, UNION NOW (1939).
25. See World Government Movements, in 23 ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA 679 (1973 ed.).
26. LINDA COLLEY, BRITONS 5 (1992).
27. The British Imperial and mercantilist expansion of the 18th and 19th centuries promoted the sense of a nation. Professor Colley has noted that this evidenced "one of the best and the most compelling reasons for loyalty. Quit simply, it paid." Id. at 56.
28. Philip Allott, The International Court and the Voice of Justice, in FIFTY YEARS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 17, 19-20 (Vaughan Lowe & Malgosia Fitzmaurice eds., 1995).
29. HOBSBAWN, supra note 6, at 6.
30. Conflict in the Balkans; Details of Accord: Division Within Unity, N.Y. TIMES, Sept. 9, 1995, at 4.
31. See HUGH SETON-WATSON, NATIONS AND STATES 22-35 (1977).
32. COLLEY, supra note 23, af 5-9.
33. The forging in the 17th and 18th centuries, of a British nation depended heavily on a ferocious Protestant fear of, and antipanthy to, the catholic Europe dominated by the achenemy: France. Id. at 17-54.
34. See SETON-WATSON, supra note 28, at 22, 31-35 (Scotland, 61-66 (Holland). Concerning Holland, see also ARMSTRONG, supra notge 7, at 256-57.
35. See SETON-WATSON, supra note 28, at 22, 31-35 (Scotland, 61-66 (Holland). Concerning Holland, see also ARMSTRONG, supra notge 7, at 256-57.
36. BENEDICT ANDERSON, IMAGINED COMMUNITIES 163 (rev. ed. 1991).
37. ERNEST GELLNER, CONDITIONS OF LIBERTY: CIVIL SOCIETY AND ITS REVIVAL. (1994).
38. RONALD INGLEHART, CULTURE SHIFT IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 3 (1990).
39. Id. at 411.
40. Id. at 410.
41. Id. at 411, table 12-9.
42. GELLNER, supra note 4, at 13. As to teritorial localism and other variants on federalism, see Oscar Schachter, Micronationalism and Secession, in RECHT ZWISCHEN UMBRAUCHND BEWAHRING VOLAERRFCHT EURO PARECHT, STAATSRECHT. FESTSCHRIFT FÜR RUDOLF BERNHARDT 179 (1995).
43. GELLNER, supra note 4, at 13. As to teritorial localism and other variants on federalism, see Oscar Schachter, Micronationalism and Secession, in RECHT ZWISCHEN UMBRAUCHND BEWAHRING VOLAERRFCHT EURO PARECHT, STAATSRECHT. FESTSCHRIFT FÜR RUDOLF BERNHARDT 179 (1995).
44. HORSBAWM, supra note 6, at 11.
45. See SETON-WATSON, supra note 28, at 22, 31-35 (Scotland), 61-66 (Holland).
46. Concerning Holland, see also ARMSTRONG, supra note 7, at 256-57.
47. BENEDICT ANDERSON, IMAGINED COMMUNITIES 163 (rev. ed. 1991).
48. ERNEST GELLNER, CONDITIONS OF LIBERTY: CIVIL SOCIETY ITS REVIVAL (1994).
49. RONALD INGLEHART, CULTURE SHIFT IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOVIETY 3 (1990).
50. Id. at 411.
51. Id. at 410.
52. Id. at 411, table 12-9.
53. GELLNER, supra note 4, at 13. As to territorial localism and other variants on federalism, see Oscar Schachter, Micronationalism and Secession, in RECHT ZWISCHEN UMBRUCH UND BEWAHRUNG: VÖLKERRECHT, EURO- PARECHT, STAATSRECHT, FESTSCHRIFT FÜR RUDOLF BERNHARDT 179 (1995).
54. GELLNER, supra note 4, at 13. As to territorial localism and other variants on federalism, see Oscar Schachter, Micronationalism and Secession, in RECHT ZWISCHEN UMBRUCH UND BEWAHRUNG: VÖLKERRECHT, EURO-PARECHT, STAATSRECHT, FESTSCHRIFT FÜR RUDOLF BERNHARDT 179 (1995).
55. HOBSBAWM, supra note 6, at 11.
56. COLLEY, supra note 23, at 6.
57. BERNARD LEWIS, THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TURKEY 2 (1961).
58. Id. at 15.
59. See JOHN KEANE, TOM PAINE, A POLITICAL LIFE 267-454 (1995).
60. HOBSBAWN, supra note 6, at 60.
61. E. J. HOBSBAWM, THE AGE OF REVOLUTION: 1789-1848, at 166 (1962).
62. Quoted in SETON-WATON, supra note 28, at 107.
63. IMMANUEL KANT, On Perpetual Peace, in KANT'S POLITICAL WRITINGS 105 (Hans Reiss ed., 1970) (1795).
64. This transformation is demonstrated statistically and analyzed persuasively in INGLEHART, supra note 34.
65. See KOHN, supra note 48, at 395-402.
66. Id. at 401 n.136 (citing Kant's HANDSCHRIFTLICHER NACHLASS, No, 1099, at 489).
67. Id. at 405 (citing 2 J. MINOR, SCHILLER: SEIN LEBEN UND SEINE WERKE 568 (Berlin, Weidmann 1890);
68. and 2 SCHILLER'S COMPLETE WORKS 340 (C. J. Hempel ed., Philadelphia, Kohler 1870)).
69. BULL, supra note 50, at 275.
70. Id. at 255.
71. "Besides the Harbi or infidel beyond the frontier, there was also the Zimoui . . . the protected non-Muslim subject of the Muslim state, whose position was determined by the dhimma, or pact, between his community, called millet, and the dominant community of Islam." LEWIS, supra note 41, at 322-23.
72. For example, Lewis tells us that "[a]mong the different peoples who embraced Islam none went farther in sinking their separate identity in the Islamic community than the Turks." Id. at 323.
73. But see H. Ansgar Kelly, Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department, 23 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 421 (1991-92); T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Theories of Loss of Citizenship, 84 MICH. L. REV. 1471 (1986); Marian Nash (Leich), Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law, 87 AJIL 598 (1993).
74. But see H. Ansgar Kelly, Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department, 23 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 421 (1991-92); T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Theories of Loss of Citizenship, 84 MICH. L. REV. 1471 (1986); Marian Nash (Leich), Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law, 87 AJIL 598 (1993).
75. But see H. Ansgar Kelly, Dual Nationality, the Myth of Election, and a Kinder, Gentler State Department, 23 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 421 (1991-92); T. Alexander Aleinikoff, Theories of Loss of Citizenship, 84 MICH. L. REV. 1471 (1986); Marian Nash (Leich), Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law, 87 AJIL 598 (1993).
76. Act of March 2, 1907, ch. 2534, §2, 34 Stat. 1228 (1907) (repealed 1940).
77. 110 F.Supp. 706 (B.C. Cir. 1953).
78. Id. at 709.
79. Minutes of the First Committee, 2 LEAGUE OF NATIONS, ACTS OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, League of Nations Doc, C.351(a).M.145(a).1930.
80. V, Ann, II, at 295 (1930),
81. reprinted in 3 LEAGUE OF NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR THE CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1175 (Shabtai Rosenne ed., 1975). The United States did not sign the Convention, which gave states even broader latitude to denationalize those of their citizens claiming dual nationality. Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws, Apr. 12, 1930, Art. 6, 179 LNTS 91, 101.
82. Nationality Act of 1940, ch. 876, 54 Stat. 1137, 1168, sec. 401.
83. Kawakita v. United States, 343 U.S. 717 (1952).
84. Id. at 723.
85. President Eisenhower commuted the sentence to life imprisonment and President Kennedy commuted that sentence to deportation to Japan. Kelly, supra note 60, at 431.
86. 356 U.S. 44 (1958).
87. 387 U.S. 253 (1967).
88. Vance v. Terrazas, 444 U.S. 252 (1980).
89. Act of Nov. 14, 1986, §18, 100 Stat. (codified as amended in 8 U.S.C. §1481 (1988)).
90. 8 U.S.C. 1481 (a).
91. Id.
92. In re J.J.S., Bd. App. Rev. (Dec. 17, 1987); and In re E.J.P., Bd. App. Rev. (Oct. 12, 1987), cited in 4 CHARLES GORDON & E. GITTEL GORDON, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION LAW at n.55e.1 (Supp. 1989, 1990, 1991).
93. In re J.J.S., Bd. App. Rev. (Dec. 17, 1987); and In re E.J.P., Bd. App. Rev. (Oct. 12, 1987), cited in 4 CHARLES GORDON & E. GITTEL GORDON, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION LAW at n.55e.1 (Supp. 1989, 1990, 1991).
94. In re J.J.S., Bd. App. Rev. (Dec. 17, 1987); and In re E.J.P., Bd. App. Rev. (Oct. 12, 1987), cited in 4 CHARLES GORDON & E. GITTEL GORDON, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION LAW at n.55e.1 (Supp. 1989, 1990, 1991).
95. See also In re C.M.S., Dec. No. 90-12, Bd. App. Rev. (July 5, 1990), in 67 Interpreter Releases 789, 799 (July 23, 1990).
96. Telegram issued by James Baker, Secretary of State, to all diplomatic and consular posts, U.S. Dep't of State, unclas. No. 121,931, §5 (Apr. 16, 1990), cited in Kelly, supra note 60, at 444 n.127.
97. U.S. DEPT STATE, DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL 602, 603 (1993). See also U.S. DEPT STATE, ADVICE ABOUT POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL at 599 [hereinafter LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP]. The quoted provisions are unchanged from those in 1990 editions of both pamphlets, reprinted in Kelly, supra note 60, at 457 and 460.
98. U.S. DEPT STATE, DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL 602, 603 (1993). See also U.S. DEPT STATE, ADVICE ABOUT POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL at 599 [hereinafter LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP]. The quoted provisions are unchanged from those in 1990 editions of both pamphlets, reprinted in Kelly, supra note 60, at 457 and 460.
99. U.S. DEPT STATE, DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL 602, 603 (1993). See also U.S. DEPT STATE, ADVICE ABOUT POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL at 599 [hereinafter LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP]. The quoted provisions are unchanged from those in 1990 editions of both pamphlets, reprinted in Kelly, supra note 60, at 457 and 460.
100. U.S. DEPT STATE, DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL 602, 603 (1993). See also U.S. DEPT STATE, ADVICE ABOUT POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL at 599 [hereinafter LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP]. The quoted provisions are unchanged from those in 1990 editions of both pamphlets, reprinted in Kelly, supra note 60, at 457 and 460.
101. U.S. DEPT STATE, DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL 602, 603 (1993). See also U.S. DEPT STATE, ADVICE ABOUT POSSIBLE LOSS OF U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND DUAL NATIONALITY (rev. ed. 1992), reprinted in 87 AJIL at 599 [hereinafter LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP]. The quoted provisions are unchanged from those in 1990 editions of both pamphlets, reprinted in Kelly, supra note 60, at 457 and 460.
102. LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP, supra note 76, 87 AJIL at 600.
103. Martin Chazonov, Job Springs from Ethnic Roots, L.A. TIMES, Nov. 3, 1991, at 8, quoted in Kelly, supra not 60, at 447.
104. N.Y. TIMES, June 5, 1995, at A5.
105. N.Y. TIMES, Dec, 4, 1995, at A6.
106. N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 26, 1995, §6 (Magazine), at 49.
107. R.S.C., ch, C-19, §15(1) (1970).
108. Citizenship Art, 1976, ch. 108, sec. 1, R.S.C., ch. C-29 (1985).
109. Id., §9(1). See also CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION CANADA. DUAL CITIZENSHIP (1991).
110. DUAL CITIZENSHIP, supra note 84, at 2.
111. Sam Dillon, Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans, Proposing Dual Nationality, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 10, 1995, §1, at 16.
112. Citizenship Act, No. 61, 1977, 31 R.S.N.Z. 45 (1993).
113. Kelly, supra note 60, at 451.
114. Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v. Gugerli, 36 F.C.R. 68 (1992) (admin. app.) (regarding Australian Citizenship Act, 1948, §17 (1)).
115. Id. at 72-73.
116. British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1943, 6 & 7 Geo. VI, ch. 14 (Eng.).
117. See 2 CHARLES CHENEY HYDE, INTERNATIONAL LAW 1153 (2d rev. ed. 1947).
118. See Rui Manuel Maura Ramos, Nationalité, plurinationalité et supranationalité en droit portugais 22 (1995) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author).
119. CODE CIVIL Art. 21 (Code civil de la nationalité).
120. The prohibition was in law of Oct. 19, 1945, Code civil de la nationalité, titre IV: De la perte et de la déchéance de la nationalité française, ch. 1, Art. 87. The amendment to this prohibition, Law No. 73-42 of Jan. 9, 1973, is now in Code civil de la nationalité, titre IV, ch. I: De la perte de la nationalité française, Art. 87.
121. Andrew Stewart & Siegfried Kurz, Dual Nationalityy: Êtes-vous français?, ARMY LAW., Mar. 1991, at 3, 4. See also Simone Tan, Dual Nationality in France and the United States, 15 HASTINGS INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 447 (1992).
122. Andrew Stewart & Siegfried Kurz, Dual Nationalityy: Êtes-vous français?, ARMY LAW., Mar. 1991, at 3, 4. See also Simone Tan, Dual Nationality in France and the United States, 15 HASTINGS INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 447 (1992).
123. GRUNDGESETZ (Basic Law) Art. 116(1) (FRG); Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz [RuStaG) §17 (1913); RuStaG §25, para. 2 (1997). See also HYDE, supra note 92, at 1154.
124. GRUNDGESETZ (Basic Law) Art. 116(1) (FRG); Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz [RuStaG) §17 (1913); RuStaG §25, para. 2 (1997). See also HYDE, supra note 92, at 1154.
125. Interview with German Foreign Ministry legal officer (Mar. 6, 1996).
126. RuStaG §3 (1913). This is in contrast to French law, which does not require renunciation of prior nationality as a requirement for naturalization in France. See WILLIAM ROGERS BRUBAKER. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONHOOD IN FRANCE AND GERMANY 144-47, 173-74 (1992).
127. Staatsbürgershaftsgesetz 1965, sec. III, Verlust der Staatabürgerschaft, §28(1) and (2), 1985 Bundesgesetzblatt 2390 (Aus.).
128. Nationality and Citizenship Act, No. 26, §24 (1956).
129. Id. § (1).
130. Representation of the People Act, 1983, §1(1)(b)(ii); and British Nationality Act, 1981, §52(6), sched. 7. See 4(2) HALSBURY LAWS OF ENGLAND 76, para. 65 (4th ed. reissued 1992).
131. Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1984. The Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1985, provided for the extension of this right reciprocally to citizens of other European Community countries resident in Ireland.
132. Maura Ramos, supra note 93.
133. BRUBAKER, supra note 99, at 145 (citing LA NATIONALITÉ FRANÇAISE: TEXTES ET DOCUMENTS 278 (La Documentation française, 1985)). Approximately a quarter of the persons of Algerian-French dual nationality living in France appear to choose service in the Algerian forces. Id.
134. BRUBAKER, supra note 99, at 145 (citing LA NATIONALITÉ FRANÇAISE: TEXTES ET DOCUMENTS 278 (La Documentation française, 1985)). Approximately a quarter of the persons of Algerian-French dual nationality living in France appear to choose service in the Algerian forces. Id.
135. Gottlieb, supra note 1, at 108-10.
136. Second Protocol amending the Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality, Nov. 2, 1993, paras. 5-7, amending Art. 1, Eur. TS No. 149. The Protocol amends Eur. TS No. 43, June 5, 1963.
137. GEORGE P. FLETCHER, LOYALTY 155 (1993).
138. Praine had, betimes, English, American and French citizenship and, after the Polish revolution of 1791, considered also applying for Polish citizenship. KEANE, supra note 43, at 446.