Considering policies to protect children from TV violence

Journal of Communication

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 116-138

  Potter, W James ^a   Warren, Ron ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b University of California ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030502717     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01509.x     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382, 402 (1950).
2. Andrews, L. M. (1995, Sept. 25). Private ratings. National Review, 47(18), 80-82.
3. Andison, F. S. (1977). TV violence and viewer aggression: A cumulation of study results. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 314-331.
4. Baker, R. K., & Ball, S. J. (1969). Violence and the media. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6. Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.) Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61-90), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 601-607.
8. Baron, R. A. (1971a). Magnitude of victim's pain cues and level of prior anger arousal as determinants of adult aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(3) 236-243.
9. Baron, R. A. (1971b). Aggression as a function of magnitude of victim's pain cues, level of prior anger arousal, and aggressor-victim similarity. Journal for Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 48-54.
10. Baron, R. A. (1978). Aggression-inhibiting influence of sexual humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(2), 189-197.
11. Baron, R. A. (1979). Effects of victim's pain cues, victim's race, and level of prior instigation upon physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9(2), 103-114.
12. Bellafante, G. (1995, July 24). Locking out violence. Time, 146(24), 64.
13. Berkowitz, L., & Geen, R. G. (1966). Film violence and the cue properties of available targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 525-530.
14. Berkowitz, L., & Rawlings, E. (1963). Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(5), 405-412.
15. Bjorkqvist, K., & Lagerspetz, K. (1985). Children's experience of three types of cartoons at two age levels. International Journal of Psychology, 20, 77-93.
16. Cantor, J. (1994). Fright reactions to mass media. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 213-245), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Carlson, M., Marcus-Newhall, A., Miller, N. (1990). Effects of situational aggression cues: A quantitative review Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 622-633.
18. Centerwall, B. S. (1993). Television and violent crime. The Public Interest, 111, 56-71.
19. City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, 475 U.S. 41 (1986).
20. Cline, V. B., Croft, R. G., & Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 360-365.
21. Columbia Broadcasting System (1980). Network Primetime Violence Tabulations for 1978-1979 Season. New York: CBS.
22. Comisky, P., & Bryant, J. (1982). Factors involved in generating suspense. Human Communication Research, 9. 49-58.
23. Comstock, G. A. (1985). Television and film violence, i S. Apter & A. Goldstein (eds.), Youth violence: Programs and prospects. New York: Pergamon.
24. Comstock, G., Chaffee, S., Katzman, N., McCombs, M., & Roberts, D. (1978). Television and human behavior. New York: Columbia University Press.
25. Comstock, G., & Paik, H. (1991). Television and the American child. New York: Academic Press.
26. Comstock, G., & Strasburger, V. C. (1990). Deceptive appearances: Television violence and aggressive behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11(1), 31-44.
27. Cumberbatch, G., Lee, M., Hardy, G., & Jones, I. (1987). The portrayal of violence on British television. London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
28. Donnerstein, E., & Berkowitz, L. (1981). Victim reactions in aggressive erotic films as a factor in violence against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 710-724.
29. Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1974). Does media violence increase children's toleration of reallife aggression. Developmental Psychology, 10, 418-421.
30. FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1973).
31. Field, D. E. (1987). Child and parent coviewing of television: Its extent and its relationship to cognitive performance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 2799B-2800B.
32. Friedrich-Cofer, L., & Huston, A. C. (1986). Television violence and aggression: The debate continues. Psychological Bulletin. 100, 364-371.
33. Geen, R. G. (1994). Television and aggression: Recent developments in research and theory. In D. Zillmann, J. Bryant, & A. C. Huston (Eds.), Media, children, and the family (pp. 151-162). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Geen, R. G., & Berkowitz, L. (1967). Some conditions facilitating the occurrence of aggression after the observation of violence. Journal of Personality, 35, 666-676.
35. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). The "mainstreaming" of America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 10-29.
36. Gillmor, D. M., Barron, J. A., Simon, T. F., & Terry, H. A. (1996). Fundamentals of mass communication law. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: West.
37. Greenberg, B. S. (1975). British children and televised violence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38, 531-547.
38. Greenberg, B. S., Edison, N., Korzenny, F., Fernandez-Collado, C., & Atkin, C. K. (1980). In B. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Life on television: Content analysis of U.S. TV drama (pp. 99-128). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
39. Gunter, B. (1983). Personality and perceptions of harmful and harmless TV violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 665-670.
40. Gunter, B. (1985). Dimensions of television violence. Aldershot, England: Gower.
41. Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1984). Perceptions of television violence: Effects of programme genre and type of violence on viewers' judgements of violent portrayals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 155-164.
42. Hart, A. (1986). Children and television: Audience and influence. Media in Education and Development. 19(2), 80-85.
43. Hearings on H.R. 1391, Television Violence Act of 1989 before the Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. 34 (1989) statement of Professor Cass R. Sunstein.
44. Hearold, S. (1986). A synthesis of 1043 effects of television on social behavior. In G. Comstock (Ed.) Public communication and behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 65-133). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. E., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Does media violence increase children's toleration of real-life aggression. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1120-1134.
46. Huesmann, L. R., Lagerspetz, K., & Eron, L. D. (1984). Intervening variables in the TV-violence-aggression relation: Evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology, 20, 746-775.
47. Huston-Stein, A., Fox, S., Greer, D., Watkins, B. A., & Whitaker, J. (1981). The effects of TV action and violence on children's social behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 138, 183-191.
48. Iwao, S., de Sola Pool, I., Hagiwara, S. (1981). Japanese and U.S. media: Some cross-cultural insights into TV violence. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31(2), 28-36.
49. Kaplan, R. M., & Singer, R. D. (1976). Television violence and viewer aggression: A Reexamination of the evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 32(4), 35-70.
50. Kim, S. J. (1994). Viewer discretion is advised: A structural approach to the issue of television violence. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 142(4).
51. Lichter, L. S., & Lichter, S. R. (1983). Prime Crime Time. Washington, D. C.: The Media Institute.
52. Lieberman Research, Inc. (1975). Children's reactions to violent material on television: 5th year report. Unpublished manuscript, American Broadcasting Co.
53. Liebert, R. M., & Schwartzberg, N. S. (1977). Effects of mass media. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 141-173.
54. Liebert, R. M., & Sprafkin, J. (1988). The early window (3rd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press.
55. Linz, D. G., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1988). Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 758-768.
56. McDonald, D. G. (1986). Generational aspects of television coviewing. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30, 75-85.
57. McGuire, W. J. (1986). The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings. In G. Comstock (ed.), Public communication and behavior, Vol. 1 (pp. 173-257). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
58. Mees, U. (1990). Constitutive elements of the concept of humar aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 16, 285-295.
59. Milavsky J. R., Kessler, R., Stipp, H., and Rubens, W. (1982). Television and aggression: Results of a panel study. In D. Pearl, L. Bouthilet, & J. Lazar (eds.), Television and bahavior: Ten Years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties, Vol. 2 (pp. 138-157). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
60. Mundy, A. (1995, July 24). The unifying effect of smut. Mediaweek, 5(29), 16.
61. Mustonen A., & Pulkkinen, L. (1993). Aggression in television programs in Finland. Aggressive Behavior 19, 175-183.
62. NCTV says violence on TV up 16%. (1983, Mar 22). Broadcasting magazine, p. 63.
63. Newcomb, H. (1978). Assessing the violence profile of Gerbner and Gross: A humanistic critique and suggestions. Communication Research, 8, 73-95.
64. Osborn, D. K., & Endlsely, R. C. (1971). Emotional reactions of young children to TV violence. Child Development, 42, 321-331.
65. Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21, 516-546.
66. Potter, W. J. (1993). A conceptual critique of cultivation theory and research. Human Communication Research, 19, 564-601.
67. Potter, W. J. (1986). Perceived reality in the cultivation hypothesis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30, 159-174.
68. Potter, W. J., & Ware, W. (1987). An analysis of the contexts of antisocial acts on prime-time television. Communication Research, 14, 664-686.
69. Roberts, D. F., & Maccoby, N. (1985). Effects of mass communication. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.) Handbook of social psychology: Vol 2. Special fields and applications (3rd ed., pp. 539-598). New York: Random House.
70. Rosekrans, M. A., & Hartup, W. W. (1907). Imitative influence of constant and inconsistent response consequences to a model on aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 424-434.
71. Sapolsky, H. S., & Zillmann, D. (1978). Experience and empathy: Affective reactions to witnessing childbirth. Journal of Social Psychology, 105, 131-144.
72. Schlegel, J. W. (1993). The Television Violence Act of 1990: A new program for government censorship? Federal Communications Law Journal, 46(1).
73. Schmuckler, E. (1993, July 5). Network buyers wait to see if ratings plan will affect programming or pricing. Mediaweek, 3(27), 4.
74. Schramm, W., Lyle, J., & Parker, E. B. (1961). Television in the lives of our children Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
75. Simon, P. (1994), Independent audits and self-regulatory - not legislation - is best answer to TV violence Federal Communications Law Journal, 47(2), 373-377.
76. Singer, D. G., & Singer, J. L. (1981). Television and the developing imagination of the child. Journal of Broadcasting, 41, 373-387.
77. Singer, J. L., Singer, D. G., & Rapaczynski, W. (1984). Family platterns and television viewing as predictors of children's beliefs and aggression. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 75-89.
78. Smythe, D. W. (1954). Reality as presented on television. Public Opinion Quarterly, 18, 143-156.
79. Stern, C. (1995, Oct 2). Face-off on the V-chip. Broadcasting & Cable, 125(40), 19.
80. Sunbeck, E. (1975). Young children's emotional reactions to T.V. violence: The effects of children's perceptions of reality. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 5139-A.
81. Thomas, M. H., & Drabman, R. S. (1975). Toleration of real-life aggression as a function of exposure to televised violence and age of subject. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 21, 227-232.
82. Thomas, M. H., & Drabman, R. S. (1978). Effects of television violence on expectations of other's aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 73-76.
83. TV violence. (1993, March 26). The CQ Researcher, 3(12), 265-288.
84. Velicer, W. F., Govia, J. M., Cherico, N. P., & Corriveau, D. P. (1985). Item format and structure of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Aggressive Behavior, 11, 65-82.
85. Violence on television. (1993, December). Congressional Digest, 72(12), 290-300.
86. Voices against violence: A cable television industry initiative (1994, Jan.) Satellite Network Committee, National Cable Television Association. Washington, DC.
87. Williams, T. M., Zabrack, M. L., & Joy, L. A. (1982). The portrayal of aggression on North American television. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 360-380.
88. Wood, W., Wong, F. Y., & Chachere, J. G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewers' aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383.
89. Zillmann, D. (1971). Excitation transfer on communication-mediated aggressive behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 419-434.