The myth of the m-form? Governance, consent, and organizational change

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 483-526

  Freeland, Robert F ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030492031     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/230953     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Alchian, Armen, and Harold Demsetz. 1973. "The Property Rights Paradigm." Journal of Economic History 33 (March): 16-27.
2. Allen, Stephen. 1970. "Corporate-Divisional Relationships in Highly Diversified Firms." Pp. 16-35 in Studies in Organization Design, edited by Jay Lorsch and Paul Lawrence. Homewood, Ill.: Irwin.
3. Armour, Henry, and David Teece. 1978. "Organizational Structure and Economic Performance." Bell Journal of Economics 10:106-22.
4. Barnard, Chester. 1975. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
5. Best, Michael. 1990. The New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
6. Bower, Joseph L. 1970. Managing the Resource Allocation Process: A Study of Corporate Planning and Investment. Boston: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
7. Bradley, Albert. 1947a. Letter to Charles E. Wilson, June 6. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
8. _. 1947b. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., June 6. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
9. _. 1947c. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., June 10. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
10. _. 1958. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., June 5. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
11. Brown, Donaldson. 1937. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., June 1. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 1.
12. _. 1945a. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., February 7. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 2.
13. _. 1945b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 12. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 2.
14. _. 1946. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., September 11. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 1.
15. _. 1947. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., August 9. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
16. _. 1957a. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., July 9. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
17. _. 1957b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., November 9. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
18. Burawoy, Michael. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. _. 1985. The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes under Capitalism and Socialism. London: Verso.
20. Burgelman, Robert A. 1986. Inside Corporate Innovation: Strategy, Structure, and Managerial Skills. New York: Free Press.
21. Carpenter, Walter S., Jr. 1934a. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., February 2. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 821.
22. _. 1934b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., February 12. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 821.
23. _. 1942a. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 7. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
24. _. 1942b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 8. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Government exhibit 148.
25. _. 1945a. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, March 28. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
26. _. 1945b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., June 7. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
27. _. 1946a. Letter to Charles Erwin Wilson, February 13. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
28. _. 1946b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 8. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
29. _. 1946c. Letter to Fred Donner, June 4. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
30. _. 1946b. Letter to Fred Donner, July 30. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
31. _. 1946e. Memo to Policy Committee, February 25. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
32. _. 1946f. Letter to Donaldson Brown, September 10. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 1.
33. _. 1947a. Letter to Donaldson Brown, August 6. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
34. _. 1947b. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., October 7. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 438 (30), ser. 1, vol. 31, pp. 9430-31.
35. _. 1947c. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., October 20. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 438 (30), ser. 1, vol. 31, pp. 9434-35.
36. _. 1947d. Letter to Charles Wilson, August 7. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
37. _. 1947e. Letter to Charles Wilson, July 8. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
38. _. 1947f. Letter to Albert Bradley, June 13. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
39. _. 1954a. Letter to Harlow Curtice, May 5. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
40. _. 1954b. Letter to Frederic Donner, July 27. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
41. _. 1957. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., October 9. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
42. _. 1958a. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., August 14. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
43. _. [1958b?] Letter to Emile Du Pont [August?]. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
44. _. 1959. Letter to Fred Donner, October 2. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
45. Chandler, Alfred Du Pont, Jr. 1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
46. _. 1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap.
47. _ with Takashi Kikino. 1990. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Change. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap.
48. _. 1991a. "The Functions of the HQ Unit in the Multibusiness Firm." Strategic Management Journal 12:31-50.
49. _. 1991b. "History and Organizational Sociology." Contemporary Sociology 20 (3): 340-42.
50. _. 1992. "Corporate Strategy, Structure, and Control Methods in the United States during the Twentieth Century." Industrial and Corporate Change 1 (2): 263-84.
51. Chandler, Alfred Du Pont, Jr., and Stephen Salsbury with Adeline Cook Strange. 1971. Pierre S. du Pont and the Making of the Modern Corporation. New York: Harper & Row.
52. Cheape, Charles. 1995. Strictly Business: Walter Carpenter at Du Pont and General Motors. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
53. Coase, Ronald. 1937. "The Nature of the Firm." Economica 4:386-405.
54. Coleman, James. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap.
55. Coyle, Marvin E. 1946. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., March 1. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
56. Cray, Ed. 1980. Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times. New York: McGraw Hill.
57. Crozier, Michel. 1964. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Cyert, Richard, and James March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
59. Davis, Gerald, Kristina Diekmann, and Catherine Tinsley. 1994. "The Decline and Fall of the Conglomerate Firm in the 1980s: The Deinstitutionalization of an Organizational Form." American Sociological Review 59:540-70.
60. Demsetz, Harold. 1988. Ownership, Control, and the Firm. Vol. 1, The Organization of Economic Activity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
61. Donner, Frederic. 1958. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., July 28. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
62. Drucker, Peter. (1946) 1972. Concept of the Corporation. New York: John Day.
63. _. 1978. Adventures of a Bystander. New York: Harper & Row.
64. Du Pont, Lammot. 1930. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 22. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 14, pp. 4225-26.
65. _. 1931. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 18. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 15, pp. 4544-45.
66. _. 1932. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., February 12. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol, 16, pp. 4800-4801.
67. _. 1942. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., April 10. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Government exhibit 149
68. _. 1945. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., August 8. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
69. _. 1946a. Letter to Charles Erwin Wilson, February 15. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
70. _. 1946b. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., April 10. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
71. Edelman, Lauren. 1990. "Legal Environments and Organizational Governance: The Expansion of Due Process in the American Workplace." American Journal of Sociology 95:1401-40.
72. Fama, Eugene. 1980. "Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm." Journal of Political Economy 88:288-307.
73. Fama, Eugene, and Michael Jensen. 1983. "Separation of Ownership and Control." Journal of Law and Economics 26:301-26.
74. Fligstein, Neil. 1987. "The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: The Rise of Finance Presidents in Large Corporations, 1919-1979." American Sociological Review 52: 44-58.
75. _. 1990. The Transformation of Corporate Control. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
76. Freeland, Robert F. 1994. "The Struggle for Control of the Modern Corporation: Organizational Change at General Motors, 1924-1958." Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Sociology.
77. Furubotn, E., and S. Pejovich. 1972. "Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of Recent Literature." Journal of Economic Literature 10:1137-62.
78. "General Motors: Part I." 1938. Fortune 18:36.
79. GMC (General Motors Corporation). 1923. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
80. _. 1924. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
81. _. 1930a. Minutes from Joint Meeting of Operations and Executive Committees, July 17. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Defendants' exhibit GM-286.
82. _. 1930b. Minutes of Operations Committee, October 9. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Government exhibit 1091.
83. _. 1931a. Operations Committee Minutes, October 29. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 24, pp. 4696-97.
84. _. 1931b. Finance Committee Minutes, November 2. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 24, pp. 4698-99.
85. _. 1933. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
86. _. 1937a. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
87. _. 1937b. By-Laws, July 1. General Motors Corporation.
88. _. 1937c. Organization Chart, June. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Defendants' exhibit GM-5.
89. _. 1941. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
90. _. 1942a. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
91. _. 1942b. By-Laws, April. General Motors Corporation.
92. _. 1943a. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
93. _. 1943b. Organization Chart, February. Reprinted in Report to War Department Price Adjustment Board: Summary of War Operations of General Motors Corporation for the Year 1943.
94. _. 1943c. Report to War Department Price Adjustment Board: Summary of War Operations of General Motors Corporation for the Year 1943.
95. _. 1944a. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
96. _. 1944b. Organization Chart, October 10. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Defendants' exhibit GM-6.
97. _. 1945. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
98. _. 1946a. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
99. _. 1946b. By-Laws, January. General Motors Corporation.
100. _. 1946c. Organization Chart, July 1. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Defendants' exhibit GM-8.
101. _. 1951a. General Motors Corporation Administration Committee, December 14. Document prepared by GM legal staff for U.S. antitrust trial. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 438 (30), p. 5194.
102. _. 1951b. General Motors Corporation Operations Committee, December 17. Document prepared by GM legal staff for U.S. antitrust trial. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 438 (30).
103. _. 1952. General Motors Corporation Executive Committee, February 12. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 33 (441), ser. 1, vol. 32.
104. _. 1953. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
105. _. 1956. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
106. _. 1957. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
107. _. 1959. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
108. _. 1967. Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors Corporation.
109. "G.M. III: How to Sell Automobiles." 1939. Fortune 19:71.
110. Goold, Michael, and Andrew Campbell. 1987. Strategies and Styles: The Role of the Centre in Managing Diversified Corporations. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell.
111. Gould, Mark. 1990. "The Problem of Order in Perfect and Imperfect Information Theories." Paper presented at the meeting of the American Economic Association, Washington, D.C.
112. _. 1991. "Parsons' Economic Sociology: A Failure of Will." Sociological Inquiry 61:89-101.
113. Gouldner, Alvin. 1954. Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
114. Granovetter, Mark. 1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91:481-510.
115. Greenwood, Ronald. 1974. Managerial Decentralization: A Study of the General Electric Philosophy. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
116. Grossman, Sanford, and Oliver Hart. 1986. "The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration." Journal of Political Economy 94: 691-719.
117. Halaby, Charles. 1986. "Worker Attachment and Workplace Authority." American Sociological Review 51:634-49.
118. Jensen, Michael. 1983. "Organization Theory and Methodology." Accounting Review 50:319-39.
119. Jensen, Michaels, and William Meckling. 1976. "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure." Journal of Financial Economics 3: 305-60.
120. Keller, Maryann. 1989. Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors. New York: Morrow.
121. Kohn, Alfie. 1993. "Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work." Harvard Business Review 71 (5): 54-63.
122. Kuhn, Arthur J. 1986. GM Passes Ford, 1918-1938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
123. Lawrence, Paul, and Jay Lorsch. 1967. Organization and Environment. Boston: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration.
124. Lazonick, William. 1991. Business Organization and the Myth of the Market Economy. New York: Cambridge.
125. Lind, E. Allan, and Tom R. Tyler. 1988. The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum.
126. Lorange, Peter. 1980. Corporate Planning: An Executive Viewpoint. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
127. Lorange, Peter, and Richard F. Vancil. 1977. Strategic Planning Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
128. Macneil, Ian R. 1978. "Contracts: Adjustments of Long-Term Economic Relations under Classical, Neoclassical, and Relational Contract Law." Northwestern University Law Review 47:854-906.
129. March, James. 1962. "The Business Firm as a Political Coalition." Journal of Politics 24:662-78.
130. Meyer, John W., and W. Richard Scott with Brian Rowan and Terrance Deal. 1983. Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
131. Meyer, Marshall W. 1994. "Measuring Performance in Economic Organizations." Pp. 556-78 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg and Neil Smelser. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
132. Miller, Gary J. 1991. Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
133. Odagiri, Hiroyuki. 1994. Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth: Strategic Management and the Economy in Japan. Oxford: Clarendon.
134. Ouchi, William G. 1980. "Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans." Administrative Science Quarterly 25:129-41.
135. Parsons, Talcott. 1968. The Structure of Social Action. New York: Free Press.
136. Perrow, Charles. 1981. "Markets, Hierarchies, and Hegemony." Pp. 371-86 in Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior, edited by Andrew H. Van de Ven and William F. Joyce New York: Wiley.
137. _. 1986. Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay, 3d ed. New York: Random House.
138. Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1981. Power in Organizations. Marshfield, Mass.: Pitman.
139. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row.
140. Powell, Walter W., and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
141. Pratt, John. 1929. Memo to Operations and Finance Committees, October 21. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
142. Pratt, John W., and Richard Zeckhauser. 1985. Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business. Boston: Harvard Business School.
143. Przeworski, Adam. 1985. Capitalism and Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
144. Ross, S. 1973. "The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem." American Economic Review 63:134-39.
145. Rothschild, Emma. 1973. Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age. New York: Random House.
146. Rumelt, Richard. 1974. Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Boston: Harvard Business School.
147. Salancik, Gerald. 1977a. "Commitment and Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief." Pp. 1-54 in New Directions in Organizational Behavior, edited by Barry Staw and Gerald Salancik. Chicago: St. Clair.
148. _. 1977b. "Commitment Is Too Easy." Organizational Dynamics 6 (1): 62-80.
149. Scott, W. Richard, John W. Meyer, and associates. 1994. Institutional Environments and Organizations: Structural Complexity and Individualism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
150. Selznick, Philip. 1948. "Foundations of the Theory of Organizations." American Sociological Review 13 (1): 25-35.
151. _. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organizations. Berkeley: University of California.
152. Selznick, Philip, with Phillipe Nonet and Howard M. Vollmer. 1969. Law, Society, and Industrial Justice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
153. Sheehan, Robert. 1965. "G.M.'s Remodeled Management." Pp. 46-58 in Management: Challenge and Response: Case Histories from Fortune, edited by M. Carter, C. Ray, and W. Weintraub. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
154. Simon, Herbert. 1961. Administrative Behavior, 2d ed. New York: Free Press.
155. Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr. [1919?]. Study of Organization. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Defendants' exhibit GM-1.
156. _. 1924. "The Most Important Thing I Ever Learned about Management." System: The Magazine of Business, vol. 46, pp. 140-41.
157. _. 1931a. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, April 15. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 15, pp. 4546-47.
158. _. 1931b. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, April 21. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 430 (22), ser. 1, vol. 15, pp. 4548-50.
159. _. 1934. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., January 31. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 821.
160. _. 1937. Letter to Administration and Policy Committees, November 11. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 821.
161. _. 1942a. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., April 11. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
162. _. 1942b. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, April 13. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Government exhibit 150.
163. _. 1942c. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., April 13. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
164. _. 1943a. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, May 29. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071, 1953. Government exhibit 205.
165. _. 1943b. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., and George Whitney, June 10. Longwood Collection, Hagley Museum. Box 438 (30), ser. 1, vol. 27, pp. 8156-58.
166. _. 1944. Letter to Donaldson Brown, December 28. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 1.
167. _. 1945a. Letter to Lammot Du Pont, April 5. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837, folder 33c.
168. _. 1945b. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., June 14. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
169. _. 1945c. Letter to Donaldson Brown, Jr., February 2. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 1.
170. _. 1946a. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., April 9. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
171. _. 1946b. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., April 25. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
172. _. 1946c. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., May 1. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
173. _. 1946d. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., May 22. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
174. _. 1946e. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., March 5. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
175. _. 1947. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., June 10. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
176. _. 1953. Direct testimony. United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours, General Motors, et al. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Civil Action 49C-1071.
177. _. 1955. Letter to Donaldson Brown, December 15. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 2.
178. _. 1957a. Letter to Donaldson Brown, September 11. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 2.
179. _. 1957b. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., October 16. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 849.
180. _. 1958. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., December 31. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
181. _. 1959. Letter to Donaldson Brown, June 18. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 856D.
182. _. [1960?]. "The General Motors Story." Manuscript. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 1334, box 4.
183. _. 1964. My Years with General Motors. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
184. _. 1969. "Spotlight on Alfred Sloan: The GM Chairman Discusses the Modern Business Corporation." Interview by Edward Stanley. The Business Scene. Audiotape. Tucson, Ariz.: Learning Plans.
185. Smith, Vicki. 1990. Managing in the Corporate Interest: Control and Resistance in an American Bank. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
186. Stiglitz, Joseph. 1994. Whither Socialism? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
187. Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1990. Information and Organizations. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
188. Stout, Richard H. 1992. "When General Motors Was Great." Automotive Industries (February): 98-103.
189. Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administration. New York: McGraw-Hill.
190. Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society, edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Lawrence, Kans.: Bedminster.
191. Weick, Karl E. 1976. "Educational Organizations as Loosely Coupled Systems." Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1): 1-19.
192. White, Harrison. 1985. "Agency as Control." Pp. 186-212 in Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business, edited by John W. Pratt and Richard Zeckhauser. Boston: Harvard Business School.
193. White, Lawrence. 1971. The Automobile Industry since 1945. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
194. Whitney, George. 1947. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., September 5. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
195. Williamson, Oliver. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press.
196. _. 1983. "Organization Form, Residual Claimants, and Corporate Control." Journal of Law and Economics 26 (2): 351-66.
197. _. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.
198. _. 1986. Economic Organization: Firms, Markets, and Policy Control. New York: New York University Press.
199. Williamson, Oliver, and William Ouchi. 1981. "The Markets and Hierarchies Program of Research: Origins, Implications, Prospects." Pp. 347-70 in Perspectives on Organizational Design, edited by A. H. Van de Ven and W. F. Joyce. New York: Wiley.
200. Wilson, Charles Erwin. 1940. Letter to Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., September 19. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 837.
201. _. 1947. Letter to Walter S. Carpenter, Jr., August 28. Hagley Manuscript Collection, Hagley Museum. Accession 542, box 838.
202. Wolff, Ronald H. 1962. "General Motors: A Study of the Firm's Growth, Its External Relationships, and Internal Organization." Ph.D. dissertation. Vanderbilt University, Department of Economics.
203. Wright, J. Patrick. 1979. On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors: John Z. De Lorean's Look inside the Automotive Giant. Grosse Point, Mich.: Wright Enterprises.
204. Yates, Brock. 1983. The Decline and Fall of the American Automobile Industry. New York: Empire Books.
205. Zald, Mayer. 1970. Power in Organizations. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.