The evolving Clinton Doctrine on the use of force

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 511-535

  Stevenson, Charles A ^a  

^a National War College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030487924     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9602200402     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Colin Powell, Remarks at the National Press Club, 28 September, 1993, reprinted in Stephen Dagget and Nina Serafino, "The Use of Force: Key Contemporary Documents," Report 94-805F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 1994) 34.
2. Colin Powell, Remarks at the National Press Club, 28 September, 1993, reprinted in Stephen Dagget and Nina Serafino, "The Use of Force: Key Contemporary Documents," Report 94-805F (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service 1994) 34.
3. See Daggett and Serafino, "The Use of Force," 9-15, for Weinberger criteria; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner's, 1993), 650; Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), 303.
4. See Daggett and Serafino, "The Use of Force," 9-15, for Weinberger criteria; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner's, 1993), 650; Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), 303.
5. See Daggett and Serafino, "The Use of Force," 9-15, for Weinberger criteria; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner's, 1993), 650; Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), 303.
6. George Bush, Remarks at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, 5 January, 1993, reprinted in Daggett and Sarafino, "The Use of Force," 30-33.
7. Victor Gold, "George Bush Speaks Out on Washington, the Press, and Bill Clinton's First Year," Washingtonian Magazine (Feb. 1994), 124, 125.
8. Powell, My American Journey, 207-208, 279, and 434.
9. Powell, My American Journey, 476-479, 544.
10. "Beltway Warrior," The New York Times Magazine, (27 August 1995), 40ff.
11. U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Pub 3-0: Doctrine for Joint Operations (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1993), I-3, I-4.
12. U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Pub 3-0, I-11-12.
13. William J. Clinton, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Washington, DC: The White House, February 1995), 12-13. (Henceforth cited as NSSEE 1995)
14. NSSEE 1995, 13.
15. NSSEE 1995, 13.
16. Richard N. Haass, Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994), 69, 76.
17. Thomas L. Friedman, "Clinton's Foreign-Policy Agenda Reaches Across Broad Spectrum," The New York Times, 4 October, 1992, A1.
18. Powell, My American Journey, 576-78.
19. William J. Clinton, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1993 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), 487, 594.
20. Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 150.
21. See Gallup Poll Monthly, February, 1993, 12 and May 1993, 11.
22. New York Times, 28 September, 1992, p. A1; Gold, "George Bush Speaks Out," 125; Colin Powell, Testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Department of Defense Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1994 103d Cong., 1st sess. S. Hrg. 103-153, Pt. 1 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 95.
23. New York Times, 28 September, 1992, p. A1; Gold, "George Bush Speaks Out," 125; Colin Powell, Testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Department of Defense Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1994 103d Cong., 1st sess. S. Hrg. 103-153, Pt. 1 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 95.
24. New York Times, 28 September, 1992, p. A1; Gold, "George Bush Speaks Out," 125; Colin Powell, Testimony before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Department of Defense Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1994 103d Cong., 1st sess. S. Hrg. 103-153, Pt. 1 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 95.
25. Drew, On the Edge, 142; Senate Appropriations Committee, DoD Appropriations FY 1994, 47.
26. Drew, On the Edge, 142; Senate Appropriations Committee, DoD Appropriations FY 1994, 47.
27. Eric Schmitt, "A Tough Sell: Sending GIs to Bosnia," New York Times, 10 March 1994), Al: Don Oberdorfer, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, 6 December, 1992, A1; Michael Gordon, "Somali Aid Plan is Called the Most Ambitious Option," New York Times, 29 November 1992), 6; Clifford Krauss, "Washington Seeks Conditions on Plan for Somalia Force," New York Times, 27 November 1992), A1+; "Former U.N. Commander Thinks U.S. Should Pull Back from Peacekeeping," Inside the Navy, 23 January 1995, 20.
28. Eric Schmitt, "A Tough Sell: Sending GIs to Bosnia," New York Times, 10 March 1994), Al: Don Oberdorfer, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, 6 December, 1992, A1; Michael Gordon, "Somali Aid Plan is Called the Most Ambitious Option," New York Times, 29 November 1992), 6; Clifford Krauss, "Washington Seeks Conditions on Plan for Somalia Force," New York Times, 27 November 1992), A1+; "Former U.N. Commander Thinks U.S. Should Pull Back from Peacekeeping," Inside the Navy, 23 January 1995, 20.
29. Eric Schmitt, "A Tough Sell: Sending GIs to Bosnia," New York Times, 10 March 1994), Al: Don Oberdorfer, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, 6 December, 1992, A1; Michael Gordon, "Somali Aid Plan is Called the Most Ambitious Option," New York Times, 29 November 1992), 6; Clifford Krauss, "Washington Seeks Conditions on Plan for Somalia Force," New York Times, 27 November 1992), A1+; "Former U.N. Commander Thinks U.S. Should Pull Back from Peacekeeping," Inside the Navy, 23 January 1995, 20.
30. Eric Schmitt, "A Tough Sell: Sending GIs to Bosnia," New York Times, 10 March 1994), Al: Don Oberdorfer, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, 6 December, 1992, A1; Michael Gordon, "Somali Aid Plan is Called the Most Ambitious Option," New York Times, 29 November 1992), 6; Clifford Krauss, "Washington Seeks Conditions on Plan for Somalia Force," New York Times, 27 November 1992), A1+; "Former U.N. Commander Thinks U.S. Should Pull Back from Peacekeeping," Inside the Navy, 23 January 1995, 20.
31. Eric Schmitt, "A Tough Sell: Sending GIs to Bosnia," New York Times, 10 March 1994), Al: Don Oberdorfer, "The Path to Intervention," Washington Post, 6 December, 1992, A1; Michael Gordon, "Somali Aid Plan is Called the Most Ambitious Option," New York Times, 29 November 1992), 6; Clifford Krauss, "Washington Seeks Conditions on Plan for Somalia Force," New York Times, 27 November 1992), A1+; "Former U.N. Commander Thinks U.S. Should Pull Back from Peacekeeping," Inside the Navy, 23 January 1995, 20.
32. Clinton, Public Papers, 1993, 565.
33. Powell, My American Journey, 584; Barton Gellman, "The Words Behind a Deadly Decision," Washington Post, 31 October 1993, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, with John H. Cushman, Jr., "U.S. Supported Hunt for Aidid; Now Calls U.N. Policy Skewed," New York Times, 18 October 1993, A1+; Senator John Warner and Senator Carl Levin, "Review of the Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia," Released by Senate Armed Services Committee, 29 September 1995, 24-27.
34. Powell, My American Journey, 584; Barton Gellman, "The Words Behind a Deadly Decision," Washington Post, 31 October 1993, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, with John H. Cushman, Jr., "U.S. Supported Hunt for Aidid; Now Calls U.N. Policy Skewed," New York Times, 18 October 1993, A1+; Senator John Warner and Senator Carl Levin, "Review of the Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia," Released by Senate Armed Services Committee, 29 September 1995, 24-27.
35. Powell, My American Journey, 584; Barton Gellman, "The Words Behind a Deadly Decision," Washington Post, 31 October 1993, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, with John H. Cushman, Jr., "U.S. Supported Hunt for Aidid; Now Calls U.N. Policy Skewed," New York Times, 18 October 1993, A1+; Senator John Warner and Senator Carl Levin, "Review of the Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia," Released by Senate Armed Services Committee, 29 September 1995, 24-27.
36. Powell, My American Journey, 584; Barton Gellman, "The Words Behind a Deadly Decision," Washington Post, 31 October 1993, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, with John H. Cushman, Jr., "U.S. Supported Hunt for Aidid; Now Calls U.N. Policy Skewed," New York Times, 18 October 1993, A1+; Senator John Warner and Senator Carl Levin, "Review of the Circumstances Surrounding the Ranger Raid on October 3-4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia," Released by Senate Armed Services Committee, 29 September 1995, 24-27.
37. Drew, On the Edge, 317, 319.
38. Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Set to Limit Role of Military In Peacekeeping," New York Times, 29 January 1994, 1+; Daniel Williams, "Clinton Peacekeeping Policy to Set Limits on Use of U.S. Troops," Washington Post, 6 February 1994, A24.
39. Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Set to Limit Role of Military In Peacekeeping," New York Times, 29 January 1994, 1+; Daniel Williams, "Clinton Peacekeeping Policy to Set Limits on Use of U.S. Troops," Washington Post, 6 February 1994, A24.
40. Michael R. Gordon, "Failure of Haiti Operation Backs Initial Pentagon Skepticism," New York Times, 15 October 1993, 18; Elaine Sciolino, "Pentagon and State Dept. at Odds Over Sending Soldiers to Haiti," New York Times, 8 October 1993, A1+.
41. Michael R. Gordon, "Failure of Haiti Operation Backs Initial Pentagon Skepticism," New York Times, 15 October 1993, 18; Elaine Sciolino, "Pentagon and State Dept. at Odds Over Sending Soldiers to Haiti," New York Times, 8 October 1993, A1+.
42. Ann Devroy and Bradley Graham, "U.S. Units Ready to Invade but Clinton Is Said to Be Weeks From Decision," Washington Post, 17 July 1994, 21; Ann Devroy and R. Jeffrey Smith, "A Split Administration Debated Invasion Risks," Washington Post, 25 September 1994, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Troops Stage Military Exercise with Eye on Haiti," New York Times, 7 July 1994, A1+; Elaine Sciolino, "Large Haiti Force is Weighed by U.S.," New York Times, 25 June 1994, A1+.
43. Ann Devroy and Bradley Graham, "U.S. Units Ready to Invade but Clinton Is Said to Be Weeks From Decision," Washington Post, 17 July 1994, 21; Ann Devroy and R. Jeffrey Smith, "A Split Administration Debated Invasion Risks," Washington Post, 25 September 1994, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Troops Stage Military Exercise with Eye on Haiti," New York Times, 7 July 1994, A1+; Elaine Sciolino, "Large Haiti Force is Weighed by U.S.," New York Times, 25 June 1994, A1+.
44. Ann Devroy and Bradley Graham, "U.S. Units Ready to Invade but Clinton Is Said to Be Weeks From Decision," Washington Post, 17 July 1994, 21; Ann Devroy and R. Jeffrey Smith, "A Split Administration Debated Invasion Risks," Washington Post, 25 September 1994, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Troops Stage Military Exercise with Eye on Haiti," New York Times, 7 July 1994, A1+; Elaine Sciolino, "Large Haiti Force is Weighed by U.S.," New York Times, 25 June 1994, A1+.
45. Ann Devroy and Bradley Graham, "U.S. Units Ready to Invade but Clinton Is Said to Be Weeks From Decision," Washington Post, 17 July 1994, 21; Ann Devroy and R. Jeffrey Smith, "A Split Administration Debated Invasion Risks," Washington Post, 25 September 1994, A1+; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Troops Stage Military Exercise with Eye on Haiti," New York Times, 7 July 1994, A1+; Elaine Sciolino, "Large Haiti Force is Weighed by U.S.," New York Times, 25 June 1994, A1+.
46. Elaine Sciolino, "Top U.S. Officials Divided in Debate on Invading Haiti," New York Times, 4 August 1994, A1+; President Clinton's Television Address to the Nation, September 15, 1995; Testimony by Deputy Secretary of Defense John Deutch, Situation in Haiti, Hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 28 September 1994, 103d Cong., 2d sess., S.Hrg. 103-863, 44.
47. "Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials," 16 September 1994, released by Office of the Press Secretary, The White House; Deutch testimony, Senate Armed Services Committee, 7, 40.
48. William J. Clinton, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Washington, DC: The White House, July 1994), 12.
49. Richard Morin, "Support for Sending GIs to Haiti May Be Increasing, Poll Shows, Washington Post, 29 June 1994, All; Gallup Poll Monthly, July, 1994, 30-31, and September 1994, 16.
50. Richard Morin, "Support for Sending GIs to Haiti May Be Increasing, Poll Shows, Washington Post, 29 June 1994, All; Gallup Poll Monthly, July, 1994, 30-31, and September 1994, 16.
51. Steven A. Holmes, "With Persuasion and Muscle, Black Caucus Reshapes Haiti Policy," New York Times, 13 July 1994, A10; John E. Rielly, ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1995) 27; NSSEE 1995, 12.
52. Steven A. Holmes, "With Persuasion and Muscle, Black Caucus Reshapes Haiti Policy," New York Times, 13 July 1994, A10; John E. Rielly, ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1995) 27; NSSEE 1995, 12.
53. R. Jeffrey Smith, "U.S. Mission to Rwanda Criticized," Washington Post, 5 September 1994, A1+;
54. Bradley Graham, "Aid Missions May Force Defense Cuts, Perry Says," Washington Post, 5 August, 1994, 27; NSSEE 1995, 12.
55. William J. Clinton, "Presidential Address to the Nation," Washington Post, 28 November 1995, A8.
56. Eric Schmitt, "Commanders Say U.S. Plan for Bosnia Will Work," New York Times, 27 November 1995, A1+; Dana Priest, "1,400 U.S. Troops Part of Advance Group," Washington Post, 28 November 1995, A9.
57. Eric Schmitt, "Commanders Say U.S. Plan for Bosnia Will Work," New York Times, 27 November 1995, A1+; Dana Priest, "1,400 U.S. Troops Part of Advance Group," Washington Post, 28 November 1995, A9.
58. Pat Towell and Donna Cassata, "Congress Takes Symbolic Stand on Troop Deployment," Congressional Quarterly, 16 December 1995, 3817;
59. John F. Harris and Helen Dewar, "Clinton Bargains Defense Funds for Support on Bosnia," Washington Post, 29 November 1995, A30.
60. See especially Thomas E. Ricks, "Colin Powell's Doctrine on Use of Military Force is Now Being Questioned by Senior U.S. Officers," Wall Street Journal, 30 August 1995, 12.
61. Gen. John Shalikashvili, "Employing Forces Short of War," Defense 95, Issue 3, (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1995), 4.