Experience with quantitative pcr for the management of hcmv disease

Intervirology

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 204-212

  Schafer P ^a   Laufs, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antigenemia; Antiviral therapy; Competitive PCR; Congenital infection; Human cytomegalovirus; Immunocompromised patients; Pp65 antigen; Renal transplant recipients

Indexed keywords

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION BODY DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HUMAN; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 5;

EID: 0030485664     PISSN: 03005526     EISSN: 14230100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000150496     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ho M: Cytomegalovirus: in Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds): Principles and practice of infectious diseases, ed 2. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone, 1995. pp 1351-1364.
2. Markham A, Faulds D: Ganciclovir - An update of its therapeutic use in cytomegalovirus infection, Drugs 1994:48:455-484.
3. Wagstaff AJ, Bryson IIM: Foscamct - A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections, Drugs 1994.48:199-226.
4. Snydman DR, Werner BG, Heine-Laeev B, Berardi VP, Tilney NL, Kirkman RL, Milford EL, Cho SI, Bush HL Jr., Levey AS, Strom TB, Carpenter CB, Levey RH, Harmon WE, Zimmerman CE II, Shapiro ME, Steinman T, Lo-Gcrfo F, ldclson B, Sehroter GPJ, Levin MJ, Mclver J, Lcszczynski J, Grady GF: Use of cytomegalovirus immune globulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in renal-transplant-rc-cipients, N Engl J Med 1987:317:1049-1054.
5. Plaehtcr B, Wicczorck L, Scholl BC, Ziegel-maier R, Jahn G: Detection of cytomegalovirus antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant polypeptides of the large phosphorylatcd tegument protein ppl50. J Clin Microbiol 1992:30:201-206.
6. Lazzarotto T, Dalla-C'asa B, Campisi B, Lan-dini MP: Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbcnt assay for the detection of cytomegalovirus IgM: Comparison between eight commercial kits, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting, J Clin Lab Anal 1992:6:216-218.
7. Vornhagen R, Plaehtcr B, Hinderer W, The TH, van Zanten J, Matter L, Schmidt CA, Son-neborn HH, Jahn G: Early scrodiagnosis of acute human cytomegalovirus infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant antigens, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32: 981-986.
8. Vomltagcn R, Hinderer W, Sonneborn HH, Bein G, Matter L, The TH, Jahn G, Plachter B: The DNA-binding protein pUL57 of human cytomegalovirus is a major target antigen for the immunoglobulin M antibody response during acute infection, J Clin Microbiol 1995:33: 1927-1930.
9. van der Bij W, Schirm J, Torensma R, van Son WJ, Tegzess A, The TH: Comparison between viremia and antigenemia for detection of cytomegalovirus in blood, J Clin Microbiol 1988: 26:2531-2535.
10. Dylcwski J, Chou S, Merigan TC: Absence of detectable IgM antibody during cytomegalovirus disease in patients with AIDS: N Engl J Med 1983.309:493.
11. Cleaves CA, Smith TF, Shuster EA, Pearson GR: Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in MRC-5 cells inoculated with specimens by using low-speed centrifugation and monoclonal antibody to an early antigen, J Clin Microbiol 1984.19:917-919.
12. Griffiths PD, Panjwani DD, Stirk PR, Ball MG, Ganczakowski M, Blacklock HA, Prentice HG: Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients by detection of early antigen fluorescent foci, Lancet 1984:2: 1242- 1245.
13. Glcaves CA, Smith TF, Shuster EA, Pearson GR: Comparison of standard tube and shell vial cell culture techniques for the detection of cytomegalovirus in clinical specimens, J Clin Microbiol 1985;21:217-221.
14. Gema G, Zipcto D, Parea M, Revello G, Silini E, Percivalie E, Zavattoni M, Grossi P, Milane-si G: Monitoring of human cytomegalovirus infections and ganciclovir treatment in heart transplant recipients by determination of vire-mia, antigenemia and DNAcmia, J Infect Dis 1991:164:488-498.
15. Gema G, Revello MG, Pcrcivallc E, Zavattoni M, Parea M, Battaglia M: Quantification of human cytomegalovirus viremia by using monoclonal antibodies to different viral proteins, J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:2681-2688.
16. Umana JP, Mutimer DJ, Shaw JC, McLeish PJ, Buchan A, Martin B, Neubcrgcr JM, Elias
17. E, McMaster P: Cytomegalovirus surveillance following liver transplantation: Does it allow presymptomatic diagnosis of cytomegalovirus disease, Tiaiisplanl Proc 1992:24:2643-2645.
18. Storch GA, Buller RS, Bailey TC, Ettinger NA, Langlois T, Gaudreault-Kccncr M, Wclby PL: Comparison of PCR and pp65 antigenemia assay with quantitative shell vial culture for detection of cytomegalovirus in blood leukocytes from solid-organ transplant recipients, J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:997-1003.
19. van dcr Bij W, Torensma R, van Son WJ, Anc-ma J, Schirm J, Tegzess AM, The TH: Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by monoclonal antibody staining of blood leukocytes, J Med Virol 1988:25:179- 188.
20. The TH, van dcr Bij W, van den Berg AP, van dcr Giessen M, Weis M, Sprenger HG, van Son WJ: Cytomegalovirus antigenemia, Rev Infect Dis 1990:12(suppl 7):734-744.
21. Boeckh M, Bowden RA, Goodrich JM, Pettin-ger M, Meyers JD: Cytomegalovirus antigen detection in peripheral blood leukocytes after allogeneic blood marrow transplantation, Blood 1992;80:1358-1364.
22. Boland GJ, Weger RA, Tilanus MGJ, Ververs C, Bosbooni-Kalsbcek K, De Gast GC: Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in granulocytes by polymerase chain reaction compared with the CMV antigen test, J Clin Microbiol 1992: 30:1763-1767.
23. Ericc A, Holm MA, Gill PC, Henry S, Dirkscn CL, Dunn DL, Hillam RP, Balfour HHJ: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia assay is more sensitive than shell vial cultures for rapid detection of CMV in polymorphonuclear blood leukocytes, J Clin Microbiol 1992:30:1763- 1767.
24. Vlicger AM, Boland GJ, Jiwa NM, de Weger RA, Willemse R, de Gast GC, Falkcnburg JH: Cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay or PCR can be used to monitor ganciclovir treatment in bone marrow transplant recipients, Bone Marrow Transplant 1992:9:247-253.
25. Zipcto D, Revello MG, Silini E, Parea M, Percivalie E, Zavattoni M, Milancsi G, Gema G: Development and clinical significance of a diagnostic assay based on the polymerase chain reaction for detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood samples from immunocompromised patients, J Clin Microbiol 1992:30: 527-530.
26. Bein G, Bitsch A, Hoyer J, Steinhoff J, Fricke L, Machnik H, Dcnnin R, Kirchner H: A longitudinal prospective study of cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia in renal transplant recipients, Transplant lnt 1993:6:185-190.
27. Bitsch A, Kirchner H, Dennin R, Hoyer J, Fricke L, Steinhoff J, Sack K, Bein G: Long persistence of CM V DNA in the blood of renal transplant patients after recovery from CMV infection, Transplantation 1993:56:108-113.
28. Koskinen PK, Nieminen MS, Mattila SP, Häy-ry PJ, Lautenschlager IT: The correlation between symptomatic CMV infection and CMV antigenemia in heart allograft recipients, Transplantation 1993:55:547-551.
29. Gema G, Furione M, Baldanti F, Sarasini A: Comparative quantitation of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood leukocytes and plasma of transplant and AIDS patients, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32:2709-2717.
30. Weber B, Nestler U, Ernst W, Rabenau H, Braner J, Birkcnbach A, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W, Docrr HW: Low correlation of human cytomegalovirus DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction with cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients, J Med Virol 1994:43:187-193.
31. van den Berg AP, van Son WJ, Haagsma EB, Klompmaker IJ, Tegzess AM, Schirm J, Dijk-stra G, van der Giessen M, Slooff MJ, The TH: Prediction of recurrent cytomegalovirus disease after treatment with ganciclovir in solid-organ transplant recipients, Transplantation 1993;55:847-851.
32. Gema G, Revello MG, Pcrcivallc E, Morini F: Comparison of different immunostaining techniques and monoclonal antibodies to the lower matrix phosphoprotein (pp65) for optimal quantitation of human cytomegalovirus antigenemia, J Clin Microbiol 1992:30:1232- 1237.
33. Boeckh M, Woogerd PM, Stevens Ayers T, Ray CG, Bowden RA: Factors influencing detection of quantitative cytomegalovirus antigenemia, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32:832-834.
34. Nitibö J, Pérez JL, Carvajal A, Ardanuy C, Martin R: Effect of delayed processing of blood samples on performance of cytomegalovirus antigenemia assay, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32: 1119-1120.
35. Landry ML, Ferguson D, Cohen S, Huber K, Wethcrill P: Effect of delayed specimen processing on cytomegalovirus antigenemia results, J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:257-259.
36. Chou S, Merigan TC: Rapid detection and quantitation of human cytomegalovirus in urine through DNA hybridization, N Engl J Med 1983:308:921-925.
37. Stockl E, Popow-Kraupp T, Heinz FX, Muhl-bacher F, Balckc P, Kunz C: Potential of in situ hybridization for early diagnosis of productive cytomegalovirus infection, J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:2536-2540.
38. Stanicr P, Taylor DL, Kitchen AD, Wales N, Tryhom Y, Tyms AS: Persistence of cytomegalovirus in mononuclear cells in peripheral blood from blood donors, Br Med J 1989.299: 897-898.
39. Bevan IS, Daw RA, Day PJR, Ala FA, Walker MR: Polymerase chain reaction for detection of HCMV infection in a blood donor population, BrJ Haematol 1991:78:94-99.
40. Taylor-Wicdcman JA, Sissons JGP, Borysie-wicz LK, Sinclair JH: Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, J Gen Virol 1991:72:2059-2064.
41. Bitsch A, Kirchner H, Dupke R, Bein G: Failure to detect human cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood lcucoytcs of healthy blood donors by the polymerase chain reaction, Transfusion 1992:32:612-617.
42. Smith KL, Kulski JK, Cobain T, Dunstan RA: Detection of CMV in blood donors by the PCR, Transfusion 1993:33:497-503.
43. Dcmmler GJ, Buffone GJ, Schimbor M, May RA: Detection of cytomegalovirus in urine from newborns by using polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification, J Infect Dis 1988; 158:1177-1184.
44. Shibala D, Martin WJ, Appleman MD, Causey DM, Leedom JM, Amheim N: Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, J Infect Dis 1988:158:1185-1192.
45. Jiwa NM, van Gcmert GW, Raap AK, van de Reeke FM, Mulder A, Lens PF, Salimans MMM, Zwaan FF, van Dorp W, van der Plocg M: Rapid detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes of vircmic transplant recipients by the polymerase chain reaction, Transplantation 1989:48:72-76.
46. Rogers BB, Alpert LC, Hine EAS, Buffone GJ: Analysis of DNA in fresh and fixed tissue by the polymerase chain reaction, Am J Pathol 1990;136:541-548.
47. Ishigaki S, Takeda M, Kura T, Ban N, Saitoh T, Sakamaki S, Walanabc N, Kohgo Y, Niitsu Y: Cytomegalovirus DNA in the sera of patients with cytomegalovirus pneumonia, BrJ Haematol 1991:79:198-204.
48. Kiihn JE, Schafer P, Gutbrod P, Mohring K, Bartel J, Schmitt B, Braun RW: Detection of HCMV DNA in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction, comparison with routine diagnostic procedures for the demonstration of HCMV infections in renal transplant recipients, Biotest Bull 1991:4:309-315.
49. Brytting M, Xu W, Wahren B, Sundqvist VA: Cytomegalovirus DNA detection in sera from patients with active cytomegalovirus infections, J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1937-1941.
50. Spector SA, Merrill R, Wolf D, Dankner WM: Detection of human cytomegalovirus in plasma of AIDS patients during acute visceral dis-cae by DNA amplification, J Clin Microbiol 1992:30:2359-2365.
51. van Dorp W, Vlicger A, Jiwa NM, van Es LA, van der Plocg M, van Saasc JLCM, van der Woude FJ: The polymerase chain reaction, a sensitive and rapid technique for detecting cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation, Transplantation 1992:54:661-664.
52. Gass P, Kiessling M, Schäfer P, Mcstcr C, Schmitt HP, Kühn JE: Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in paraffin sections of human brain by polymerase chain reaction and the occurrence of false negative results, J Neurol Ncurosurg Psychiatry 1993:56:211-214.
53. Frcymuth F, Gennetay E, Petiljean J, Eugene G, De Lignv IH, Ryckclynck JP, Lcgoff C, Hazcra P, Bazin C: Comparison of nested PCR for detection of DNA in plasma with pp65 leukocytic antigcncmia procedure for diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infection, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32:1614-1618.
54. Einsele H, Ehninger G, Steidlc M, Vallbracht A, Müller M, Schmidt H, Saal JG, Waller HD, Müller CA: Polymerase chain reaction to evaluate antiviral therapy for cytomegalovirus disease, Lancet 1991;338:1170-1172.
55. Delgado R, Lumbreras C, Alba C, Pedraza MA, Otero JR, Gomez R, Moreno E, Noriega AR, Pava CV: Low predictive value of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosisofcytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients, J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1876-1878.
56. Wolf DG, Spector SA: Early diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients by DNA amplification in plasma, Transplantation 1993:56:330-334.
57. Kühn JE, Wendland T, Schäfer P, Möhring K, Wieland U, Elgas M, Eggers IIJ: Monitoring of renal allograft recipients by quantitation of human cytomegalovirus genomes in peripheral blood leukocytes, J Med Virol 1994;44:398- 405.
58. Patel R, Smith TF, Espy M, Wicsner RH, Krom RAF, Portela D, Paya CV: Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in sera of liver transplant recipients, J Clin Microbiol 1994:32: 1431-1434.
59. Bitsch A, Kirchner H, Dupke R, Bein G: Cytomegalovirus transcripts in peripheral blood leukocytes of actively infected transplant patients detected by reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction, J Infect Dis 1993:167: 740-743.
60. Gozlan J, Salord JM, Chouaïd C, Duvivier C, Picard O, Meyohas MC, Petit JC: Late-mRNA detection in peripheral blood of AIDS patients: Diagnostic value for HCMV disease compared with those of viral culture and HCMV DNA detection, J Clin Microbiol 1993:31:1943- 1945.
61. Meyer-König U, Serr A, von Laer D, Kirstc G, Wolff C, Haller O, Neumann-Haefelin D, Hu-fcrt FT: Human cytomegalovirus immediate early and late transcripts in peripheral blood leukocytes: Diagnostic value in renal transplant recipients, J Infect Dis 1995:171:705-709.
62. Zhang LJ, Hanff P, Rutherford C, Churchill WH, Crumpacker CS: Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA, RNA and antibody in normal donor blood, J Infect Dis 1995:171: 1002-1006.
63. Landgraf A, Reckmann B, Pingoud A: Quantitative analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using primers labeled with biotin and a fluorescent dye, Anal Biochem 1991: 193:231-235.
64. Clementi M, Menzo S, Bagnarelli P, Manzin A, Valenza A, Varaldo PE: Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR in virology, PCR Methods Appl 1993; 2:191-196.
65. Zipcto D, Baldanti F, Zella D, Furione M, Ca-vicchini A, Milanesi G, Gerna G: Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes of immunocompromised patients by the polymerase chain reaction, J Virol Methods 1993: 44:45-55.
66. Cagle PT, Buffonc G, Holland VA, Santo T, Demmler GJ, Noon GP, Lawrence EC: Semi-quantitative measurement of cytomegalovirus DNA in lung and heart-lung transplant patients by in vitro DNA amplification, Chest 1992; 101:93-96.
67. Shibata M, Terashima M, Kimura H, Kuzushi-ma K, Yoshida J, Horibe K, Morishima T: Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus DNA in lung tissue of bone marrow transplant recipients, Hum Pathol 1992:23:911-915.
68. Dickover RE, Donovan RM, Goldstein E, Dandckar S, Bush CE, Carlson JR: Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction, J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:2130-2133.
69. Katz JP, Bodin ET, Coen DM: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of herpes simplex virus DNA in ganglia of mice infected with replication-incompetent mutants, J Virol 1990:64:4288-4295.
70. Kellog DE, Sninsky JJ, Kwok S: Quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA relative to cellular DNA by the polymerase chain reaction, Anal Biochem 1990:189:202-208.
71. Wang AM, Doyle MV, Mark DF: Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9717-9721.
72. Gilliland G, Perrin S, Blanchard K, Bunn HF: Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA: Detection and quantification by polymerase chain reaction, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990:87: 2725-2729.
73. Menzo S, Bagnarelli P, Giacca M, Manzin A, Varaldo PE, Clementi M: Absolute quantitation of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection by competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:1752-1757.
74. Scadden DT, Wang Z, Groopman JE: Quantitation of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type I RNA by competitive polymerase chain reaction, J Infect Dis 1992:165:1119-1123.
75. Zipeto D, Morris S, Hong C, Dowling A, Wo-litz R, Mcrigan TC, Rasmussen L: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in plasma reflects quantity of CMV DNA present in leukocytes, J Clin Microbiol 1995:33:2607-2611.
76. Compton J: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification - Product review, Nature 1991:350: 91-92.
77. Lunccbcrg J, Wahlberg J, Uhlen M: Rapid colorimetric quantification of PCR-amplified DNA, Biotechniques 1991:10:68-75.
78. Stieger M, Demollicrc C, Ahlbom-Laake L, Mous J: Competitive polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of H1V-I DNA and RNA, J Virol Methods 1991:34:149-160.
79. Fox JC, Griffiths PD, Emery VC: Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction, J Gen Virol 1992; 73:2405-2408.
80. Becker-Andre M, Hahlbrock K: Absolute mRNA quantification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), A novel approach by a PCR aided transcript titration assay (PATTY), Nucleic Acids Res 1989:17:9437-9446.
81. Ikonen E, Manninen T, Peltonen L, Syväncn AC: Quantitative determination of rare mRNA species by PCR and solid-phase minisequencing, PCR Methods Appl 1992:1:234-240.
82. Henco K, Heibey M: Quantitative PCR: The determination of template copy numbers by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:6733- 6734.
83. Schäfer P, Braun RW, Möhring K, Henco K, Kang J, Wcndland T, Kühn JE: Quantitative determination of human cytomegalovirus target sequences in peripheral blood leukocytes by nested polymerase chain reaction and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, J Gen Virol 1993:74:2699-2707.
84. Kang J, Kühn JE, Schäfer P, Immelmann A, Henco K: Quantification of DNA and RNA by PCR; in McPherson MJ, Harnes BD, Taylor GR (eds): PCR 2: A Practical Approach, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. pp 119-133.
85. Kang J, Schäfer P, Kühn JE, Immelmann A, Henco K: Exact quantification of DNA-RNA copy numbers by PCR-TGGE: in Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ (eds): PCR Strategies, New York, Academic Press, 1995. pp 189- 198.
86. Riesner D, Stegcr G, Zimmat R, Owens RA, Wagcnhöfer M, Hillen W, Vollbach S, Henco K: Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids: Analysis of conformational transitions, sequence variations, and protein-nucleic acid interactions, Electrophoresis 1989:10: 377-389.
87. Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Tsianlos A, Fuccillo DA, Long W, Alford CA: Comparative serial virologic and serologic studies of symptomatic and subclinical congenitally and natally acquired cytomegalovirus infections, J Infect Dis 1975;132:568-577.
88. Drouet E, Coliman R, Michelson S, Fourcade N, Nivelcau A, Duccrf C, Boibicux A, Chevallier M, Dcnoycl G: Monitoring levels of human cytomegalovirus DNA in blood after liver transplantation, J Clin Microbiol 1995:33: 389-394.
89. Fox JC, Kidd IM, Griffiths PD, Sweny P, Emery VC: Longitudinal analysis of cytomegalovirus load in renal transplant recipients using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction: Correlation with disease, J Gen Virol 1995:76:309- 319.
90. Gema G, Baldanti F, Sarasini A, Furione M, Percivalle E, Rcvcllo MG, Zipcto D, Zclia D, The Italian Foscamet Study Group: Effect of foscarnct induction treatment on quantitation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and aqueous humor of AIDS patients with HCMV retinitis, Antimicrob Agents Che-mother 1994:38:38-44.
91. Zipcto D, Morris S, Hong C, Dowling A, Wo-litz R, Merigan TC, Rasmussen L: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in plasma reflects quantity of CMV DNA present in leukocytes, J Clin Microbiol 1995:33:2607-2611.
92. Sallzman RL, Quirk MR, Jordan MC: High levels of circulating cytomegalovirus DNA relied visceral organ disease in virentic immuno-suppresscd patients other than marrow recipients, J Clin Invest 1992:90:1832-1838.
93. Gerdes JC, Spees EK, Fitting K, Hiraki J, Sheehan M, Duda D, Jarvi T, Roehl C, Robertson AD: Prospective study utilizing a quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in the blood of renal transplant recipients, Transplant Proc 1993:25: 1411-1413.
94. Rasmussen L, Morris S, Zipcto D, Fessel J, Wolitz R, Dowling A, Merigan TC: Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus DNA from peripheral blood cells of human deficiency virus-infected patients could predict cytomegalovirus retinitis, J Infect Dis 1995:171:177-182.
95. Boivin G, Chou S, Quirk MR, Erice A, Jordan MC: Detection of ganciclovir resistance mutations and quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in leukocytes of patients with fatal disseminated CMV disease, J Infect Dis 1996;173:523-528.
96. Kühn JE, Wcndland T, Eggers HJ, Lorcntzen F, Wieland U, Fing B, Kiessling M, Gass P: Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus genomes in the brain of AIDS patients, J Med Virol 1995:47:70-82.