Aggregation and ecological effects in geographically based data

Geographical Analysis

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 244-261

  Holt, D ^a   Steel, D G ^b   Tranmer, M ^c   Wrigley, N ^d  

^a OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d Department of Geography ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATE EFFECT; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; METHODOLOGICAL EVALUATION; MODELLING APPROACH; POPULATION MODELLING; STATISTICAL MODEL;

UK;

EID: 0030485008     PISSN: 00167363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00933.x     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Amrhein, C. (1996). "Searching for the Elusive Aggregation Effect: Evidence from Statistical Simulation." Environment and Planning A, forthcoming.
2. Arbia, G. (1989). Spatial Data Configuration in Statistical Analysis of Regional Economic and Related Problems. Kluwen Academic Publishers.
3. Blalock, H. M. (1964). Casual Inference in Nonexperimental Research. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
4. _ (1979). "Measurement and Conceptualization Problems: The Major Obstacle to Integrating Theory and Research." American Sociological Review 44, 881-94.
5. _ (1985). "Cross-Level Analysis." In The Collection and Analysis of Community Data, edited by J. B. Casterlin, ISI, World Fertility Survey.
6. Clark, W. A. V., and K. L. Avery (1976). "The Effect of Data Aggregation in Statistical Analysis." Geographical Analysis 8, 428-38.
7. Duncan, D. P., and B. Davis (1953). "An Alternative to Ecological Correlation." American Sociological Review 18, 665-66.
8. Fotheringham, A. S., and D. W. S. Wong (1991), "The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in Multivariate Statistical Analysis." Environment and Planning A 23, 1025-44.
9. Gehlke, C. E., and K. Biehl (1934). "Certain Effects of Grouping upon the Size of the Correlation Coefficient in Census Tract Material." Journal of the American Statistical Association 29, Supplement, 169-70.
10. Goodman, L. A. (1959). "Some Alternatives to Ecological Correlation." American Journal of Sociology 64, 610-25.
11. Hannan, M. T., and L. Burstein (1974). "Estimation from Grouped Observations." American Sociological Review 39, 374-92.
12. Hansen, M. H., W. N. Hurwitz, and W. G. Madow (1953). Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Vol. 1, Methods and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
13. Holt, D., D. G. Steel, and M. Tranmer (1996). "Area Homogeneity and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem." Geographical Systems, forthcoming.
14. Lichtman, A, J. (1974). "Correlation, Regression, and the Ecological Fallacy: A Critique." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4, 417-33.
15. Langbein, L. I., and A. J. Lichtman (1978). Ecological Inference. Beverley Hills, Calif.: Sage.
16. Moellering, H., and W. Tobler (1972). "Geographical Variances." Geographical Analysis 4 (January), 34-50.
17. Openshaw, S. (1984). "Ecological Fallacies and the Analysis of Areal Census Data." Environment and Planning A 6, 17-31.
18. Openshaw, S., and P. J. Taylor (1979). "A Million or So Correlation Coefficients: Three Experiments on the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem." In Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences, edited by N. Wrigley, pp. 127-44. London.
19. Robinson, W. S. (1950). "Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals." American Sociological Review 15, 351-57.
20. Smith, K. W. (1977). "Another Look at the Clustering Perspective in Aggregation Problems." Sociological Methods and Research 5, 289-316.
21. Steel, D. (1985). "Statistical Analysis of Populations with Group Structure." Ph.D. thesis, Department of Social Statistics, University of Southampton.
22. Steel, D., and D. Holt (1996a). "Analysing and Adjusting Aggregation Effects: The Ecological Fallacy Revisited." International Statistical Review, forthcoming.
23. _ (1996b). "Rules of Random Aggregation." Environment and Planning, forthcoming.
24. Steel, D., D. Holt, and M. Tranmer (1996). "Making Unit-Level Inferences from Aggregated Data." Survey Methodology, forthcoming.
25. Yule, U., and M. S. Kendall (1950). An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. London: Charles Griffin.