Neandertal pedal proximal phalanges: Diaphyseal loading patterns

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 399-425

  Trinkaus, Erik ^a,b   Hilton, Charles E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

Author keywords

Human paleontology; Locomotion; Neandertals; Pedal phalanges

Indexed keywords

FOOT; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; HOMINID; LOCOMOTION; NEANDERTHAL; PEDAL PHALANGE;

EID: 0030482123     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1996.0035     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Abbott, S., Trinkaus, E. & Burr, D. B. (1996). Dynamic bone remodeling in later Pleistocene fossil hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (in press).
2. Barnicot, N. A. & Hardy, R. H. (1955). The position of the hallux in west Africans. J. Anat. 89, 355-361.
3. Bartholomew, S. H. (1953). The pattern of muscular activity in the lower extremity during walking. Prosthetic Devices Res. Proj., Univ. California Berkeley. Series II, 25, 1-41.
4. Basmajian, J. V. (1974). Musdes Alive, 3rd edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
5. Bonch-Osmolovskij, G. A. (1954). The skeleton of the foot and leg of the fossil man from the cave of Kiik-Koba (in Russian). Paleolit Kryma 3.
6. Boule, M. (1911-13). L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Ann. Paléontol. 6, 111-172; 7, 21-56, 85-192; 8, 1-70.
7. Boule, M. (1911-13). L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Ann. Paléontol. 6, 111-172; 7, 21-56, 85-192; 8, 1-70.
8. Boule, M. (1911-13). L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Ann. Paléontol. 6, 111-172; 7, 21-56, 85-192; 8, 1-70.
9. Bramble, D. M. (1990). Head stabilization and locomotor behavior in the hominidae (abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 8, 197-198.
10. Bramble, D. M. (1991). Functional and evolutionary significance of the occipital torus in Homo (abstract). Am J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 12, 52-53.
11. Byers, S., Akoshima, K. & Curran, B. (1989). Determination of adult stature from metatarsal length. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79, 275-279.
12. Cavanagh, P. R. & Lafortune, M. A. (1980). Ground reaction forces in distance running. J. Biomech. 13, 397-406.
13. Cavanagh, P. R. & Rodgers, M. M. (1984). Pressure distribution underneath the human foot. In (S. M. Perren & E. Schneider, Eds) Biomechanics: Interdisciplinary Research, pp. 85-95. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Pub.
14. Cavanagh, P. R., Rodgers, M. M. & Iiboshi, A. (1987). Pressure distribution under symptom-free feet during barefoot standing. Foot Ankle 7, 262-276.
15. Cavanagh, P. R. & Ulbrecht, J. S. (1991). Plantar pressure in the diabetic foot. In (G. J. Sammarco, Ed.) The Foot in Diabetes, pp. 54-70. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
16. Churchill, S. E. (1993). Weapon technology, prey size selection, and hunting methods in modern hunter-gatherers: implications for hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. In (G. L. Peterkin, H. M. Bricker & P. Mellars, Eds) Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, pp. 11-24. Archeol. Pap. Am. Anthropol. Assoc. 4.
17. Cooney, W. P. III & Chao, E. Y. S. (1977). Biomechanical analysis of static forces in the thumb during hand function. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am) 59, 27-36.
18. Courtaud, P. (1989). Deux os du pied provenant des niveaux moustériens de la grotte de Kébara (Israël). Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthropol. Paris n. s. 1, 45-58.
19. Currey, J. (1984). The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
20. Fraipont, C. (1912). L'astragale chez l'homme moustérien de Spy. Ses affinités. Bull. Soc. Anthropol. Bruxelles. 31, 195-221.
21. Fraipont, J. & Lohest, M. (1887). La race humaine de Néanderthal ou de Canstadt en Belgique. Arch. Biol. 7, 587-757.
22. Gambier, D. (1982). Etude ostéometrique des astragales néandertaliens de Régourdou (Montignac, Dordogne). C. r. Acad. Sci. Paris, Série III, 295, 279-282.
23. Heim, J. L. (1982). Les hommes fossiles de La Ferrassie II. Arch. Inst. Paléont. Hum. 38, 1-272.
24. Hicks, J. H. (1954). The mechanics of the foot II. The plantar aponeurosis and the arch. J. Anat. 88, 25-30.
25. Hilton, C. E. (1994). Locomotor kinesiology of habitual pedestrians of the Llanos of Venezuela (abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 18, 108.
26. Hilton, C. E. & Greaves, R. D. (1995). Mobility patterns in modern human foragers (abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 20, 111.
27. Hintze, J. L. (1991). Number Cruncher Statistical System Version 5.03 9/91. Kaysville UT: NCSS.
28. Hintze, J. L. (1995). NCSS 6.0.8 Statistical System for Windows. Kaysville UT: NCSS.
29. Hooton, E. A. (1930). The Indians of Pecos Pueblo. New Haven: Yale University Press.
30. Jacob-Friesen, K. H. (1956). Eiszeitliche Elefantenjäger in der Lüneburger Heide. Jahrb. Rämisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 3, 1-22.
31. Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R., Barton, T. S., Heiple, K. G. & Kotting, D. (1977). Paleodemography of the Libben Site, Ottawa County, Ohio. Science 198, 291-293.
32. Lovejoy, C. O. & Trinkaus, E. (1980). Strength and robusticity in the Neandertal tibia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53, 465-470.
33. Macho, G. A. (1991). Anthropological evaluation of left-right differences in the femur of southern African populations. Anthrop. Anz. 49, 207-216.
34. Mann, R. & Inman, V. T. (1964). Phasic activity of intrinsic muscles of the foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.) 46, 469-481.
35. Martin, H. (1910). Astragale humain du moustérien moyen de La Quina. Ses affinités. Bull. Soc. Préhist. Franç. 7, 391-397.
36. Matiegka, J. (1938). Homo Předmostensis. Fosilní Člověk z Předmostí na Moravě II. Prague: Česka Akademie Vě̈d a Umění.
37. McCown, T. D. & Keith, A. (1939). The Stone Age of Mount Carmel II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
38. Meade, J. B. (1989). The adaptation of bone to mechanical stress: experimental and current concepts. In (S. C. Cowin, Ed.) Bone Mechanics, pp. 211-251. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
39. Mehta, C. & Patel, N. (1992). StatXact-Turbo 2.1. Cambridge: CYTEL Software Corp.
40. Meyer, M. (1979). A comparison of hallux abducto valgus in two ancient populations. J. Am. Podiatry Soc. 69, 65-68.
41. Morton, D. J. (1926). Significant characteristics of the Neanderthal foot. Nat. Hist. 26, 310-314.
42. Musgrave, J. H. (1971). How dextrous was Neanderthal man? Nature 223, 538-541.
43. Oakley, K. P., Andrews, P., Keeley, L. H. & Clark, J. D (1977). Reappraisal of the Clacton spearpoint. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 43, 13-30.
44. Pales, L. (1976). Les empreintes de pieds humains dans les cavernes. Arch. Inst. Paléontol. Hum. 36, 1-166.
45. Pauwels, F. (1948). The principles of construction of the locomotor system. Their significance for the stressing of tubular bones. Reprinted in (F. Pauwels, Ed.) Biomechanics of the Locomotor Apparatus (1980), pp. 149-182. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
46. Pauwels, F. (1950). Significance of the muscular forces for the regulation of the stressing of the tubular bone during movement of the limb. Reprinted in (F. Pauwels, Ed.) Biomechanics of the Locomotor Apparatus (1980), pp. 205-222. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
47. Preuschoft, H. (1970). Functional anatomy of the lower extremity. In (G. H. Bourne, Ed.) The Chimpanzee, Vol. 3, pp. 221-294. Baltimore: University Park Press.
48. Rhoads, J. & Trinkaus, E. (1977). Morphometrics of the Neandertal talus. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 46, 29-44.
49. Rohlmann, A., Mössner, U., Bergmann, G. & Kölbel, R. (1982) Finite-element-analysis and experimental investigation of stresses in a femur. J. Biomed. Eng. 4, 241-246.
50. Root, M. L., Orien, W. P. & Weed, J. H. (1977). Clinical Biomechanics II: Normal and Abnormal Function of the Foot. Los Angeles: Clinical Biomechanics Corp.
51. Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., Walker, A. & Larsen, C. S. (1993). Postcranial robusticity in Homo, I: temporal trends and mechanical interpretations. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91, 21-53.
52. Ruff, C. B., Walker, A. & Trinkaus, E. (1994). Postcranial robusticity in Homo, III: ontogeny. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93, 35-54.
53. Rybicki, E. F., Simonen, F. A. & Weis, E. B., Jr. (1972). On the mathematical analysis of stress in the human femur. J. Biomech. 5, 203-215.
54. Schwalbe, G. (1914). Kritische Besprechung von Boule's Werk: "L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints" mit eigenen Untersuchungen. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 16, 527-610.
55. Shea, J. J. (1990). The Behavioral Significance of Levantine Mousterian Industrial Variability. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
56. Stott, J. R. R., Hutton, W. C. & Stokes, I. A. F. (1973). Forces under the foot. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Br.) 55, 335-344.
57. Straus, W. L., Jr. & Cave, A. J. E. (1957). Pathology and the posture of Neanderthal man. Q. Rev. Biol. 32, 348-363.
58. Sutherland, D. H. (1966). An electromyographic study of the plantar flexors of the ankle in normal walking on the level. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.) 48, 66-71.
59. Toft, R. & Berme, N. (1980). A biomechanical analysis of the joints of the thumb. J. Biomech. 13, 353-360.
60. Trinkaus, E. (1975). A Functional Analysis of the Neandertal Foot. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
61. Trinkaus, E. (1976). The evolution of the hominid femoral diaphysis during the Upper Pleistocene in Europe and the Near East. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 67, 291-319.
62. Trinkaus, E. (1978). Les métatarsiens et les phalanges du pied des Néandertaliens de Spy. Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique (Biol.) 51(7), 1-18.
63. Trinkaus, E. (1983a) The Shanidar Neandertals. New York: Academic Press.
64. Trinkaus, E. (1983b). Functional aspects of Neandertal pedal remains. Foot Ankle. 3, 377-390.
65. Trinkaus, E. (1986). The Neandertals and modern human origins. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 15, 193-218.
66. Trinkaus, E. (1992). Paleontological perspectives on Neandertal behavior. In (M. Toussaint, Ed.) 5 Millions d'Années: L'Aventure Humaine. Etud. Rech. Archéol. Univ. Liège. 56, 151-176.
67. Trinkaus, E. (1993). Femoral neck-shaft angles of the Qafzeh-Skhul early modern humans, and activity levels among immature Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic hominids. J. hum. Evol. 25, 393-416.
68. Trinkaus, E., Churchill, S. E. & Ruff, C. B. (1994). Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93, 1-34.
69. Trinkaus, E., Churchill, S. E., Villemeur, I., Riley, K. G., Heller, J. A. & Ruff, C. B. (1991). Robusticity versus shape: the functional interpretation of Neandertal appendicular morphology. J. Anthropol. Soc. Nippon 99, 257-278.
70. Trinkaus, E. & Ruff, C. B. (1989). Diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry and biomechanics of the Fond-de-Forêt 1 femur and the Spy 2 femur and tibia. Bull. Soc. roy. belge Anthropol. Préhist. 100, 33-42.
71. Trinkaus, E., Stringer, C. B., Ruff, C. B., Hennessy, R. J., Roberts, M. B. & Parfitt, S. A. (1996). The Boxgrove tibia (abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. (in press).
72. Trinkaus, E. & Villemeur, I. (1991). Mechanical advantages of the Neandertal thumb in flexion: a test of an hypothesis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 84, 249-260.
73. Tuttle, R. H. (1987). Kinesiological inferences and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G-1, G-2/3, and A. In (M. D. Leakey & J. M. Harris, Eds) Laetoli: A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania, pp. 503-523. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
74. Tuttle, R. H., Webb, D. M., Weidl, E. & Baksh, M. (1990). Further progress on the Laetoli trails. J. Archaeol. Sci. 17, 347-362.
75. Tuttle, R. H., Webb, D. M. & Tuttle, N. I. (1991). Laetoli footprint trails and the evolution of hominid bipedalism. In (Y. Coppens & B. Senut, Eds) Origine(s) de la Bipétie chez les Hominidés, pp. 187-198. Paris: C.N.R.S. Éditions.
76. Twiesselmann, F. (1961) Le fémur Néanderthalien de Fond-de-Forêt (Province de Liège). Mém Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique 148, 1-164.
77. Vandermeersch, B. (1981). Les hommes fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël). Paris: Éditions du C.N.R.S.
78. Vandermeersch, B. (1991). La ceinture scapulaire et les membres supérieurs. In (O. Bar-Yosef & B. Vandermeersch, Eds) Le Squelette Moustérien de Kébara 2, pp. 157-178. Paris: C.N.R.S. Éditions.
79. Villemeur, I. (1994). La Main des Néandertaliens. Paris: C.N.R.S. Éditions.
80. Weidenreich, F. (1921). Der Menschenfuss. Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 22, 51-282.
81. Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied Linear Regression, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
82. Williams, P. L., Warwick, R., Dyson, M. & Bannister, L. H. (1989). Gray's Anatomy, 37th Brit. edn. London: Churchill Livingstone.
83. Yoshikawa, T., Mori, S., Santiesteban, A. J., Sun, T. C., Hafstad, E., Chen, J. & Burr, D. B. (1994). The effects of muscle fatigue on bone strain. J. exp. Biol. 188, 217-233.